‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

.‫الحمد‬
‫ عبد الحميد زاهي‬:‫االسم‬
Name: abd al_hameed zahi al_hamad.

EX.No:03

Ex. name:
Physical properties: melting point and
boiling point.

Date:2007-11-29
 1. Objective:
Identification of chemical compound using their physical
properties like (point and boiling point).
I) Identify asset of different unknowns through measuring
their melting point.
II) Identify the name of an unknown through measuring its
boiling point.

2. Theory:
I) melting point:
It's defined as the temperature at which a
crystalline solid changes to liquid or melts.

Useful:
This property offers a particularly useful and
quick criterion for identification and
determination of the purity of the crystalline
solid especially organic compounds.

II) boiling point:

It's defined as the temperature at which
the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the
external atmospheric pressure.

Note: boiling point affected greatly by the external

pressure exerted on the liquid surface but
slightly by the presence of impurities.

III) Materials:
1. Test tubes.
2. Beakers.
3. Melting point apparatus.
 4. Thermometer.
5. Capillary tubes.
6. Stand and clamps.

3. Procedure:
I) melting point:
1. Enter the finely powdered, dry solid sample into
a capillary tube that is sealed at one end
(Capillary tube must sealed from one end using
Bunsen burner)
2. Place the capillary tube in the melting point
apparatus.
3. Adjust the rate of heating so that the temperature
rises at moderate rate about 2degrees per minute.
4. If the temperature is rising very fast rate during
melting repeat with new sample.
5.recorde the melting point rate observing that the
initial point read when the sample start convert to
liquid and the final point read when the sample
completely convert to liquid.

II) boiling point:

1.fill one beaker to half with water.
2. fill a test tube with a small amount of unknown
liquid.
3.but the capillary tube up side down (the open side
directed down) in the test tube.
4.hold the test tube and the thermometer together
with clamp and stand ( the third of the test tube must
be drown in water in the beaker ).
5.heat the beaker using Bunsen burner ( this called
water bath ) to heat the sample in the test tube.
 6.notice the evolution of air bubbles from the
capillary tube.
7.turn the burner of and wait until the air bubbles
stops, then record the boiling point that appears on
the thermometer.

4. Results and Calculate:

I) melting point:
Initial recorded temperature = 114
Final recorded temperature = 116
The range of the melting point is(114-116)c°
*this records for unknown sample A

II) boiling point:

The recorded boiling point is 54c°
*this records for unknown liquid no.1

5. Discussion:
I) melting point:
The most important think is to insure that the
powdered of the solid sample had no air bubbles
inside the capillary tube so that the first melting point
range was incorrect 116-122 so we had to repeat with
new sample and to drop the new sample in the
stirring rod to insure that the air bubbles disappeared.
II) boiling point:
The experiment was very easy so it didn’t take long
time and there were no mistakes and the results was
correct.
 Pre-laboratory questions
Q.1) which of the following compound is water-soluble?
a) k2So4 S
b) C2H5OH S
c) CH3 (CH2)10CH2OH N
d) C10H8 N
e) CH2 (OH)CH (OH)CH2OH S

Q.2)In which of the following solvent KCL is expected to

dissolve?
a)H2SO4 S ;because its polar and KCl is
polar to so (LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE ).

b)HCL N ;because its convent and KCl

is polar (LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE ).

c)C6H6 N ;because its non-polar and

KCL is polar (LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE ).
 Post-laboratory questions
Q.1) Explain how the pressure changes affect the
boiling point of a pure liquid?

The boiling point determinate when the vapor

pressure equals the atmosphere pressure so if the
atmosphere pressure change(decrease or increase)
we had to change the vapor atmosphere to be equal
with atmosphere pressure and that (decrease or
increase) the temperature of liquid.

Q.2) define each of the following terms:

a) Melting point: It's defined as the

temperature at which a crystalline solid
changes to liquid or melts.

b) Boiling point: It's defined as the temperature at

which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the external
atmospheric pressure.

c) Solubility: is defined as the amount of material

that dissolves in a given amount of solvent (like water)
at a given temperature to give a saturated solution.
d) Density: is defined as the mass of material per unit
volume.
Density = mass (g)/volume (Cm3)
Q.3) what is the effect of this cases on the
measured melting point of solid; explain your
answer?

a) Rapid heating:
Increase; because we can't observe the
exact temperature and record it, so we
record a temperature that is higher than
actual temperature.

b) A large quantity of compound into capillary

tube:
increase; because the spreading of temperature
will not be equal all around the capillary tube .

c) If the capillary tube and the thermometer are not

at the same level:
*increase (if the thermometer was lower than
capillary tube) ;because the temperature
spreading wont be the same for both so the
thermometer read rise faster than the capillary
actual temperature and if the thermometer was
higher it will decrease.
Q.4) Explain how the presence of impurities is
expected to affect the measured melting point of
solid substance.
1) Every substance has its own melting point
And when we try to determinate it we cant
separate between the pure substance and the
impurities so we maybe determinate the
impurities melting point.
2) The spreading of temperature effected by
the impurities.

Q.5) will the measured density of solid materials be

affected if apart of the solid dissolved in the
liquid used ?why?
Yes; because when part of the solid dissolved
in the liquid used this found spaces in the
materials so its volume will decrease then the
density will increase because
Density = mass (g)/volume (Cm3).

Q.6)draw the apparatus used to measure the boiling