MARINE

ENGINEERING
AUTOMATION
CONTROL SYSTEM
NAME: DARIAN CICERO PIRES
REG NO:ANS22101
GROUP:5
BATCH:BSC(NS)21
 TYPE OF STEAMS

SATURATED STEAM:
As indicated saturated steam occurs at temperatures and pressures
where steam (gas) and water (liquid) can coexist. In other words, it
occurs when the rate of water vaporization is equal to the rate of
condensation.

UNSATURATED STEAM:
This is the most common form of steam actually experienced by most
plants. When steam is generated using a boiler, it usually contains
wetness from non-vaporized water molecules that are carried over
into the distributed steam. Even the best boilers may discharge
steam containing 3% to 5% wetness. As the water approaches the
saturation state and begins to vaporize, some water, usually in the
form of mist or droplets, is entrained in the rising steam and
distributed downstream.

SUPERHEATED STEAM:
Superheated steam is created by further heating wet or saturated
steam beyond the saturated steam point. This yields steam that has a
higher temperature and lower density than saturated steam at the
same pressure. Superheated steam is mainly used in propulsion/drive
applications such as turbines, and is not typically used for heat
transfer applications.
SUPERCRITICAL WATER:
Supercritical water is water in a state that exceeds its critical point:
22.1MPa, 374 °C (3208 psia, 705°F). At the critical point, the latent
heat of steam is zero, and its specific volume is exactly the same
whether considered liquid or gaseous. In other words, water that is
at a higher pressure and temperature than the critical point is in an
indistinguishable state that is neither liquid nor gas.

Supercritical water is used to drive turbines in power plants which

demand higher efficiency. Research on supercritical water is being
performed with an emphasis on its use as a fluid that has the
properties of both a liquid and a gas, and in particular on its
suitability as a solvent for chemical reactions.
 BASIC LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

The First Law of Thermodynamics:

The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be
created or destroyed. Alternatively, some sum it up as "the
conservation of energy." Ultimately, the First Law of
Thermodynamics is a statement that energy can be transferred
between the system and the surroundings through the transfer of
heat (q) or by the performance of mechanical work (w).
ΔE = q + w
Energy doesn't simply materialize or disappear. Any gain in energy by
the system will correspond to a loss in energy by the surroundings, or
any loss in energy by the system will correspond to a gain in energy
by the surroundings.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics:

The Second Law of Thermodynamics can be stated in any of three
synonymous ways:

• For a spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe

increases.
• For a spontaneous process, ΔSuniverse > 0.
• For a spontaneous process, ΔSsystem + ΔSsurroundings > 0
Ultimately, for any spontaneous process the entropy, which is related
to randomness or disorder, of the universe increases.
The Third Law of Thermodynamics:
The Third Law of Thermodynamics states that a perfect crystal at zero
Kelvin (absolute zero) has zero entropy. First, a perfect crystal means
that there are no impurities, has achieved thermodynamic
equilibrium, and that it is in a crystalline state where all the
atoms/ion/molecules are in well-defined positions in a highly-
ordered crystalline lattice. This would exclude amorphous solids like
glass that don't have an ordered, crystalline structure and have not
achieved thermodynamic equilibrium.
The Third Law is not intuitive but was derived empirically as a
system's entropy always approached the same minimum value as the
absolute temperature was lowered and approached zero. From the
standpoint of statistical mechanics the Third Law implies that a
perfect crystal at absolute zero must exist in a single microstate.
 CASE STUDY ON
THERMODYNAMICS

Introduction:
Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with the study of
energy transformation and its interrelationship with matter. It
provides a fundamental understanding of various physical systems,
including heat engines, refrigerators, and power plants. In this case
study, we will explore a real-life example where the principles of
thermodynamics are applied to solve a practical problem, namely the
energy-efficient design of a residential heating system.
Case Study:
Imagine you are an engineer tasked with designing an energy-
efficient heating system for a residential building. The goal is to
minimize energy consumption, reduce environmental impact, and
provide cost-effective heating for the occupants. To accomplish this,
you decide to incorporate the principles of thermodynamics into the
design process.
1. System Analysis:
First, you define the system boundaries by considering the entire
residential building as your closed system. This system includes the
heating unit, distribution system, and the building itself. By
establishing these boundaries, you can analyze the energy flow and
quantify the inputs and outputs.
2. Heat Source Selection:
To determine the most suitable heat source for the residential
heating system, you evaluate several options based on their
thermodynamic properties. Common heat sources include natural
gas, oil, electricity, or renewable sources such as solar panels or
geothermal systems. Factors such as energy availability, cost, and
environmental impact are considered to make an informed decision.
3. Heat Transfer:
You design the heat transfer system to ensure efficient heat transfer
from the heat source to the building. This involves selecting
appropriate materials, insulation, and optimizing the heat exchange
surfaces. By minimizing heat losses during the transfer process, you
maximize the system's overall efficiency.
4. Energy Conservation:
Applying the first and second laws of thermodynamics, you aim to
maximize energy conservation within the heating system. The first
law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be
transferred or converted. Therefore, you focus on improving energy
efficiency by reducing energy losses and waste. This can be achieved
by using insulation, efficient heat transfer equipment, and smart
control systems.
5. Thermodynamic Analysis:
You perform a thorough thermodynamic analysis of the system,
considering factors such as heat losses due to conduction,
convection, and radiation. By utilizing principles such as the Carnot
cycle and enthalpy calculations, you can determine the optimal
operating conditions of the system, such as temperature differentials
and flow rates. This analysis helps you make informed decisions to
enhance the system's efficiency.
6. Control Systems:
To regulate the heating system effectively, you incorporate smart
control systems. These systems use sensors and feedback
mechanisms to monitor and adjust the heat transfer and energy flow
within the system. By continuously optimizing the system's
performance, the control system ensures that the energy output
matches the heating demands of the building, reducing energy
waste.
7. Life Cycle Analysis:
Lastly, you consider the environmental impact of the heating system
throughout its life cycle. Through a life cycle assessment, you
evaluate factors such as raw material extraction, manufacturing,
installation, operation, and disposal. This analysis helps you identify
areas where improvements can be made to minimize the system's
environmental footprint.
Conclusion:
Incorporating the principles of thermodynamics into the design and
operation of a residential heating system allows for an energy-
efficient and cost-effective solution. By considering factors such as
heat transfer, energy conservation, control systems, and life cycle
analysis, engineers can optimize energy consumption and reduce the
environmental impact of heating systems. This case study
demonstrates how the application of thermodynamics principles can
result in more sustainable and efficient energy management in real-
world scenarios.