Basic Thermodynamics 1.1

Aero Thermodynamics
Unit 1 – Introduction to thermodynamics
By
Prof. Akshay Gedam
Aero-thermodynamics 1
Syllabus Unit - 1
➢Basic concepts of Thermodynamics, Closed & Open Systems, Forms of energy. Properties
of system.
➢State &Equilibrium, Processes & Cycles, Temperature & Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics.
➢Introduction to First Law of Thermodynamics (Law of Conservation of Energy), Heat &

Work.
➢Mechanical forms of work. Non-Mechanical forms work (Electrical, Magnetic etc.)
➢The Ideal Gas equation of state, Difference between Gas & Vapor.
➢Compressibility factor, Internal energy & specific heats of gases, Universal Gas Constant.
Text Books and Reference Books
Text Books and Reference Books
S.NO NAME OF THE UNIT NAME OF THE TEXTBOOK CHAPTERS
COVERED
1 Introduction to Thermodynamics by P.K. Nag or R K 1,2,3
Thermodynamics Rajput 1,2
2 First Law of Thermodynamics by P.K. Nag or R K 2,3,4
Thermodynamics Rajput
3 Second Law of Thermodynamics by P.K. Nag or R K 3,4,5,6
Thermodynamics Rajput 4,5,6
4 Properties of Steam Thermodynamics by P.K. Nag or R K 3,4,5,6,7,8
Rajput
5 Air Standard Cycles Thermodynamics by P.K. Nag or R K 7,8,9,10
Rajput
6 Application Thermodynamics by P.K. Nag or R K 7,8,9,10
Rajput 4
Introduction to SI Units and Conversion Factors
SI, the international system of units are divided into three classes :
1. Base units
2. Derived units
3. Supplementary units.
Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics
INTRODUCTION TO KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
• The kinetic theory of gases deals with the behavior of molecules constituting the
gas.
• According to this theory, the molecules of all gases are in continuous motion. As
a result of this
• they possess kinetic energy which is transferred from molecule to molecule
during their collision.
• The energy so transferred produces a change in the velocity of individual
molecules.
• The complete phenomenon of molecular behavior is quite complex. The
assumptions are therefore made to simplify the application of theory of an ideal
gas. Aero-thermodynamics 6
Assumptions :
1. The molecules of gases are assumed to be rigid, perfectly elastic solid spheres, identical in all
respects such as mass, form etc.
2. The mean distance between molecules is very large compared to their own dimensions.
3. The molecules are in state of random motion moving in all directions with all possible velocities
and gas is said to be in state of molecular chaos.
4. The collisions between the molecules are perfectly elastic and there are no intermolecular forces of
attraction or repulsion. This means that energy of gas is all kinetic.
5. The number of molecules in a small volume is very large.
6. The time spent in collision is negligible, compared to the time during which the molecules are
moving independently.
7. Between collisions, the molecules move in a straight line with uniform velocity because of
frictionless motion between molecules. The distance between two collisions is called ‘free path’ of
the molecule, the average distance travelled by a molecule between successive collision is known
as ‘mean free path’.
8. The volume of molecule is so small that itAero-thermodynamics
is negligible compared to total volume of the gas. 7
DEFINITION OF THERMODYNAMICS
Thermodynamics may be defined as follows :
Thermodynamics is an axiomatic science which deals with the relations among heat,
work and properties of system which are in equilibrium. It describes state and changes in
state of physical systems.
Or
Thermodynamics is the science of the regularities governing processes of energy conversion.
Or
Thermodynamics is the science that deals with the interaction between energy and material
systems.
Thermodynamics, basically entails four laws or axioms known as Zeroth, First, Second
and Third law of thermodynamics. Aero-thermodynamics 8
• The First law throws light on concept of internal energy.
• The Zeroth law deals with thermal equilibrium and establishes a concept of
temperature.
• The Second law indicates the limit of converting heat into work and
introduces the principle of increase of entropy.
• The Third law defines the absolute zero of entropy.
These laws are based on experimental observations and have no mathematical

proof. Like all physical laws, these laws are based on logical reasoning.
THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS
System, Boundary and Surroundings
• System. A system is a finite quantity of matter or a
prescribed region of space
• Boundary. The actual or hypothetical envelope

enclosing the system is the boundary of the system.
The boundary may be fixed or it may move, as and when
a system containing a gas is compressed or expanded. The
boundary may be real or imaginary. It is not difficult to
envisage a real boundary but an example of imaginary
boundary would be one drawn around a system consisting
of the fresh mixture about to enter the cylinder of an I.C.
engine together with the remanants of the last cylinder
charge after the exhaust process
Closed System
Refer to Fig. 2.4. If the boundary of
the system is impervious to the flow
of matter, it is called a closed
system. An example of this system
is mass of gas or vapor contained in
an engine cylinder, the boundary of
which is drawn by the cylinder
walls, the cylinder head and piston
crown. Here the boundary is
continuous and no matter may enter
or leave.
Closed System
Closed System
Isolated System
An isolated system is that
system which
exchanges neither
energy nor matter
with any other system
or with environment
Isolated System
Open System
An open system is one in
which matter flows into or
out of the system. Most of
the engineering systems are
open.
Open System
Open System
• Open System
Refer to Fig. 2.5. An open system is one in which matter flows into or out of the system. Most of the engineering
systems are open.
• Isolated System
An isolated system is that system which exchanges neither energy nor matter with any other system or with
environment.
• Adiabatic System
An adiabatic system is one which is thermally insulated from its surroundings. It can, however, exchange work
with its surroundings. If it does not, it becomes an isolated system.
• Phase. A phase is a quantity of matter which is homogeneous throughout in chemical composition and
physical structure.
• Homogeneous System
A system which consists of a single phase is termed as homogeneous system. Examples : Mixture of air and water
vapour, water plus nitric acid and octane plus heptane.
• Heterogeneous System
A system which consists of two or more phases is called a heterogeneous system. Examples : Water plus steam, ice
plus water and water plus oil.
MACROSCOPIC AND
MICROSCOPIC POINTS OF
VIEW
Thermodynamic studies are undertaken by the
following two different approaches.
1. Macroscopic approach—(Macro mean big or
total)
2. Microscopic approach—(Micro means
small)
PURE SUBSTANCE
A pure substance is one that has a homogeneous and invariable chemical composition
even though there is a change of phase. In other words, it is a system which is
(a) homogeneous in composition,

(b) homogeneous in chemical aggregation.
Examples : Liquid, water, mixture of liquid water and steam, mixture of ice and water.
The mixture of liquid air and gaseous air is not a pure substance.
THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
A system is in thermodynamic equilibrium if the temperature and pressure at all points are same ; there
should be no velocity gradient ; the chemical equilibrium is also necessary. Systems under temperature
and pressure equilibrium but not under chemical equilibrium are sometimes said to be in metastable
equilibrium conditions. It is only under thermodynamic equilibrium conditions that the properties of a
system can be fixed. Thus for attaining a state of thermodynamic equilibrium the following three types
of equilibrium states must be achieved:
1. Thermal equilibrium. The temperature of the system does not change with time and
has same value at all points of the system.
2. Mechanical equilibrium. There are no unbalanced forces within the system or between
the surroundings. The pressure in the system is same at all points and does not change with
respect to time.
3. Chemical equilibrium. No chemical reaction takes place in the system

Basic Thermodynamics 1.1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Basic Thermodynamics 1.1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Aero Thermodynamics

Unit 1 – Introduction to thermodynamics

➢Introduction to First Law of Thermodynamics (Law of Conservation of Energy), Heat &

➢Mechanical forms of work. Non-Mechanical forms work (Electrical, Magnetic etc.)

These laws are based on experimental observations and have no mathematical

• Boundary. The actual or hypothetical envelope

(a) homogeneous in composition,

You might also like