Surveying Lab Manual: COURSE NO. 511232

SURVEYING LAB MANUAL
COURSE NO. 511232
Prepared By
Engineer Amani Yaseen

Civil Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering
Aqaba University of Technology(AUT)
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SURVYEING LAB ENGINEER AMANI YASEEN
Table of Contents
DESCRIPTION PAGE
Note To Students 6
Safety In The Laboratory 7
Emergency Contacts 9
Lab Safety Agreement Form 9
Laboratory Work And Reports 10
Grading 10
Surveying Field Work 11
Report Forma 13
Form Of Cover Page 15
Experiment No.1: Horizontal Distance Measurement 16
Experiment No.2: Setting Out Right Angles And

24
Perpendicular Lines By Using Steel Tape
Experiment No.3: Surveying Measurements With

30
An Obstacle By Using Steel Tape
Experiment No.4: Surveying Traverse By Compass & Laser 36
Experiment No.5: Method Of Measurement By Using Level

44
Instrument
Experiment No.6: Differential Leveling
50
Experiment No.7: Total Station 56
Appendix - A 64
Abbreviation 66
Glossary 67
References 69
II
List of Figures
FIGURE NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE
Figure(1) Horizontal Distance 16

Figure(2) Pacing Method 18
Figure(3) Chain Dimensions 19
Figure(4) Accuracy and Precision 23
Figure(5) Setting Out Right Angles 24
Equilateral Triangle Method(from the 25
Figure(6)
point out of the base line)
Figure(7) Method of Lowest Distance 26
Equilateral Triangle Method(from the 27
Figure(8)
point on the base line)
Figure(9) Pythagoras Theorem Method 27
Figure(10) Triangles Similarity 31
Figure(11) Pythagoras Theorem(obstacle) 31
Figure(12) Parallel Offset 32
Figure(13) Surveying - Traverse 36
Figure(14) Latitudes And Departures 37
Figure(15) Error of Closer 38
Figure(16) Compass 39
Figure(17) Laser Leica DISTO D110 39
Figure(18) Magnetic Bearing of Line 40
Figure(19) Automatic Level 44
Figure(20) Level 45
Figure(21) Tripod 46
III
List of Figures(cont.)
FIGURE NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE
Figure(22) Leveling Staff 47

Figure(23) Staff Bubble 47
Figure(24) Differential Leveling 50
Figure(25) Total Station 56
Figure(26) Total Station Apparatus 57
Figure(27) Total Station Components 58
Figure(28) Total Station Setup step-by-step 60
Figure(29) Leveling Up With The Electronic Level 61
Step-By-Step
Figure(30) Changing The Intensity of The Laser 62
Plummet
IV
List of Tables
TABLE NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE
Table (1) Emergency Contacts 9
Table (2) Grading 10
Table (A-1) Surveying Lab Instruments 64
V
SURVEYING LAB ENGINEER AMANIYASEEN
NOTE TO STUDENTS
1. This lab manual is intended to guide you through experiments to be

performed in the AUT Surveying Laboratory. Because of the nature of the
course and the lab facilities, you will be required to perform some labs on
material not yet covered in class.
2. This will require an effort on your part to read the relevant sections of the
textbook, lecture notes, as well as the lab manual before you come to lab.
3. The experiments will make much more sense to you if you are prepared, and
they will take much less time to complete.
4. The lab report will consist of several sections. Requirements of each section are
explained in detail on page 13. In addition, your grade on each report will be
based on the point scale shown in Table(2) page 10.
5. Engineering students are required to follow standard speciﬁcations with regard

to report writing, therefore part of the grade is dependent on your ability to
follow directions.
6. It is useful to have page 13 nearby when you are preparing your report.
7. A lab report is considered a technical report. As such, it must be professional

and neat.
8. The report must be written with a word processor of your choice.
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SAFETY IN THE LABORATORY
TAKE TIME TO PERFORM WORK SAFETY
PLEASE ……..
1. Bring yourself to each lab.
2. Attendance is a must by every student and absence will negatively impact
lab grade unless it is excused absence
3. You have to attend on time at the beginning of a lab.
4. Obtain permission before operating any equipment(s).
5. Students are responsible for the proper disposal of used material if any in
appropriate containers.
6. Students in lab or in field have the responsibility and obligation to the other
group members to work safely. If one sees another one perform an unsafe act,
they should call this to the other person‟s attention, whether the unsafe act
affects only the individual or the whole team.
7. Submit your report within one week from the experiment time.
DO NOT…..
1. Come late to labs.
2. Try to run and operate any machine without permission and knowledge of the
lab personnel.
3. Leave an on-going experiment unattended.
4. Eat food , Drinks and /or Smoking in the laboratory at any time.
5. Work on any street/road to avoid any accident.
6. Work on any street/road to avoid any accident.
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ALWAYS……..
1. Follow instructions from the lab instructor(s).
2. Wash hands before leaving the work area even if you have been wearing
gloves.
3. Keep the work area clear of all materials except those needed for your work.
4. Keep lab space clean and organized.
5. Clean up your work area before leaving.
6. Make sure that you know the location of Fire Extinguishers, First Aid Kit and
Emergency Exits before you start your experiments.
7. Report any accident, however minor immediately.
8. The survey instruments should be protected from any potential damage.
9. The equipment used has the potential to become very hazardous objects and
must be properly secured for travel.
NEVER……….
1. Do unauthorized experiments.
2. Work alone in laboratory.
3. Eat, drink, or smoke while working in the laboratory.
4. Perform any hazardous work when alone in the laboratory.
5. Perform unauthorized work, preparations or experiments.
6. Engage in telephone conversation in work areas.
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EMERGENCY CONTACTS
Below is a list of emergency phone numbers.
Table(1): Emergency Contacts
Contact Phone Number
Medical Emergency 0798443894
Fire 911
Ambulance Service 911
Security Office
LAB SAFETY AGREEMENT FORM

Department of Civil Engineering at the Aqaba University of Technology
I have read, understood, and will comply with regulations and policies outlined in
the AUT Civil Engineering Laboratory Manual. I will take full responsibility for any
action while working in the AUT Laboratories.
STUDENT NAME_________________________________
Student Registration No. _________________________________
Signature _____________________________
Date _________________________________
ADVISOR _________________________________
Signature_____________________________
Date_________________________________
LAB MANAGER _________________________________

Signature_____________________________
Date _________________________________
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LABORATORY WORK AND REPORTS

1. Students should work in fixed groups to perform the designated experiments.
2. A brief report of each experiment should be prepared by each group and
should be turned in at the beginning of the next lab session (one week after
the experiment has been done). If no lab session is held on the due date, the
report must be delivered personally on that day or any time before the
deadline.
NOTE
 If report turned in late, 5 points will be deducted from the actual grade for
each late day.
EXAMS
1. Any student who misses an exam will be awarded with a zero for that test.
2. All students must take all the exams on the announced time in class.
3. There is no make-up exam.
CLASS PARTICIPATION
1. Your active participation in all the laboratories is strongly expected and it will
influence your final grade.
2. Each group will perform all the experiments and every member is expected to
cooperate during the lab.
GRADING
All laboratory reports, exams, and class participation will count towards the final
grade according to the following grading system:
Table(2):Grading
Lab. Reports 40%
Midterm Exam 30%
Final Exam 30%
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SURVEYING FIELD WORK

Introduction
Students to learn the measurement techniques useful in Building and Civil
Engineering practice works, surveying field work students are allowed to handle a
range of tools and instruments including chains, sticks, levels, transits, theodolites,
electronic distance meters, and total stations.
Factors Affecting Fieldwork

1. The students must constantly be alert to the different conditions encountered in
the field. Physical factors, such as terrain and weather conditions, affect each field
survey in varying degrees.
2. Measurements using telescopes can be stopped by fog or mist. Swamps and
flood plains under high water can impede taping surveys. Sights over open water or
fields of flat, unbroken terrain create ambiguities in measurements using microwave
equipment.
3. The lengths of light-wave distance in measurements are reduced in bright sunlight.
Generally, reconnaissance will predetermine the conditions and alert the student
party to the best method to use and the rate of progress to expect.
4. As students gain experience in handling various surveying instruments, they can
shorten survey time and avoid errors that would require resurvey.
5. In some construction surveys, normally inaccessible distances must be computed.
The distance is computed by means of trigonometry, using the angles and the one
distance that can be measured. The measurements must be made to a high degree
of precision to maintain accuracy in the computed distance.
6. Each increase in precision also increases the time required to make the
measurement, since greater care and more observations will be taken.
7. Each survey measurement will be in error to the extent that no measurement is
ever exact.
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8. The errors are classified as systematic and accidental and are explained in the
latter part of this text. Besides errors, survey measurements are subject to mistakes or
blunders.
9. By working out a systematic procedure, the student will often detect a mistake
when some operation seems out of place.
10. The procedure will be an advantage in setting up the equipment, in making
observations, in recording field notes, and in making computations.
Factors Affecting Survey Results

1. The skill of the student in handling the instruments .
2. The intelligent of student planning and preparation of the work .
3. The process of making only those measurements that are consistent with the
accuracy requirements .
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REPORT FORMA
1. Cover Sheet (See Enclosed Form Page 16)

1.1 Title of Experiment(s)
1.2 Course Number
1.3 Course Title
1.4 Student Name
1.5 Group Number
1.6 Submission Date of Report
2. Introduction
Briefly state:
2.1 The experiment performed.
2.2 The experiment objectives (what result were you looking for).
3. Objective
3.1 State clearly the purpose of the laboratory test.
4. Apparatus
4.1 List and describe the tools and apparatus together with a sketch (You
can refer to the lab manual for sketch).
5. Test Procedure
5.1 Refer to a standard test procedure (if one was followed) and indicate
modifications, if any. (For example, the procedure described in the
manual was followed).
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6. Discussion
Include:
6.1 The experiment procedure :to be written in the order it was performed.
6.2 Write the report telling what you did, not how to do it.
6.3 Reference the data sheets ( example: Once the sieves were removed
from the shaker, the weight of the material was obtained and recorded
on the data sheet as shown on TABLE NO ….. , PAGE ….).
6.4 Terms important to the test should be defined as needed (example: The
data required to obtain a specific gravity of a material is its saturated
surface dry (SSD) weight. (SSD weight is the weight of an aggregate with
all of its pores filled with water, but the surface of the aggregate is dry).
6.5 Reference in your report specifications used in testing procedure , ASTM,
AASHTO…ETC.
6.6 Equipment used should be described or a picture attached .
6.7 If calculations are required, reference a sample of those calculations, if
practical - Detailed calculations should be on data sheets in the
appendix.
6.8 Number all pages.
7. Conclusions
7.1 State the results of your experiment( example, if the experiment was to
determine the absorption of an aggregate, part of your conclusion
should be "The absorption of the aggregate was 1.5%". You can
tabulate data if a lot of information was obtained).
7.2 State any conclusions that you can draw based on your results. Critical
results can be summarized in table form in the conclusion section.
8. Graphs, Data Sheets, and Sample Calculations
8.1 Attach these items after the text of the report.
8.2 If many calculations were performed, a sample is all that is necessary.
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AUT
Aqaba University of Technology
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Surveying Lab
Course No. 511262
Experiment No.
Experiment Title
Student Name Registration No. ID Group No.
Test Date Test Weather Test Temperature
Instructor
Engineer Amani Yaseen

Page 15 of 70
EXPERIMENT NO.1
HORIZONTAL DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
INTRODUCTION
Distance measurement is generally regarded as the most fundamental of all
surveying observation .
We have to measure the horizontal distance that is the amount of separation
between two points, lines, surfaces or objects measured along the shortest path
joining them as shown figure (1).
Instrument used:
1. Pacing
2. Odometer reading
3. Taping
Figure(1):Horizontal Distance
OBJECTIVE
The object of this experiment :
1. Calibrate the length of our pace step .
2. Measure the distance using odometer and compare between horizontal
distance and surface distance.
3. Be more familiar about different between accuracy and precision .
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APPARATUSE
1. Fiber tapes.
2. Odometer device .
3. Field book, paper – notebook .
4. Marker.
5. Pencil, pen.
6. Chain.
7. Arrows
THEORY
Odometer reading is an instrument that indicates distance traveled by a wheel
( converts the number of revolution to a distance ).
 The device may be electric , mechanical or a combination of the two.
 Odometers measure surface distances but not the horizontal distance.
 Can be used as a rough check on observations made by other methods.
Pacing method consists of accounting the number of steps or paces in a required

distance .
 It is useful to make approximately measurement quickly .
 Detect large mistakes .
 Pacing does not need very precision because everyone have his own (pace,
step).
Taping is the linear measurement of the horizontal distance between two points
using a surveyors tape.
Chain survey is the simplest method of surveying. In this survey only measurements
are taken in the field, also are done in the office. This is most suitable adapted to
small plane areas with very few details. If carefully done, it gives quite accurate
results. It is the simplest kind of Surveying. It is adopted when Level of accuracy
required is not high.
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PROCEDURE
Pacing Method
1. First we measure the distance with a tape and it is actual value .

2. Two of us measure it with the own steps
3. We compare the actual value with the number of the steps (As shown figure
below).
Figure(2):Pacing Method
Odometer Measuring
1. First we should zero the reading of the odometer device.

2. We use it to measure the distance by move the device on the bath.
3. We have choose final direct read the distance.
4. We had made this experiment by odometer on smooth ground in the first time.
5. And second time on unsmooth ground .
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Chaining Method
1. Two men are required for chaining operation.

2. The chain man at the forward end of chain is called the leader.
3. While the other man at the rear end is known as the follower.( As shown figure
below )
Figure(3):Chain Dimension
Leader
1) To put the chain forward
2) To fix arrows at the end of chain
3) To follow the instruction of the followers.
Follower
1) To direct the leader to the line with the ranging rod.
2) To carry the rear end of the chain.
3) To pick up the arrows inserted by the leader.
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CALCULATION & RESULTS
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
Distance =20m
On smooth ground ( Odometer Device )
No. of Trial A
Trial 1 21.23 m
Trial 2 19.50 m
Trial 3 20.10 m
Average=(21.23 +20.10 +19.50)/3 = 20.28 m.
Accuracy =|AVG – Actual Distance|

= |20.28 – 20 |
= 0.28
Precision= Max – Min

= 21.23 – 19.5
= 1.73
Error= |Approximate Value − Exact Value|

× 100%
|Exact Value|
= (20.28 - 20)/20 *100%

= 1.4 %.
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Distance =20m.
On rough ground ( Odometer Device )
No. of Trial A
Trial 1 22.36 m
Trial 2 20.53 m
Trial 3 24.45 m
Average=(22.36 +20.53 +24.45)/3 = 22.45m

Accuracy =|AVG – Actual Distance|
= |22.45 – 20 |
= 2.45
= 24.45 – 20.53
= 3.92
Error = |Approximate Value − Exact Value|

× 100%
|Exact Value|
= (22.45 - 20)/20 *100%

= 12.45 %
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Distance =20 m
BY USING PACING METHOD
No. of trial A B C
Trial 1 15 12 10
Trial 2 17 16 12
Trial 3 14 14 11
Average(A)=(15+17+14)/3 = 15.33
Length of pace = Distance /AVG
=20/15.33
=1.30 m.
Distance (m) = N x PF
Where N: Number of Steps.
PF: Your Pace Factor (In meters).
Measured Distance (m) = N x PF
= 15 * 1.3
=19.5 m.
Accuracy =|Measured distance – Actual Distance|
= |19.5 – 20 |
= 0.5
= 17 – 1
=3
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DISCUSSION
Accuracy: Refers To The Degree Of Perfection Obtained In Measurements. It
Indicates How Close A Given Measurement Is To The True Value Of The Quantity.
Precision: Is The Degree Of Refinement With Which A Given Quantity Is Measured. It
Indicates How Close Is One Measurement To Another.
Figure(4): Accuracy and Precision
Sources of Errors
Personal errors
- no surveyor has perfect senses of sight and touch (estimating a frictional part of
scale?)
Instrumental error
- instruments cannot be manufactured perfectly.
- instruments cannot be adjusted exactly.
- The wear and tear of instruments caused additional errors.
Natural error
- temperature, wind, moisture, magnetic variations, and so on.
CONCLUSION
 Weather changing is a very important in calculation because when a tape

shrinkage we have a large value but when a tape expanding then we have
small reading .
 The pace length the same for the person.
 Pacing used when we don‟t need very accuracy.
Page 23 of 70
EXPERIMENT NO.2
SETTING OUT RIGHT ANGLES AND PERPENDICULAR
LINES BY USING TAPE
INTRODUCTION
In survey work, it is often necessary to set out right angles or perpendicular lines on
the field. In the sections that follow, a few practical methods indicate how this can
be done ( As shown figure below ). These methods include:
 the 3-4-5 method( Pythagoras method ).

 The Equilateral triangle method.
 The lowest distance method.
Figure(5): Setting Out Right Angles
OBJECTIVE
1. To drop a vertical line on a base line from a point outside this base line.
2. To establish a perpendicular line on base line from any point on this base line.
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APPARATUSE
1. Tape.
2. Sticks, Pin.
3. Pen.
4. Note book.
5. Calculator.
PROCEDURE
Used to set out a line perpendicular to the base line, starting from a point which is
not on the base line, two ways:
1. Equilateral Triangle Method

1.1 We have put the zero at point (d) and extend the tape by a distance
relatively longer than the distance between (d) and the base line.
1.2 Then we have stretched the tape at our fixed distance and interrupt by
using the chalk the base by two points (a) and (b).
1.3 Finally, we have measured the distance between (a) and (b) and bisect
this distance and established a point (c), so by this the line (cd)
perpendicular to the base line (ab) As shown figure below.
Figure(6): Equilateral Triangle Method(from the point out of the base line)
Page 25 of 70
2. Method of Lowest Distance

2.1 We have put the zero at point (d) and extend the tape by a distance
relatively longer than the distance between (d) and the base line.
2.2 Then extend the tape toward the base line and move it freely right and left
and take the shorter distance between point (d) and the base line.
2.3 State the point (c) at shorter distance on the base line by this the line (cd)
perpendicular to the base line As shown figure below.
Figure(7): Method of Lowest Distance
Used to set out a line perpendicular to the base line, starting from a point which is on
the base line, two ways:
3.1 Open the tape any distance (X), then draw two arcs on the straight line.
3.2 Also open the tape any distance (Y) greater than (X) distance between the
arcs.
3.3 Draw two intersecting arcs to establish right angle point between the
intersect and base line, ( As shown in figure 7 below ).
Page 26 of 70
Figure(8): Equilateral Triangle Method(from the point on the base line)
4. Pythagoras Theorem Method
4.1 Open the tape 12 meters and fix the tape at a distance of 3 meters at the
point need to be set up the perpendicular line on it.
4.2 Fixed the two ends on the straight line.
4.3 In this stage remains one free end : "reading 7 meter at tape ".
4.4 Moves the free end with pulling to the maximum extent.
4.5 Put mark by chalk at right points, (As shown figure below).
Figure(9): Pythagoras Theorem Method
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CALCULATION & RESULT
1. Method of Lowest Distance
No.of Trial Distance(CD)

1 6.86
2 6.88
3 6.85
A B
D
No.of Trial FE FD=ED CE=CF CD
1 3.49 1.745 5.5 5.18
2 5.96 2.98 6 5.2
3 5.15 2.575 5.8 5.23
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3. Pythagoras Theorem Method
The ratios were ( 3 , 4 , 5 )or (6 , 8 , 10)
No.of Trial FD=DE CE=CF CD
1 2 4 4
2 3 5 4
DISCUSSION
- the less in accuracy became from some parameters such as the wind which faces
us and lead to curve the tape to be not in a straight line.
- Also, during the use of chalk we can make a large scale line by it, which can make
an error.
- some times the reading and recording may be wrong ,and that‟s depends on the
accuracy of the surveyor.
CONCLUSION
-We have learn some uses of tape like setting out right angle method by a way or
another.
Page 29 of 70
EXPERIMENT NO.3
SURVEYING MEASUREMENTS WITH
AN OBSTACLE BY USING TAPE
INTRODUCTION
Taping is a common method used for horizontal distance measurement and is quite
a simple task when it consists measuring directly between two points without any
obstruction in between. Nevertheless, not all situations are perfect and it is very
common to encounter obstacle during the process of measuring distance.
Such a line could be across a body of water such as a lake, a river, or across
agricultural fields with standing crops. depending on the situation. These methods
simply put are applications of simple mathematical geometry and trigonometry.
OBJECTIVE
Measuring the distance between two known points :
1. By an obstacle allow the points to be seen from each other and obscure the
measuring of distance between them.
2. By an obstacle allow the points to be measure from each other and obscure
the vision of distance between them.
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THEORY
Triangles similarity
in the two similar triangles the portion between the lines is equal as obtained in this
equation (As shown figure below) :
Ac/AC=Ab/AB=cb/CB
Figure(10): Triangles Similarity
Pythagoras theorem
the square length of rib (AC),equal to the sum of squares to the other ribs (AB) and
(BC), As obtained in this equation (As shown figure below ):
(AC)2 = (AB)2 +(CB)2
Figure(11): Pythagoras Theorem(obstacle)
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Parallel offset
This method involves the usage of parallel line to indirectly measure a distance
which is obstructed by either a water point(a lake) or an agricultural field as
examples. In this case, the obstacle is not obscuring vision but does prevent
measurement. To have a better insight of this method, the example below illustrate
a case where parallel offset is being used.
The distance from point A to point B is to be measured using taping method but in
between these two points there is a pond which is present as shown in the figure
below,( As shown figure below )
Figure(12): Parallel Offset
APPARATUS
1. Tape.
2. Pen.
3. Note book.
4. Calculator.
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PROCEDURE
Measuring a distance between two known point with existence of an obstacle does
not make the vision available (building) :
1. Open the tape with a known distance ,and put the zero at point (B) then
extend the tape away from the obstacle.
2. Do the same, after putting the zero at point (A) and cross to make point (C).
3. Open the tape by a distance on the line (AC) and make a point (D) .and by
the same distance on the line (CD) make a point (E).
4. Measure the distance (ED), then use the angle similarity to measure the
distance (AB).
Obstacle
CALCULATION
 Measuring a distance between two known point with existence of an obstacle
does not make the vision available :
CD/AC=DE/AB
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 Existence of an obstacle makes the vision available (lake) :

1. By using the 3-4-5 triangle method (state the perpendicular line (AC) and it
distance must be measured ).
2. Then by the tape measure the distance (CB).
3. And by using Pythagoras theorem calculate the distance (AB).
 Measuring a distance between two known point with existence of an obstacle

existence of an obstacle makes the vision available.
BC2 = AC2 + AB2 AB2 = BC2 – AC2
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 Existence of an obstacle makes the vision available (lake) :

1. Open the tape with a known distance ,and put the zero at point (B) then
extend the tape away from the obstacle equal to 3m to make point (E).
2. Do the same, after putting the zero at point (C) then extend the tape away
from the obstacle equal to 3m to make point (D).
3. Measure the distance (DE), then the distance (BC) measured.
 Distance measured a long DE =16m.

Then the distance CB=16m.
Because DE // CB
Page 35 of 70
EXPERIMENT NO.4
SURVEYING TRAVERSE BY COMPASS & LASER
INTRODUCTION
Almost all surveying requires some calculations to reduce measurements into a more
useful form for determining distance, earthwork volumes, land areas, etc.
A traverse is developed by measuring the distance and angles between points that
found the boundary of a site, We will learn several different techniques to compute
the area inside a traverse.
The principle of compass surveying is traversing, which involves a series of

connected lines. The magnetic bearing of the lines are measured by compass and
the distances are measured with tape or laser.
Compass surveying is not recommended for the areas where local attraction is
suspected due to the presence of magnetic substances like steel structures, iron,
electric cables conveying current,etc As shown figure below.
Figure(13): Surveying - Traverse
Page 36 of 70
OBJECTIVE
 To measure horizontal angles with reference to magnetic north.

 To find out the distance between two point A&B by using laser.
THEORY
In the compass (Magnetic Needle) cannot measure angle between two lines
directly but can measure angle of a line with reference to magnetic meridian at the
instrument station point is called magnetic bearing of a line. The angle between two
lines is then calculated by getting bearing of these two lines.
Latitudes And Departures
The closure of a traverse is checked by computing the latitudes and departures of

each of it sides As shown figure below.
 The latitude of a line is its projection on the north–south meridian.

 The departure of a line is its projection on the east–west line.
 A northeasterly bearing has: + latitude, and + departure.
Figure(14): Latitudes And Departures
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Error of Closure
Consider the following statement:
 If start at one corner of a closed traverse and walk its lines until you return to
your starting point, you will have walked as far north as you walked south and
as far east as you have walked west ,Therefore:
Latitudes = 0 and , Departures = 0
 When latitudes are added together, the resulting error is called the error in
latitudes (EL).
 The error resulting from adding departures together is called the error in
departures (ED).
ADJUSTMENT OF LATITUDES AND DEPARTURES
 Correction in latitude of AB =
( Total latitude misclosure*length of AB ) / traverse perimeter
 Correction in departure of AB =
( Total departure misclosure*length of AB ) / traverse perimeter
 Error of closer:
If the measured bearings and distances are plotted on a sheet of paper, the
figure will not close because of EL and ED as shown in figure below:
Figure(15):Error of Closer
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1- =√
2- Precision =
Typical precision: 1/5,000 for rural land, 1/7,500 for suburban land, and 1/10,000 for
urban land.
APPARATUS
1. A compass is a small instrument essentially consisting of as As shown figure

below :
1.1 Magnetic needle
1.2 Graduated circle
1.3 Line of sight
1.4 Glass cover
2. Tape
3. Laser (Accuracy = 3 mm, Rang = 60 m. )
4. Painting
5. Sticks
Figure(16):Compass Figure(17):Laser Leica DISTO D110
Page 39 of 70
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the compass exactly horizontal.

2. Set up the compass along station „AB‟ and perform station adjustments.
3. Rotate the compass till the line of sight over the line „AB‟.
4. Read the graduated ring through compass, the reading directly gives the
magnetic bearing of „AB‟ in whole circle bearing system.
5. Follow the same procedure to observe the magnetic bearings to another line of
traverse also, As shown figure below.
Figure(18):Magnetic Bearing of Line
Page 40 of 70
CALCULATION
CLOSURE OF LATITUDES AND DEPARTURES
 The algebraic sum of all latitudes must equal zero or the difference in latitude
between the initial and final control points.
 The algebraic sum of all departures must equal zero or the difference in
departure between the initial and final control points.
AZIMUTH CORRECTIONS BALANCED

OR
SIDE LENGTH(ft) LATITUDE DEPARTURE
BEARING LATITUDE DEPARTURE LATITUDE DEPARTURE
DEGREE
AB 26° 10' 285.10 +255.88 +125.72 +0.08 -0.06 +255.96 +125.66
BC 104° 35' 610.45 -153.70 +590.78 +0.18 -0.13 -153.52 +590.65
CD 195° 30' 720.48 -694.28 -192.54 +0.21 -0.15 -694.07 -192.69
DE 358° 18' 203.00 +202.91 -6.02 +0.06 -0.05 +202.97 -6.07
EA 306° 54' 647.02 +388.48 -517.41 +0.18 -0.14 +388.66 -517.55
2466.05 Σ=-0.71 Σ=+0.53 Σ=0.00 Σ=0.00
CALCULATING X AND Y COORDINATES
Given the X and Y coordinates of any starting point A, the X and Y coordinates of
the next point B are determined by:
YA = YB + Latitude AB
XA = XB + Departure AB
Page 41 of 70
Station Balanced Coordinates

Latitude Departure Y-coord X-coord
A 10000.00 10000.00
+255.96 +125.66
B 10255.96 10125.66
-153.52 +590.65
C 10102.44 10716.31
-694.07 -192.69
D 9408.37 10523.62
+202.97 -6.07
E 9611.34 10517.55
+388.66 -517.55
A 10000.00 10000.00
TOTALS 0.00 0.00
LINEAR MISCLOSURE
The hypotenuse of a right triangle whose sides are the misclosure in latitude and the
misclosure in departure.
TRAVERSE PRECISION
The precision of a traverse is expressed as the ratio of linear misclosure divided by

the traverse perimeter length.
Expressed in reciprocal form (Example):

0.89 / 2466.05 = 0.00036090
1 / 0.00036090 = 2770.8
Precision = 1/2771
Page 42 of 70
DISCUSSION
Here we can discuss the sources of errors which can affect the accuracy in taking
the reading of the compass such as existing of the metals which effect on the
orientation of compass needle.
A lot of personal errors like error in read the angle and the pointer not good oriented
to the staff, and not putting the compass correctly on the cross of marked point ,
and by taking care about all of these errors and taking them in account we can
reduce or minimize the error.
CONCLUSION
 We learned how to measure the azimuth of line using the compass.

 Learned how to represent the line Horizontal angle by azimuth and bearing.
 Measured the angles by compass to complete traverse.
Page 43 of 70
EXPERIMENT NO.5
BASICS MEASUREMENT BY LEVELING DEVICE
INTRODUCTION
Surveying is the art and science of measuring distances, angles, and positions, on or
near the surface of earth. Major part of surveying is the leveling defined as “the
procedure for determining differences in elevation between points that are some
distance from each other”. Elevation is defined as “The vertical distance above or
below a reference datum”. Elevations can be determined using different leveling
techniques. Differential leveling technique which is used to determine differences in
elevation between points that are some distance from each other was used in the
field work to record the readings recorded using the leveling rod.
Figure(19):Automatic Level
OBJECTIVE
1. To enable students have a hands-on experience in setting up and working with

the automatic level, tripod stand, leveling rod as well as other instruments and
collect the data of the relevant fieldwork.
2. To enhance the students „knowledge in leveling procedure.
3. To allow students to learn the correct method in doing leveling measurements.
Page 44 of 70
APPARATUS
1. Level
2. Leveling staff
3. Tripod
4. Staff bubble
Level
A level is basically a telescope attached to an accurate leveling device, set upon a

tripod so that it can rotate horizontally through 360°. The level is attached to a spirit
or bubble level that keeps the line of sight of the telescope horizontal, The following
figure shows the level and its components.
Figure(20): level
Page 45 of 70
Tripod
The tripod consists of three legs and a head where the level instrument is mounted.
The tripod could be of aluminum or wood material. When leveling the level
instrument, the tripod head must be set approximately level beforehand by
adjusting the tripod legs.
Figure(21): Tripod
Leveling staff
Also called leveling rod, is a graduated wooden or aluminum rod, used with a
leveling instrument to determine the difference in height between points or heights
of points above a datum surface. It cannot be used without a leveling instrument,
which will extend to 3 or 5 m in height by telescoping, hinging or addition of sections.
One face has a graduated scale attached for reading with the cross-hairs of the
level telescope, (Show figure below).
Stadia multiplication constant 100
Page 46 of 70
Figure(22): Leveling staff
Staff bubble
These are generally a small circular bubble on an angle plate which is held against
one corner of the staff to ensure that the staff is held in a vertical position. If the staff
is not held vertical, the reading will be too large and may be significantly in error,
(Show figure below).
Figure(23): Staff Bubble
Page 47 of 70
PROCEDURE
There are three steps need to be followed to setup level device
1. Setting Up of The Dumpy Level

1.1 Release the clamp screw of the instrument.
1.2 Hold the instrument in the right hand and fix it on the tripod by turning
round only.
1.3 The lower part with the left hand.
1.4 Screw the instrument firmly and bring all the foot screws to the center of its
run.
1.5 Spread the tripod legs well apart and fix any two legs firmly into the ground
by pressing them with the hand.
1.6 Move the third leg to up or down until the main bubble is approximately in
the center.
1.7 Then move the third leg in or out until the bubbles of the cross-level is
approximately in the center.
1.8 Fix the third leg firmly when the bubbles are approximately in the centers of
their run.
2. Leveling Up
2.1 Place the telescope parallel to a pair of foot screws.
2.2 Bring the bubble to the center of its run by turning the foot screws equally
either both inwards and both outwards.
2.3 Turn the telescope through 90º, so that it lies over the third foot screw.
2.4 Turn this third foot screw so that the bubble comes to the center of its run.
2.5 Turn the telescope through and check whether the bubble remains
central.
Page 48 of 70
SURVEING LAB ENGINEER AMANI YASEEN
3. Elimination Of Parallax
3.1 Remove the lid from the object glass.
3.2 Hold a sheet of white paper in front of the object glass.
3.3 Move the eyepiece right or left until the cross hairs are distinctly visible.
3.4 Direct the telescope towards the staff.
3.5 Turn the focusing screw until a clear and sharp image is formed in the plane
of the cross hairs.
CALCULATION
What is the Reading of the staff ???
Reading was = 2.462m.
DISCUSSION
There are common mistakes such as:
1. Faulty reading of the rod.

2. Not fully extending the rod for high readings.
3. Touching the tripod during reading.
Page 49 of 70
SURVEYING LAB ENGINEER AMANI YASEEN
EXPERIMENT NO.6
DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING
INTRODUCTION
Leveling is the determination of the relative height (altitudes) of the different points in
the area under survey, it is this information which , when coupled with that of the
pan, enables a section through the land to be drawn.
Differential leveling is a procedure of transferring an elevation from a bench mark to

the line of sight of an instrument, and then back to the ground to establish a second
bench mark,( shown figure below ).
Figure(24):Differential Leveling
There leveling has two type of layouts which are the rise and fall method and the
height of collimation method.
Page 50 of 70
OBJETIVE
1. To allow students to apply the theories that had been taught in classes to
hands-on situation.
2. To experience the measurement of vertical distances by leveling.
3. To determine the difference in height of discrete points and identify the spot of
relative height.
4. To identify the reduced level of each staff station.
5. To determine the error of misclouser in order to determine if the leveling is
acceptable.
6. To let students have an opportunities to learn how to record the site
measurement and calculations by using the proper equation table.
APPARATUS
1. Level
2. Leveling staff
3. Tripod
4. Staff bubble
PROCEDURE
1. Profile leveling is a method of surveying that has been carried out along the
central line of a track of land on which a linear engineering work is to be
constructed/ laid. The operations involved in determining the elevation of
ground surface at small spatial interval along a line is called profile leveling.
2. Divide the proposed center line of a given work at regular intervals.
3. Fix the level and do station adjustments.
4. Take back sight on bench mark.
Page 51 of 70
5. Take Intermediate sight on intermediate points.

6. Take fore sight on change points and End point.
7. Record the values in field book in respective columns.
TERMINOLOGY
 Bench Mark (BM): relatively permanent point of known elevation.

 Back Sight (B.S): The first reading from a new instrument position.
 Intermediate Sight (I.S): Reading between the back sight (B.S) and foresight
(F.S).
 Height of Instrument (HI): the elevation of the line of sight of the telescope.
 For Sight: The last reading from an instrument position.
CALCULATION
1. When the level has been set up we always start with a BS to a point whose RL is
known as an BM.
2. The last reading at any instrument position is always a FS .
3. Either the instrument moves or the staff moves, never move both.
4. We must always finish leveling at a point of known RL value, such as an BM.
HEIGHT OF INSTRUMENT METHOD

Computation of Elevations
HI = Elevation + BS
POINT BS HI FS ELEVATION
BM1 12.64 112.64 - 100.00
Page 52 of 70
Elevation = HI - FS
BM1 12.64 112.64 - 100.00
TP1 3.11 109.53
BM1 12.64 112.64 - 100.00
TP1 10.88 120.41 3.11 109.53
BM1 12.64 112.64 - 100.00
TP1 10.88 120.41 3.11 109.53
TP2 2.56 117.85
Page 53 of 70
BM1 12.64 112.64 - 100.00
TP1 10.88 120.41 3.11 109.53
TP2 9.72 127.57 2.56 117.85
(RLS)
BM1 12.64 112.64 - 100.00
TP1 10.88 120.41 3.11 109.53
TP2 9.72 127.57 2.56 117.85
BM2 3.10 124.47
TOTAL 33.24 -8.77
After calculation we need to do checks

1. SIMPLE CHECK
The algebraic sum of plus and minus sights applied to the first elevation should give
the last elevation
In the illustrative example
Change in elevation = 33.24 - 8.77 + 100 = 124.47 calculation ok.
2. FULL CHECK
ΣIS + ΣFS + Σ( RLS except first ) = Σ( each HI * number of application )
Page 54 of 70
3. CHECK MISCLOSER
Allowable misclosure = 5√ mm, (“Rule of thumb”), when calculations are checked

and if the misclosure is allowable distribute the misclosure N is the number of
instrument positions ( BS )
4. The initial back sight (BS) is taken to a point of known elevation.

5. The backsight reading is added to the elevation of the known point to
compute the height of the instrument (HI).
6. The level may be moved to a temporary point called a turning point (TP).
7. The elevation of a point is the height of the instrument (HI) minus the foresight
(FS).
DISCUSSION
Common Mistakes
1. Misreading the rod - reading 3.54 instead of 3.45.

2. Mistakes with extended rod - make sure the leveling rod is fully extended.
3. Level rod not vertical.
4. Level instrument not level.
5. Environment - wind and heat.
6. Confusion between recording BS and FS entries into the field book.
7. Actual misclosure may be because of calculation errors or field errors.
 Suggestions for Good Leveling

1. Anchor tripod legs firmly.
2. Check the bubble level before and after each reading.
3. Take as little time as possible between BS and FS.
4. Try to keep the distance to the BS and the FS equal.
5. Provide the rodperson with a level for the rod.
Page 55 of 70
EXPERIMENT NO.7
TOTAL STATION
INTRODUCTION
Is an important surveying instrument characterized by speed high accuracy,

automatic information record possibility to connect to computer, and ease to
handle.
There are a lot of types of total station deferent from each other according to intend
use and in its technical specification.
Total station use in accurate a surveying engineering projects ( construction, roads,

pipelines, and culverts,….etc), traverse works, topographic surveying.
Figure(25):Total Station
OBJECTIVE
1. To know the main function of total station or what is the total station.
2. To know the main part of total station.
3. How does the total station work and how to make it level and in the range or
able take the measure.
Page 56 of 70
APPARATUS
1. Total station with accessories

2. Tripod
3. Pen
4. Note book
Figure(26):Total Station Apparatus
a) Builder instrument with supplied tribrach

b) GEV189 USB data transfer cable*
c) GLI115 clip-on bubble (for Builder 200 and 300)
d) GHT196 holder for height meter*
e) CPR105 Flat prism (for Builder 200 and 300)
f) GHM007 height meter*
g) Protective cover / lens hood
h) GEV223 data cable USB to mini USB (for Builder 300 or higher)
i) CPR111 Builder prism, true-zero offset (for Builder 400 or 500)
Page 57 of 70
Figure(27): Total Station Components

a) Compartment for USB memory stick and USB cable ports (for Builder 300 or higher)
b) Bluetooth antenna (only Builder 500)
c) Alignment sight
d) Detachable carrying handle with mounting screw
e) Telescope (with integrated Distance Meter for Builder 200 or higher)
f) Vertical drive
g) On/Off key
h) Switch key
i) Horizontal drive
j) Second keyboard*(Keyboard depends on model.
k) Telescope focusing ring
l) Eyepiece; focusing graticule
m) Battery holder for GEB211/GEB221
n) Serial interface RS232 (for Builder 200 or higher)
o) Footscrew
p) Display
q) Keyboard (Keyboard depends on model).
Page 58 of 70
THEORY
 Total station is device for measuring distance and angles.

 Total station is the predominant instrument used in surveying practice today.
1. The basic components of T.S
1.1 Electronic distance measuring.
1.2 Electronic angle measuring component.
1.3 Computer or microprocessor.
2. Function performed by total station:
2.1 Provide guidance to the operator step by step through several difference
types of basic surveying operation.
2.2 Automatically observe horizontal and vertical angles as well as slope
distance.
2.3 Making curvature and refraction correction.
3. There are disadvantages for total station :
3.1 Does not provide a hard set of field notes .
3.2 It may be difficult for the surveyor to look over and check the work whike in
the field.
3.3 They should not be used for observation of the sun unless special filters are
used.
3.4 Total station need special way to use it because it sensitive device and
expensive so we must be careful when we use it.
Page 59 of 70
PROCEDURE
1. Setup step-by-step
Figure(28):Total Station Setup step-by-step

1.1 Extend the tripod legs to allow for a comfortable working posture. Position the
tripod over the marked ground point, centring it as well as possible.
1.2 Fasten the tribrach and instrument onto the tripod.

1.3 Turn on the instrument by pressing the key. The electronic level and laser
plummet are activated automatically after switching on the instrument, if
compensator is set to on.
1.4 Move the tripod legs (1) and use the tribrach footscrews (6) to centre the
plummet (4) over the ground point.
1.5 Adjust the tripod legs (5) to level the circular level (7).
1.6 By using the electronic level turn the tribrach footscrews (6) to precisely level
the instrument. Refer to "Levelling up with the electronic level step-by-step" for
more information.
1.7 Centre the instrument precisely over the ground point (4) by shifting the
tribrach on the tripod plate (2).
1.8 Repeat steps 6. and 7. until the required accuracy is achieved.
Page 60 of 70
2 Levelling up with the electronic level step-by-step
Figure(29):Leveling up with the electronic level step-by-step

The electronic level can be used to precisely level up the instrument using the
footscrews of the tribrach.
2.2 Centre the circular level approximately by turning the footscrews of the
tribrach. The bubble of the electronic level and the arrows for the rotating
direction of the footscrews only appear if the instrument tilt is inside acertain
leveling range.
2.3 Turn the instrument until it is parallel to two footscrews.
2.4 Centre the electronic level of this axis by turning the two footscrews. Arrows
show the direction for rotating the footscrews. When the electronic level is
centred the arrows are replaced by checkmarks.
2.5 Centre the electronic level for the second axis by turning the last footscrew.
An arrow shows the direction for rotating the footscrew. When the
electronic level is centred the arrow is replaced by a checkmark(When the
electronic level is centred and three checkmarks are shown, the instrument
has been perfectly leveled up.
Page 61 of 70
3. Changing the intensity of the laser plummet
Figure(30):Changing The Intensity of The Laser Plummet

External influences and the surface conditions may require the adjustment of the
intensity of the laser plummet.
3.2 Adjust the intensity of the laser plummet by pressing. The laser can be
adjusted in 25% steps as required.
Page 62 of 70
DISCUSSION
Marking practice on the steps which make the total station level and in range will
help one to adjust the instrument properly on the point.
Total station should be calibrated from time to another and it must calibrated by
professional person.
We should be careful with dealing with total station and in making it level
because it does not give us measurement but ( out of range ).
The distance between the legs of tripod must be equal and it must be horizontal.
And another problem with total station that the rays affect its measurement.
Total station is the predominate instruments used in surveying practice today.
The atmospheric conditions can effect on total station like temperature, pressure
and humidity.
Proper instrument calibration and setting of the atmospheric parameters are

essential for accurate surveying, fortunately it only takes a few moments to
properly set these calibration.
CONCLUSION
Total station is an important instrument to measure the angles and distances.
And we learned how to what is the important parts of total station, how to setup it
and how to make it level.
We knew that total has a lot of functions can serve us by many ways and that it‟s
easy to handle and its accurate in taking the measurement.
And one of its important options that you can connect it to the computer which
make all the surveying is easy and can make complete your measurement on
that computer.
Page 63 of 70
APPENDIX - A
Table(A-1): Surveying Lab Instruments
NAME OF INSTRUMENT PICTURE
Odometer Wheel Measuring
Chaining
Tape
Compass
Page 64 of 70
Laser Leica DISTO D110
Automatic Level
Leveling Staff
Total Station
Page 65 of 70
ABBREVIATION
WORD Description
E <E:> Easting Coordinate.
F ft or ‘ Foot
G g Grad
in or “ Inch
I
I.S Intermediate Sight
M mm Millimeter
N <N:> Northing Coordinate.
Q Q.B Quadrant Bearing System
RB Reduced Bearing
R
rad Radian
T TP Temporary Point
W W.C.B Whole Circle Bearing System
(º) Degree unit of measurement of angles
(΄) Minute Is a 1/60 Degree
(΄΄) Second Is a 1/3600 Degree
Page 66 of 70
GLOSSARY
WORD Description
It is a line joining the optical center of the

An Axis of The Telescope object glass to the center of the eye piece.
It is any other staff reading taken on appoint

of unknown elevation from the same set up
An Intermediate Sight of the level. All sights taken between the
A
back sight and the fore sight and the
foresight are intermediate sights.
It is a point whose elevation is to be

determined. It may be noted that it is a point
A Station
where the staff is held not the point where
they leveled is set up.
Bench Mark It is fixed reference point of known elevation.
B Is a sight taken to the level rod held on a

Back Sight point of known elevation (e.g.BM) to
determine the height of the instrument.
Is a small instrument essentially consisting of

Compass magnetic needle, graduated circle, and line
of sight.
Is a 2-dimensional drawing of land, which
C includes contour lines to show changes in
the elevation of the land. The use of contour
Contour Map
lines allows a 2-dimensional map to show
what land looks like in three dimensions:
length, width and height.
Page 67 of 70
Is a measurement of how high you are

E Elevation
above a fixed point, like sea level
It is a staff reading on a point whose
elevation is to be determined or on a
F Fore Sight change point.. It is the last staff reading
denoting the shifting of the instrument.
Direction of gravity. The compensator

P Plumb line/Compensator
defines the plumb line within the instrument
R Reticle Glass plate within the telescope with reticle.
The ratio of distances on a map to the
S Scale
corresponding values on Earth
Display the three-dimensional characteristics
of terrain on a two-dimensional surface.
usually show and name both natural and
manmade features, such as lakes,
Topographic Map
mountains, airports and roads. have many
uses, including recreation, environmental
management and emergency response
T planning.
It is the line joining the intersection of cross
The line of Collimation hairs of the optical center of the object
glass. It is also called the line of sight.
Is a temporary point whose elevation
Turning Point
determined during the process of leveling.
Tilting axis Horizontal rotation axis of the telescope.

Terrain Topographic features of an area.
Z Zenith Point on the plumb line above the observer.
Page 68 of 70
REFERENCES
A
 Anderson, J.M., J.M. Anderson, and E.M. Mikhail, Surveying, theory and
practice. 1998: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math.
 Apothèloz, C., Land surveying total station measuring device. 2009, Google
Patents.
 Dunne, J.G., Laser surveying instrument. 1994, Google Patents.
 Epstein, J.S., Surveying instrument and method. 1978, Google Patents.
H
 Horwitz, E.K., Surveying student beliefs about language learning. Learner
strategies in language learning, 1987. 110129.
 Johnson, P.R., Laser land-surveying apparatus with digital display. 1977, Google
Patents.
 Kumagai, K. and F. Ohtomo, Surveying instrument. 2002, Google Patents.
 Leick, A., L. Rapoport, and D. Tatarnikov, GPS satellite surveying. 2015: John
Wiley & Sons.
 Livingstone, S. and M. Bober, UK Children Go Online: Surveying the experiences
of young people and their parents. 2004.
Page 69 of 70
 McCann, D., P. Jackson, and M. Culshaw, The use of geophysical surveying

methods in the detection of natural cavities and mineshafts. Quarterly Journal
of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 1987. 20(1): p. 59-73.
 Price, D.J., Medieval land surveying and topographical maps. The

Geographical Journal, 1955. 121(1): p. 1-7.
 Rhoads, G.B., Methods for surveying dissemination of proprietary empirical

data. 1999, Google Patents.
 Spradley Jr, L.H., J.P. Wincelowicz Jr, and D.H. Spradley, Geodetic surveying
system using multiple GPS base stations. 1992, Google Patents.
Page 70 of 70

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SURVEYING LAB MANUAL

COURSE NO. 511232

Engineer Amani Yaseen

Aqaba University of Technology(AUT)

Safety In The Laboratory 7

Lab Safety Agreement Form 9

Laboratory Work And Reports 10

Surveying Field Work 11

Form Of Cover Page 15

Experiment No.1: Horizontal Distance Measurement 16

Experiment No.2: Setting Out Right Angles And

Experiment No.3: Surveying Measurements With

Experiment No.5: Method Of Measurement By Using Level

Figure(1) Horizontal Distance 16

Figure(22) Leveling Staff 47

Table (1) Emergency Contacts 9

Table (2) Grading 10

Table (A-1) Surveying Lab Instruments 64

1. This lab manual is intended to guide you through experiments to be

5. Engineering students are required to follow standard speciﬁcations with regard

7. A lab report is considered a technical report. As such, it must be professional

8. The report must be written with a word processor of your choice.

SAFETY IN THE LABORATORY

TAKE TIME TO PERFORM WORK SAFETY

LAB SAFETY AGREEMENT FORM

LAB MANAGER _________________________________

LABORATORY WORK AND REPORTS

SURVEYING FIELD WORK

Factors Affecting Fieldwork

Factors Affecting Survey Results

1. Cover Sheet (See Enclosed Form Page 16)

Department of Civil Engineering

Course No. 511262

Student Name Registration No. ID Group No.

Test Date Test Weather Test Temperature

Engineer Amani Yaseen

HORIZONTAL DISTANCE MEASUREMENT

Pacing method consists of accounting the number of steps or paces in a required

1. First we measure the distance with a tape and it is actual value .

1. First we should zero the reading of the odometer device.

1. Two men are required for chaining operation.

CALCULATION & RESULTS

On smooth ground ( Odometer Device )

Average=(21.23 +20.10 +19.50)/3 = 20.28 m.

Accuracy =|AVG – Actual Distance|

Precision= Max – Min

Error= |Approximate Value − Exact Value|

= (20.28 - 20)/20 *100%

On rough ground ( Odometer Device )

Average=(22.36 +20.53 +24.45)/3 = 22.45m

Error = |Approximate Value − Exact Value|

= (22.45 - 20)/20 *100%

BY USING PACING METHOD

Figure(4): Accuracy and Precision

 Weather changing is a very important in calculation because when a tape

SETTING OUT RIGHT ANGLES AND PERPENDICULAR

LINES BY USING TAPE

 the 3-4-5 method( Pythagoras method ).

Figure(5): Setting Out Right Angles

1. Equilateral Triangle Method

2. Method of Lowest Distance

Figure(7): Method of Lowest Distance

Figure(8): Equilateral Triangle Method(from the point on the base line)