Group No. ( 4 ) Ex. No.

(4) Date :- 12/11/2008

Exp name:-Volumetric Analysis ( 1 )

Objective:-Acid-Base Titration

:Introduction
Titration is an important laboratory procedure used in performing
chemical analysis. In a typical titration process, a solution containing one
reactant is placed in the receiving flask, and carefully measured volumes
of the other reactant are then added from the burette ( figure 7,1 ). The
addition is continued until some visual effect, like color change signals
that the two reactants have combined in just the right molar ratios to give
.complete reaction
Acid-base reactions are one of the most common types of chemical
reactions that occur. The reaction between strong acid and strong base is
:represented by the following net ionic equation
H(aq)+O2H(aq)  H2O(I)
Prior to the start of an acid base titration, a drop or two of an indicator
solution is added to the solution in the receiving flask. It is really the
indicator that is responsible for the color change that signals the end point
.of the titration reaction
Usually, the titration procedure is performed by adding the basic solution
from the burette ( titrant ) to a receiver that contains the acidic solution.
When the moles of the base equal the moles of the acid, the reaction has
.reached the endpoint of the titration reaction
This experiment is divided into three parts. The first part of this
experiment involves the standardization of sodium hydroxide solution.
The second and third parts, however, deal with the reaction of a strong
base ( NaOH ) with either a strong acid or a weak acid. You will
determine the concentration of a strong acid ( H2SO4 ), and the
percentage by mass of acetic acid in a vinegar sample. Vinegar is a water
diluted solution ( density of the solution = 1.01g/ml ) of a weak
monoprotic organic acid named acetic acid ( CH3COOH, molar mass=
.60.0g/mole )
:Before you come to the laboratory
.Read related sections in your general chemistry book .1
.Answer the pre-laboratory questions .2
:Materials and equipment
.Burette. ; phenolphthalein indicator
.Erlenmeyer flask ( 150,250 ml ). ; vinegar solution
.Volumetric flask ( 100,250 ml ). ; sodium hydroxide pellets
.Sulfuric acid solution. ; Oxalic acid solution
:Procedure
:A. 1 standardization of sodium hydroxide: (two trials are required)
The concentration of a pure staple compound can be obtained by
dissolving an accurately know mass of this compound in a certain
measured volume. Solution prepared by this procedure are well know to
be standard solution. However, there are few substances that are
sufficiently pure and stable that can provide standard solution. Masses of
substances that are not stable under room temperature conditions, due to
the effect of many factors like light, water vapor, CO2 in the atmosphere
.and microbial action, can note be measured accurately
:A.2: Molarity of H2SO4 determination (two replicates are required )
.Pick up a sample of the unknown from your instructor .1
Clean up 10.0 ml pipette and rinse well with distilled water. Then, .2
.rinse the pipette with few milliliters of the unknown solution
Transfer 5.0 ml of the unknown acid solution to 150 ml Erlenmeyer .3
flask, then add 10.0 ml of distilled water and 1-2 drops of
.phenolphthalein indicator
Fill the prepared burette with the previously standardized solution of .4
sodium hydroxide. Allow the solution to run thoroughly through the
stopcock of the burette to make sure that no air bubbles remained in the
.burette
.Record the initial reading of the burette .5
Start titration procedure by adding small increments of sodium .6
hydroxide solution to the receiving flask with continuous stirring. Notice
.the color change that occur during the addition of the basic solution
Before you reach the end point, wash the inner surface of the receiving .7
flask with distilled water, then continue the titration process slowly until
.the color change occurs
.Record the final reading of the burette .8
.Record your results and then answer related question .9
:A.3 Acetic acid in vinegar
.Obtain some vinegar in a clean dry beaker from your instructor .1
Rinse your pipette well with distilled water and then with small volume .2
.of the vinegar solution
Pipette exactly 10.0 ml of the vinegar solution and pour into 150 ml .3
.flask
.Record initial reading of the burette .4
Repeat steps 6-8 as done in part A.2.Record the final reading of the .5
.burette
.Answer related questions .6
Trial(1)
Volume of the unknown 10
Molarity of the standardized
NaOH solution 0.1
Initial burette reading 39
Final burette reading 46.5
Volume of NaOH solution 7.5
Moles of OH- 7.5*10-4
Moles of H+ 7.5*10-4
Molarity of acetic acid 0.075
Mass of acetic acid 0.045
Mass of vinegar solution 1.08
of acetic acid 4.167 ) by the mass ( %
In vinegar solution

Post-Laboratory Question
List the sources of errors in this experiment .1
If air bubbles remain in the burette during the titration, what .2
: will the effect be on the calculated values of
a. The concentration of NaOH
b. The molarity of H2SO4
c. % by the mass of acetic acid
If you for get rinse the inner surface of the receiving flask before you .3
reach the end point of the titration, will the calculated value of % acetic
.acid be affected? Justify your answer
If the end point in the titration of oxalic acid with NaOH solution is .4
super-passed ( too pink ), will the molar concentration of NaOH be higher
.or lower than the actual value? Explain