‫ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ‬

‫ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺮﺧﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺭﺍ ﻣ‪‬ﻤﺎﻥ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ )‪(M‬ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻀﺮﺏ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﻭﻱ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺧﻂ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪M = Fd‬‬
‫ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪  ‬‬
‫‪M = r ×F‬‬
‫‪M = Fr sin θ = Fd‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ‪ M‬ﺍﺯ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺩﺭ ‪ ، SI‬ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻮﻥ – ﻣﺘﺮ )‪ (N.m‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪50‬‬
 ‫ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﻳﻨﻮﻥ )‪ :(Varignon‬ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬
‫‪M o = r × R = r ×( P + Q ) = r × P + r × Q‬‬

‫ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ‪ ،M‬ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺟﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ‪ F‬ﻣﻴﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺑﭽﺮﺧﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﮕﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﺤﺚ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺬﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻱ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﺩﺳﺎﻋﺘﮕﺮﺩ ‪CCW‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ )‪ (+‬ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﻋﺘﮕﺮﺩ ‪ CW‬ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ )‪ (-‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪51‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻲ ‪ ،300N‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻫﺮﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬
‫‪ O‬ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ‪ 300N‬ﺣﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪.O‬‬

‫ﺏ( ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻲ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ A‬ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ O‬ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺝ( ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ A‬ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩ( ﺩﺭ ﭼﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ‪ 750N‬ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬

‫ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ O‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻩ( ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻳﺎ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫‪ c ،b‬ﻭ ‪ d‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻴﺮ؟‬

‫‪52‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ‪ :O‬ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ O‬ﺍﺯ ﺧﻂ ﺍﺛﺮ ‪300N‬‬

‫‪d = (0.5m ) cos 60° = 0.25m‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ‪ 300N‬ﺣﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪:O‬‬

‫‪M O = Fd‬‬
‫‪M O = (300 N )(0.25 m ) = 75.0 N .m‬‬

‫ﭼﻮﻥ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻫﺮﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺳﺎﻋﺘﮕﺮﺩ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ O‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ ‪ Mo‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻛﺎﻏﺬ ﺍﺳﺖ‪،‬‬

‫‪M O = 75.0 N / m‬‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪:‬‬

‫‪53‬‬
 ‫ﺏ( ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ‪:‬‬
‫‪d = (0.5 m ) Sin 60° = 0.433 m‬‬

‫ﭼﻮﻥ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ O‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ 75N.M‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪M O = Fd ⇒ 75 N .m = F (0.433 m ) ⇒ F = 173.2 N‬‬

‫ﺝ( ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ‪ :‬ﭼﻮﻥ ‪ Mo=Fd‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﺭﺥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪ d‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ )ﻣﺎﻛﺰﻳﻤﻢ( ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎﻱ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﺮ ‪ OA‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ‪ d=75 m‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪:‬‬

‫‪M O = Fd ⇒ 75 N .m = F (0.5 m ) ⇒ F = 150 N‬‬

‫‪54‬‬
 ‫ﺩ( ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ‪ :750N‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ‪ Mo=Fd‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪75 N .m = (750 N ) d ⇒ d = 0.1 m = 100 mm‬‬

‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪OB cos60° = d‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫‪OB = 200 mm‬‬

‫ﻩ( ﻫﻴﭻ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻒ ‪ ،‬ﺏ ﻭ ﺝ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪ 300N‬ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ O‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ‪ x‬ﻭ ‪ y‬ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻲ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎ ﺳﻌﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﻮﻩ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﭽﺮﺧﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻫﺮﻡ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻲ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻜﺸﺪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ‪ P‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ B‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﻪء ﻳﻚ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﺮﻑ ﺭﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ‪ P=13.2N‬ﺑﺎﺯﺍﻱ ‪ ،α= 30º‬ﺣﻮﻝ ‪.A‬‬

‫ﺏ( ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ P‬ﺑﺎﺯﺍﻱ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ‪ 2.19N.m‬ﺧﻼﻑ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻋﻘﺮﺑﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺣﻮﻝ ‪.A‬‬

‫‪56‬‬
 :‫ ﺣﻞ‬
Px = (13.2 N ) sin 30 = 6.6 N


Py = (13.2 N ) cos 30 = 11.4 N

M A = xB A Py + y B A Px
= (0.086m)(11.4 N ) + (0.122m)(6.6 N ) = 1.79 N .m
.‫ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ‬AB ‫ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬P ‫ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ‬

rAB = (0.086m) 2 + (0.122m) 2 = 0.149m

y −1 0.122m
α = θ = tan ( ) = tan (
−1
) = 54.689
x 0.086m
M 2.19 N .m
M A = rAB Pmin ⇒ Pmin = A = = 14.697 N
rAB 0.149m

57
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫‪ ‬ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻴﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺣﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪A‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﺣﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪B‬‬

‫‪∑ A‬‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪1‬‬‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪kN‬‬ ‫()‬ ‫‪1‬‬‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪1‬‬‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪kN‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫()‬ ‫‪1‬‬‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪2‬‬‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪kN‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪Sin‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪)( 3.6m ) = 1.128kN .m‬‬

‫‪∑ B‬‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪1‬‬‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪kN‬‬ ‫()‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬‫‪kN‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫()‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪kN‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪Sin‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪)( 1.2m ) = 4.008kN .m‬‬

‫‪58‬‬
 ‫ﻛﻮﭘﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺯﻭﺝ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ‪ F‬ﻭ ‪ -F‬ﻳﻚ ﺗﻚ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ‪ ،‬ﺻﺮﻓﺎً ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ‪ ،‬ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻫﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ‪ O‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﺬﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪M = F (a + d ) − Fa‬‬
‫‪M = Fd‬‬

‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺩﺳﺎﻋﺘﮕﺮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ‪ a‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬
‫ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
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 ‫• ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺯﻭﺝ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ ﺣﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ ،O‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫) (‬
‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪M = rA × F + rB × − F = (rA − rB )× F‬‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪ rA‬ﻭ ‪ rB‬ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ ،O‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ‪ A‬ﻭ‬

‫‪ ،B‬ﺭﻭﻱ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﺛﺮ ‪ F‬ﻭ ‪ ،- F‬ﻭﺻﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬
‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ rA – rB = r‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻴﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪M = r ×F‬‬

‫• ‪ M‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﺮ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬
‫ﺯﻭﺝ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺯﻭﺝ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
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 ‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﺗﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻴﻜﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﻤﻴﻜﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺍﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻀﺮﺏ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ F‬ﻭ ‪ d‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ‪ F‬ﻭ ‪ d‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﮔﺮ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯ ﻫﻢ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺁﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ‪ M‬ﺑﻪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻑ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭼﺮﺧﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﺍﻱ ﺍﻻﺿﻼﻉ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ‪ 21‬ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺏ( ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ α‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺩﻭ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ )‪ 8N.m(ccw‬ﻭ ‪d=820mm‬‬
‫ﺝ( ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ‪ 12‬ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻨﻲ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺩﻭ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﺻﻔﺮ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ d‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪a ) M 1 = F1d1 ⇒ M 1 = ( 21N )( 0.4m ) = 8.4 N .m‬‬
‫) ‪b ) M Total = M 1 + M 2 ⇒ 8 N .m = 8.4 N .m − ( 12 N )( Sinα )( 0.820m‬‬
‫‪⇒ Sinα = 0.04‬‬
‫‪c ) M 1 + M 2 = 0 ⇒ 8.4 N .m − d 2 ( 12 N ) = 0 ⇒ d 2 = 0.7 m‬‬
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 ‫ﻧﻴﺮﻭ ﻭ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪ F‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ A‬ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺩﻭ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪ F‬ﻭ ‪ –F‬ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ O‬ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪ F‬ﺩﺭ ‪ A‬ﻭ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺟﻬﺖ ‪ –F‬ﺩﺭ ‪ O‬ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ‪ M o = r × F‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺩﺳﺎﻋﺘﮕﺮﺩ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ‪ ،A‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺩﺭ ‪ O‬ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﻋﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ )ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ( ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ‪ F‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ A‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ´‪ O‬ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫•‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬

‫‪M o′ = r ′ × F = ( r + s ) × F = r × F + s × F‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪M o′ = M o + s × F‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺩﻭ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ‬

‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻲ‬

‫‪ 100N‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ A‬ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺁﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ‪ 100N‬ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺩﻭ‬
‫ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ‪ 100N‬ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ xz‬ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ xy‬ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻪ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺳﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ‪ My ، Mx‬ﻭ ‪ Mz‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻛﺸﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬

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 ‫‪M x = -(150N)(0.36m) = -54.0N.m‬‬
‫‪M y = +( 100 N )( 0.24m ) = +24.0 N.m‬‬
‫‪M z = +( 100 N )( 0.18m ) = +18.0N.m‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻪ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩ ‪ M‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺩﻭ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪M = −(54.0 N .m ) i + (24.0 N .m ) j + (18.0 N .m )k‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﻞ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ :‬ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ )‪ (M‬ﺭﺍ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ ،D‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪M = M D = (0.360 m ) j × (- 150 N )k + [(0.180m ) j - (0.240m )k ]× (- 100 N )i‬‬
‫ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻀﺮﺏ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪M = -(54.0 N .m ) i + (24.0 N .m ) j + (18.0 N .m )k‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺮﭘﺎﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺑﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ A‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪ΣF : F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 + F5 = R‬‬
‫‪− (500 N ) j − (1000 N ) j − (500 N ) j − (2000 N ) j − (500 N ) j = R‬‬
‫‪∴ R = −(4500 N ) j‬‬
‫) ‪ΣM A : F1 ( x1 ) + F2 ( x2 ) + F3 ( x3 ) + F4 ( x4 ) + F5 ( x5 ) = R( xR‬‬
‫) ‪− (500 N )(0m ) − (1000 N )(1m ) − (500 N )(2 m ) − (2000 N )(3m ) − (500 N )(4 m‬‬
‫) ‪= −(4500 N )( xR‬‬
‫‪∴ xR = 2.3m ‬‬
‫‪68‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺑﺮ ﺗﻴﺮ ‪ 4.8m‬ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ‪-‬ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪A‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ‪-‬ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪B‬‬
‫ﺝ( ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪69‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
       
R = ∑ F = (150 N ) j − (600 N ) j + (100 N ) j − (250 N ) j ⇒ R = −(600 N ) j
( )
R  
MA = ∑ r ×F
     
= (1.6 i )× (− 600 j ) + (2.8 i )× (100 j ) + (4.8 i )× (− 250 j )
R 
M A = −(1880 N ⋅ m )k

70
 R R     
M B = M A + rB A × R = −(1880 N ⋅ m )k + (− 4.8 m )i × (− 600 N ) j
  
= −(1880 N ⋅ m )k + (2880 N ⋅ m )k = +(1000 N ⋅ m )k
 
R = −(600 N ) j

R      
M A = r × R ⇒ −(1880 N ⋅ m )k = xi × ( −600 N ) j = − x( 600 N )k ⇒ x = 3.13m

71
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺳﻘﻒ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺑﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪72‬‬
 :‫ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﻞ‬

ΣF : FB + FC + FD + FA = R
− (2350kN ) j − (330kN ) j − (140kN ) j − (580kN ) j = R
∴ R = −(3400kN ) j
ΣM x : FB ( z B ) + FC ( zC ) + FD ( z D ) + FA ( z A ) = R( z E )
(2350kN )(16m ) + (330kN )(6m ) + (140kN )(33.5 m ) + (580kN )(8m ) = (3400kN )(b )
∴ b = 14.39m 
ΣM z : FB (xB ) + FC (xC ) + FD ( xD ) + FA ( x A ) = R( xE )
(2350kN )(32m ) + (330kN )(54m ) + (140kN )(32m ) + (580kN )(10m ) = (3400kN )(a )
∴ a = 30.38m 
73
 ‫‪ ‬ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ‪ P=160N‬ﺑﺮ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ‪.‬ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ‪ P‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻮﭘﻞ‪ -‬ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ B‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﺭﻧﺞ‬
‫ﺏ( ﺩﺭﻧﻘﻄﻪ ‪ C‬ﺍﺯ ﺷﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪74‬‬
 FB = P FC = P
∴ FB = 160.0 N 50.0°  ∴ FC = 160.0 N 50.0° 
M B = −rBA P cos 10° M C = M B − rCB (FB )⊥
= −(0.355 m )(160 N ) cos 10° = M B − rCB FB sin 55°
= −55.937 N ⋅ m − (0.305 m )(160 N ) sin 55°
= −55.937 N ⋅ m
M C = 95.9 N ⋅ m
75