7 - Tecnologias Moviles

WIRELESS
COMMUNICATIONS
Mobile Technologies
Carlos Pupiales Y.
chpupiales@utn.edu.ec
• Outline:
• Second Generation
• Third Generation
• Fourth Generation
• Fifth Generation and Beyond
Carlos Pupiales Y. - 2018

• Evolution

Second Generation:
Global System for Mobile Communications

• Introduction
• Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is consider a second
generation in cellular system standards and the most successful mobile
communication system so far.
• GSM was initially thought to use in Europe to achieve the following goals:
• Better and more efficient solution for mobile communications; in other

words, provide more user capacity, ease of use, and additional services in a
digital world.
• To use in Europe allowing roaming without borders.
• There are 3 versions of GSM:
• GSM 900 MHz: Original
• GSM 1800 MHz: More BW and less MS power
• GSM 1900 MHz: PSC-1900

• Introduction

• Introduction

• Introduction
EVOLUCIÓN DE LÍNEAS ACTIVAS POR TECNOLOGÍA

CDMA GSM UMTS HSPA + LTE
18,000,000
16,000,000
14,000,000
12,000,000
10,000,000
8,000,000
6,000,000
4,000,000
2,000,000
0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Ene 2107 Feb 2017 Mar 2017 Abr 2017 May 2017

• Services and Features
• GSM services are classified as teleservices or data services.
• Telephone services: voice and emergency calls. Also Videotex and

Teletex.
• Data Services: packet switched protocols with data rates from 300 bps
to 9.6 Kbps. Data is transmitted using standard coding or special one.
• Suplementary ISDN Services: Digital in nature
• Call diversion
• Closed user groups
• Call ID
• Short Message Service (SMS)

• Services and Features
• The most remarkable feature of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module
(SIM) which is a memory that stores user information such as:
• Subscriber Identification Number
• Networks and countries where the subscriber can have service.
• Privacy keys.
• SIM can be used in different phones and devices, so the user isn’t limited
to one specific device.
• Another remarkable feature is that all the data in the Air Interface is
encrypted. Therefore, it’s impossible to steal information from one user.
• All the system is totally standardized in order to have compatibility

between different manufactures.

• System Architecture
• GSM architecture consists of three interconnected subsystems that interact
between themselves and with the user using certain network interfaces.
• Base Station Subsystem (BSS):
• It provides and manages radio transmission paths between the MS and

Mobile Switching Center (MSC), between the MS and all other
subsystems.
• Each BSS consist of a Base Station Transceiver (BTS) and a Base Station
Controller (BSC). The former establish and maintains the connection to
the MS within its cell. The latter connects the MS to the NSS via the
MSCs.
• BTS hosts, at least, the antennas, RF hardware, and software for multiple
access, and a transcoder (TC).


• Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS):
• It manages the switching functions of the system and allows the MSC to
communicate with other networks such as PSTN, ISDN, or other mobile
operator. NSS includes the MSC, some data bases such as:
• Home Location Register (HLR): It contains all the MS’s numbers associated
with one BSC and the location of each one.
• Visitor Location Register (VLR): It contains all the information of MS’s from
one HLR joined to a MSC which are in the area of a different MSC. It uses the
TMSI
• Authentication Center (AUC): It verifies the identity of each MS requesting

a connection. It uses the information stored in the SIM card to provides
security
• Equipment Identity Register (EIR): It contains information about stolen

misused devices. It uses the IMEI
• Operating Support Subsystem (OSS):
• It’s responsible for organization and operational maintenance of

each MS, BTS, BSC, and MSC
• Accounting: It manages all charging and billing procedures such

as charge a call, apply a discount, or generate the invoice.
• Maintenance: It monitors and maintain all telecommunications

hardware and software.
• Data Collection: It collects data such as amount of traffic

generated, statistics of traffic, call drops, rejected calls, and
quality of links, and all the information required to charge and bill
a call.


• The Air Interface
• GSM uses two bands of 25 MHz: 890 – 915 MHz for reverse link and 935
– 960 MHz for forward link.
• GSM uses FDD and a combined FDMA/TDMA approach.
• Each channel in RVC/FVC has 200 KHz of BW with a separation of 45

MHz.
• Each channel uses GMSK as modulation scheme and each one is time
shared with 8 subscriber using TDMA and transmitted at 270.833 Kbps.
• Each time slot uses 576.92 us or 156.25 bits (8.25 bits of guard and 6
trailing bits) . Frame lasts 4.615 ms.
• Combination of TS and an ARFCN constitutes a physical channel which

can be mapped using logical channels

• The Air Interface

• Logical Channels
• GSM has two types of logical channels: Traffic Channels (TCH) and Control
Channels (CCH).
• The first one carries digital voice or data.
• The latter carries synchronization and signaling information between BTS and
MS.
• Traffic Channels (TCH):
• It can be either full or half rate and carries user speech or user data.
• In full rate user data is contained in one TS per frame.
• In full rate voice data rate is 13 Kbps.
• In half rate user data is contained in one TS, but it is sent in alternate
frames. 2 users will share the TS. In half rate voice data rate is 6.5 Kbps

• Control Channels (CCH):
• Broadcast Channels (BCH): They serve as beacon signals only for the downlink
and transmit data only in the first TS of certain GSM frames. MS uses the
information in these channels to establish a synchronization in time and
frequency and for possible Hos.
• Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH): Used to broadcast information (cell and

network identity), operating characteristics of the cell (channel availability,
congestion), and a list of channels in use in the cell.
• Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH): It allows to each MS to synchronize its

internal frequency with the frequency of the BTS. It’s sent in the very first slot of a
frame every 10 frames.
• Synchronization Channel (SCH): Used to identify the serving BTS and

synchronize the MS with the BTS. It’s sent in the first TS of the immediately after
FCCH frame.
• Common Control Channels (CCCH):
• Paging Channel (PCH): Provides paging signal from BTS to all MSs
in the cell and notifies to a specific MS of an incoming call.
• Random Access Channel (RACH): Used in the uplink by a MS as an

ACK of the PCH message and to originate a call.
• Access Grant Channel (AGCH): Used by the BTS to instruct the MS

to operate in a particular dedicated control channel.

• Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH):
• Standalone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH): Provides the signaling

information to the MS and holds the connection until the BTS assigns a TCH
to the MS.
• Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH): In the downlink it’s used to

send slow but regularly changing control information such as transmit power
level and specific timing advance instructions for each user.
• In the uplink SACCH carries information about the received signal

strength, quality of the TCH, and measurements results from neighbor
cells
• Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH): Carries urgent messages such as

HO request. FACCH is assigned when SDCCH hasn’t been dedicated for a
particular user and there is an urgent message. It gain access stealing frames
from a traffic channel.
• Performing a Call
• MS monitors BCH to associate to a BTS.
• MS sends a message using RACH to originate a call.
• BTS responds with AGCH to assign a dedicated channel.
• MS changes to the new dedicated channel SDCCH.
• BTS sends SACCH.
• MS responds with SACCH.
• BTS orders to MS to change to a TCH channel and TS

using SACCH.
• Call is sets up in a TCH for uplink and downlink and

SACCH is released.

• GSM Frame Structure
148 bits
148 bits
148 bits
148 bits
148 bits
Source: Wireless Communications,

Rappaport

• GSM Frame Structure

• Identity Numbers
• Mobile Station ISDN Number (MS ISDN): The unique phone number of the
subscriber in the public network. It consists of Country Code (CC), National
Destination Code (NDC), and subscriber number. Max. 15 digits.
• International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI): It’s used as subscriber

identification within the GSM network. It consists of Mobile Country Code
(MCC), Mobile Network Code (MNC), and Mobile Subscriber Identification
Number (MSIN).
• International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI): It’s a unique

worldwide number which identifies the MS.

• GSM Summary

• GSM Summary

Second Generation:
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
Enhance Data for Global Evolution (EDGE)

• Introduction
• General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) was created in respond to
customer demand for wireless Internet access.
• GPRS is a packet-based radio service which enables “always-on”

connections, eliminating repetitive and time consuming dial-up
connections.
• Under ideal circumstances, GPRS can support rates up to 171.2 Kbps.
• In order to provide “high speed” Internet access, a GPRS network

required an upgrade in the GSM architecture and thus new terminals
that support packed and/or circuit switching.
• GPRS is considered as part of the 2.5 generation and it’s an upgrade

of GSM.

• Circuit Switching
• GSM was initially created for voice service, but data was adapted
using circuit-switching.
• As the channel is previously reserved (circuit-switching), it’s not
necessary to send synchronization information constantly, the BW is
constant, and delay is constant.
• This scenario is good for voice, but what about for data?
• Variable BW requirement.
• Different delay requirement.

• Packet Switching
• There is no a dedicated physical or logical channel.
• Each packet must have an identifier called header in order to route

the packet for different paths to reach the destiny.
• GPRS was designed as a packet-switching network.
• Using packets makes easier and more efficient the charging process
because any connection is charged by volume instead of time.
• Connection set-up time is smaller than circuit-switching and it’s not

necessary to reconnect because logical connection is independent of
physical one.

• GPRS Architecture

• GPRS Architecture
• Usually the access network remains similar to the GSM; however, it’s
necessary a software and hardware upgrade to allows both GSM and
GPRS.
• Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) controls the connection between

the network and the MS. It also is in charge of routing, handover, and IP
addressing assignment.
• Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) is a gateway between the GPRS

network and an external data/GPRS network. It provides authentication
and location management functions.
• Packet Control Unit (PCU) converts packet data into a format that can
be transferred over the air interface, manages radio resources, and
performs QoS measurements.
• SGSN and GGSN are connected with the Tunneling Protocol (GTP).
• GPRS Air Interface
• GPRS uses the same features of GSM such as modulation scheme,
time slots, and channel bandwidth.
• Unlike of GSM, GPRS may share multiple users on the same time slot
but not at the same time. This receives the name of Packet Data Traffic
Channel (PDTCH) which is the smallest unit to send or receive data.
• A block of data consist of 4 frames of PDTCH where each data channel

can be used for the same or different users or for signaling purposes.
• GPRS uses a 52-multiframe structure for its time slots. Frames 24 or

51 are used to perform signal strength measurements on neighboring
cells. Frames 12 and 38 for timing advance calculations.
• Network can allocate dynamically TS for voice or data.

• GPRS Air Interface
• Users can be assigned with more TS to transmit their information.
That will depends on several factors such as channel availability,
channel occupancy, and MS capability.
• GPRS needs separate channels for broadcast control functions and

associated traffic since it has its own set of parameters for call control
and network access.

• GPRS Logical Channels
Packet Common Control Channel (PCCCH): Used for common

signaling between MS and BTS.
• PRACH: to initiate uplink transfer.
• PPCH: to page a MS prior a downlink.
• PAGCH: to send resource assignment messages to a MS.
• PNCH: To send point-to-multipoint notification to a group of
MS.

• GPRS Logical Channels
• Packet Broadcast Control Channel (PBCCH) is used to broadcast
packet data system information to all GPRS mobiles in a cell.
• Packet Traffic Channel (PTCH)
• PDTCH: temporal channel allocated for one or multiple users.
• PACCH: to send signaling information related to a given MS. E.g.

power control.
• PACCH: used for timing advance estimation and control of active

mobile devices

• Advantages of GPRS
• Faster data transfer.
• On average 50 Kbps in a good radio conditions.
• Always-on connection.
• Robust Connectivity.
• Encoded data.
• More redundancy.
• Broad application support.
• It supports all IP applications.
• Better Security
• Authentication and Authorization.
• Using Radius, improved cyphering.

• EDGE
• Enhanced Data for Global Evolution is a standard considered as an
evolution for GSM/GPRS networks.
• It’s possible to reach up to 384 kbps using packet-switching.
• It uses the same 200 kHz of bandwidth.
• It uses different modulation schemes such as 8 PSK.
• As the same infrastructure of GPRS is used, it’s necessary only an

upgrade in software and a new TRU to support EDGE data rates.
• The cost for upgrade is relatively small.
• In each time slot it’s possible to send 464 bits thanks to the 8- PSK
modulation (3 symbols/bit).

• EDGE

• EDGE

Second Generation:
Code Division Multiple Access

• Introduction
• CDMA is a system which uses codes instead of time or frequency to
differentiate every user.
• Each channel has a BW of 1.25 MHz and duplexing is done in the frequency
domain.
• Traffic channels, control channels, and pilot channels are separated by

different codes (chip sequences) with which they are spread.
• Theoretically, each cell can support up to 64 users, but in practice the

number is reduced due to imperfect power control, non-orthogonality of
spreading codes, etc.
• Downlink signals are spread using Walsh-Hadamard sequences thus

orthogonal to each other.
• In uplink, users are separated by spreading codes that are not strictly
orthogonal.
• Introduction
• Unlike other systems, the user data rate changes in real time, depending
on the voice activity.
• In downlink, BS transmits the user data for all mobiles in the cell by using
a different spreading sequence for each mobile.
• A pilot code is also transmitted simultaneously at a higher power level,

allowing all mobiles to use coherent carrier detection while estimating
the channel conditions.
• In uplink, MS’s respond in an asynchronous manner and have ideally a

constant signal level due to power control applied by BS.
• CDMA has several advantages as;
• Frequency diversity: Transmission is spread out over larger bandwidth,

so noise burst and fading have less effect on the signal.

• Features
• Multipath Resistance: codes has less cross correlation and low
autocorrelation due to frequency diversity; thus delays has not cause
interference to other signals.
• Privacy: the spreading of the signal over a larger bandwidth due to the
use of a random signal results in privacy.
• Graceful degradation: if more users access to the system

simultaneously, noise level and error data rate increases the degradation
of the system’s performance. On the other hand, TDMA and FDMA allows
a fixed number of maximum of users.
• CDMA also has de following drawbacks:
• Self-Jamming: as all users are not perfectly synchronized, the spreading

sequences are not total orthogonal; therefore, a little bit of correlation
exists.
• Features
• Near-Far Problem: Signal closer to the receiver are received with less
attenuation than farther signals, so signals coming from remote users
tend to lose orthogonality adnd it’s more complicated to recover. Power
control is needed to overcome this problem.
• Soft Handoff: This implies more resources and more complexity at one
moment than hard handoff.
• Keep in mind that spreading sequence is different for uplink and

downlink.
• In downlink, user data is encoded, interleaved, and spread by one sixty-

four orthogonal spreading sequence. Each MS in a given cells is assigned
a different spreading sequence providing perfect separation among the
signals from different users, at least where multipath does not exists.

• Features
• To reduce interference between mobiles than use the same spreading
code in different cells and to provide the desired wideband, all signals in
a cell are scrambled using a pseurandom sequence.
• The downlink channel consists of a pilot channel, a synchronization

channel, up to 7 paging channels, and up to 63 traffic channels.
• Pilot channels allows a MS to acquire timing, phase reference, and a

signal strength reference for handoff process.
• In the uplink, different spreading strategy is used due to received

signals coming from different paths.
• Data is first convolutionally encoded, then interleaving is applied to

increase the robustness of the signal.
• Power control is applied continuously to avoid near-far problem.

• Features
• User data is grouped into 20 ms frames.
• All data transmitted are convolutionally encoded, block interleaved,

modulated by 64 orthogonal modulation, and spread out prior
transmission.
• Uplink channel includes access channels and reverse traffic channels;

both share the same frequency assignment.
• In all cases, CDMA has a frequency reuse factor of 1.
• As the whole spectrum assigned is not split into frequency channels or

time slots, one user uses the entire spectrum.

Third Generation:
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

(UMTS)

• Introduction
• 2nd generation systems were are able to provide voice service and were
limited to provide data service; in fact, data rates provided here are very
low and it’s not suitable for multimedia content.
• The main goal of UMTS is to provide fairly high speed wireless

communications to support data and video in addition to voice.
• Better spectral efficiency
• Data rates up to 2 Mbps for indoor, and 384 Kbps for outdoor
• Channels bandwidth of 5 MHz.
• Being multirate, i.e. to provide different channels for fixed data rates
to improve the experience of multimedia services.
• Voice quality similar to PSTN
• Compatibility with legacy systems

• Introduction
• UMTS relies on a new radio access system known as the UMTS terrestrial
radio access network (UTRAN), which provides the higher-speed
multimedia capability.
• The modulation and access mechanism is based on a wideband form of

code-division multiple access (WCDMA) using either FDD or TDD
duplexing
• Wideband Code Division Multiple Access is a multiple access technique

adopted by UMTS because TDMA and FDMA are not efficient enough to
support high data rates.
• User’s data is multiplied by a pseudo-random code to spread the signal

over a larger bandwidth.
• The chip rate used by UMTS is 3.84 Mcps in a 5MHz of bandwidth per
channel.
• Introduction
• Contrary to GSM, UMTS uses a frequency reuse factor of 1, i.e. all cells
use the same frequency.
• WCDMA uses a new kind of receptor called “RAKE”, which is able to

detect and combine signals coming from multi-propagation.
• It has the unusual characteristic called cell breathing; whereby, the

transmission power from the BS is varied to cope with the
instantaneous density of users, so causing the extent of the cell to
increase or decrease.
• This is done to ensure that all terminals within the cell receive an
adequate transmission quality
• Power control in very important and it’s performed continuously.

• Evolution of UMTS
• Release 99:
• Based on GSM, but it uses UTRAN as access radio network.
• Data rates of 2 Mbps for downlink and 384 Kbps for uplink
• Release 4:
• Publish in 2001 where control and transport carriers are

separated in the Core Switched.
• It includes IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem)
• Release 5:
• It introduces HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) and

increases data rates up to 14 Mbps.
• Evolution of UMTS
• Release 6:
• It introduces HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access) and

increases data rates up to 5.76 Mbps.
• Release 7:
• It introduces HSPA+ (Evolved High Speed Packet Access) and

increases data rates in downlink up to 42 Mbps and uplink up
to 11.5 Mbps.
• It uses 64 QAM as modulation scheme and MIMO as antenna

technology.

• Network Architecture
• It’s an evolution of legacy architectures and is divided in:
• User Equipment (UE)
• Mobile Terminal: mobile phone
• USIM: UMTS Subscriber Identity Module where information of

users is stored.
• UMTS Universal Radio Access Network (UTRAN)
• Node B: It includes tower, antennas, hardware, and software to

allow users to connect to the 3G network.
• Radio Network Controller: It’s responsible of control several

Node B and manage radio resources, power control, mobility,
among others.
• Core Network (CN)
• It has two cores for voice (Circuit Switched) and data (Packet
Switched).
• The core is similar to GSM, but with a couple of changes.
• The mobility management is now performed by the UTRAN
• Security has been improved with the use of stronger

algorithms and ciphering is done by the RNC.
• Voice treatment is now performed by the CN instead of the

BSS as in GSM.


• Like in GPRS, the two types of calls are separated in the air
interface of the radio access to the communication network.
• Voice traffic is managed by the RNC to the circuit-switched MSC

like GSM.
• Packet-based traffic is sent by the RNC to the IP router-based

SGSN.
• IP packets from the users’ terminals are carried over the radio
access system (UTRAN), over the ATM-based virtual paths from the
RNC and through the IP routers in the SGSN. Egress to the
Internet, ISPs, corporate LANs, etc., is provided via the gateway
SGSN (SSSN)
• Data Rates and Service Classes
• The maximum data rate and supported velocity are different for each
hierarchy layer:
• Macrolayer support at least 144 Kbps at 500 Km/h.
• Microlayer supports 384 kbps at top speeds of 120 Km/h.
• Picocells supports 2 Mbps at speeds of 10 Km/h.
• Maximal BER and transmission delay are grouped into sets that user may
choose:
• Conversational: This class is intended for speech users where delays are
in order of 100 ms or less. BER should be in order of 10−4 or less.
• Streaming: larger delays than 100 ms are tolerated and BER is smaller.
• Interactive: delays of few seconds are tolerated with BER of 10−6 or less.
• Background class: services where delays are not critical such as email,
SMS, etc. Carlos Pupiales Y. - 2018
• Air Interface
• In most of the world, UMTS utilizes frequencies in ranges from 1,900
MHz to 2,025 MHz and from 2,110 MHz to 2,200 MHz.
• UMTS supports two modes, UMTS-TDD and UMTS-FDD.
• UMTS-FDD uses the band from 1,920 MHz to 1,980 MHz for the
uplink and the band from 2,110 MHz to 2,170 MHz for the downlink.
• TDD mode does not distinguish uplink and downlink by using

different carrier frequencies but rather by accessing different
timeslots on the same carrier. Therefore, this mode does not require
symmetric frequency bands. It can simply use all of the remaining
frequencies.
• FDD operating mode is intended for use in macrocells and microcells,

whereas TDD operating mode is intended for use in picocells.
• Power Class and Receiver Sensitivity: MS
• MS is divided into three classes according to their transmit power.
• Maximum powers measured before the antenna are:
• Class 1: 33 dbm
• Class 2: 27 dBm
• Class 3: 24 dbm
• Class 4: 21 dbm
• Receiver must be very sensitive to detect signals that given a

received signal power of -117 dBm per 3.84 MHz channel, a BER of
10^−3 is still reachable with 12.2 kbps data rate.

• Power Class and Receiver Sensitivity: BS
• There are no transmission powers speciﬁed for the BS. However,
typical values for the transmit power are in the 10 – 40 W range.
• The receiver in the BS has to be so sensitive that given a received

signal power of −121 dBm a BER of 〖10〗^(−3) for a 12.2kbps is
still feasible.
• Since noise power in a bandwidth of 12.2 kHz is −133 dBm, this is

a quite challenging task.

• Common Channels
• Broadcast Channels (BCH)
• Paging Channel (PCH)
• Random Access Channel (RACH)
• Forward Access Channel (FACH)
• Common Packet Channel (CPCH)
• Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)
• Dedicated Channels
• Dedicated Transport Channel (CDH)

• Physical Channels
• Physical Channels:
• UMTS transmits control and user data on the same logical channel
(DCH).
• Uplink: control and user data channels are transmitted simultaneously via
I-code and Q-code multiplexing.
• Pilot bits, Transmit Power Control (TPC) and Feed Back Information
(FBI) are transmitted via Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
• User data is transmitted via Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)
• Downlink:
• Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
• Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)
• Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)

• Power Control
• It’s necessary to control mutual interference }.
• Inner-loop power control in WCDMA, in particular, is supposed to

adapt to small scale fading for speeds up to 500 km/h. Therefore, the
power control procedures in UMTS have to be rather fast. An update
of transmit power occurs with every timeslot, every 0.667 ms.
• There is also outer-loop power control which continuously adjusts the

target SIR for inner-loop power control.
• In the uplink, the BS estimates the power of the received signal and
controls it by transmitting TPC instructions to the MS, which changes
its transmit power accordingly. TPC bits are transmitted with the
DPCCH, and contain instructions to increase or decrease power. The
possible step sizes are 1 dB or 2 dB.
• Power Control
• Its used a closed-loop approach to provide power to MSs.
• In the downlink all the signals suffer from the same attenuation and
all signals are orthogonal to each other.
• Therefore, power control on downlink is applied to mainly maitain a

good SNR.
• Each MS measures signal strength and quality and transmits TPC

commands to the BS via DPCCH.
• If one MS request more transmition power, BS increases the power for

all channels.
• In the cell boundary, MSs controls the transmit power from the BS.

• HSDPA
• It’s based on new techniques to increase data rate for downlink.
• The key aspect is to move several radio procedures to the Node B instead
of being controlled by RNC.
• The idea is to put the UE closer to the NodeB to reduce problems that
radio interface can cause.

• HSDPA

• HSUPA
• Data rate up to 5.76 Mbps
• Similar to HSDPA, but for the uplink.
• It requires to modify a couple of things in the UE as well.
• It may use MIMO to improve the experience and increase data rate
up to 11.5 Mbps

• Services and QoS
• Streaming of Video over Demand.
• Real time video games
• Multimedia content and Multimedia messages
• Video Call and Video Conference
• Location-Based Services
• Push to talk

Fourth Generation:
Long Term Evolution (LTE)

• Principles of LTE
• LTE it’s an evolution of legacy networks such as GSM and UMTS.
• It’s based totally in IP, therefore it has an unique core for voice and
data.
• Multiple access is based on OFDM for downlink and SC-FDMA for

uplink.
• MIMO is used to increase the spectral efficiency and increase data

rate, overcome problems with multi-propagation.
• All its interface is based on packet switching, so it’s possible to offer

Dynamic Scheduling and QoS without problems.
• Its architecture is simple and the control is closer to the UE.

• Principles of LTE
• It’s possible to reach up to 100 Mbps in the downlink and 50 Mbps in
uplink.
• Resources are used in a more efficient way; therefore, bandwidth is

variable and goes from 5 MHz to 20 MHz.
• Resources are assigned according the needs using resource blocks which
depends on the variability of the air interface, modulation scheme, data
rate required, QoS, etc.
• Performance is improved:
• Battery life
• Resources allocation
• Short Delays
• Efficient in high speeds

• Architecture

• Architecture

• Applications of LTE
Low Cost
Security Low Delay
Seamless
High Availability
connection
Ubiquity High Reliability

• File Transfer with cloud computing
• Remote office and instant Office
• M2M and remote monitoring
• Telepresence
• Telemedicine
• Bandwidth Access for last Mile


Source: NBN Australia

• Benefits of LTE for Business
• Increase of sales and better QoE
• Better products and services
• More productivity for people and process
• Less OpEx
• More personal motivation
• Fast Decision making
• Increase of revenues

• LTE Statistics
Source: Ericsson Mobility Report

• LTE Statistics
Source: Ericsson Mobility Report

• LTE Statistics
EVOLUTION OF CELLULAR TECHNOLOGY IN ECUADOR

18,000,000
16,000,000
14,000,000
12,000,000
10,000,000
8,000,000
6,000,000
4,000,000
2,000,000
0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Ene Feb Mar Abr May Jun Jul Ago Sep Oct
2107 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017
CDMA GSM UMTS HSPA + LTE

Fifth Generation
and Beyond

• Introduction
• What is a cellular network?
• What is 2G, 3G, and 4G? What does make possible this?
• What are the problems cellular networks are facing right now?
• What are the technical, economical, and social requirements?
• Actually the real questions are:
• How, What, and Why 5G?.

• Introduction
Source: Huawei

• Introduction
• 5G is not one technology but a dense amalgamation of
technologies, working together to enable ubiquitous, seamless,
gigabit connectivity, everywhere, at any time!
• To make possible 5G, it’s necessary to redesign the traditional

mobile networks and the way how mobile devices take advantage
of wireless technologies thus they have to converge physically and
logically.
• Besides, to deploy 5G, some challenges, such as compatible

network structure, higher capacity, lower delay time should be
considered, as well as several threats that 5G have to face with,
especially in information security area.

• Features
• Faster speed, higher capacity, better use of spectrum resources.
• Lower energy consumption, higher number of supported devices,

lower infrastructure cost, and higher reliability.
• Use of unused spectrum.
• More and diverse intelligent devices.
• From Operator - centric to Service – centric model.
• More and more services and applications is expected.
• Cost of service may decrease.
• Everyone and everything may be connect to a 5G network.

• Requirements
• High data rates: more than the current 100 Mbps.
• Security: private data must be protected.
• Capacity: more and more devices/users supported.
• Coverage: Seamless connection.
• Energy consumption: devices and network.
• Spectrum utilization
• Availability and Reliability.
• Human or machine?
• Convergence of technology.
• Mobility
• Architecture
• New RATs
• IP-based network
• Cognitive Radio
• Servers for applications
• Management
• Operation
• Diversification

• Energy Consumption
• To save energy in both mobile and network is one of the most
important factors right now taken into account to develop 5G.
• Power consumption is reduced in 38 % from one generation to

another [1].
• Consumption may be reduced with more efficient modulation

schemes, access modes, transmission techniques, etc.
[1] G. Berardinell, Et. Al. M. Lauridsen, "Ensuring Energy Efficient 5G User Equipment by Technology Evolution and Reuse," IEEE VTC, pp. 1 - 6,
2014

• Challenges and Threats
• How provide high data rates while provide capacity and seamless
coverage.
• How to support M2M applications. New architecture?
• How to provide legacy compatibility?
• How to guarantee security?
• How to reduce costs?
• How to diversify the applications.
• How to support billions of users.

• Cost and Feasibility
• From 2G to 4G the main reason to change has been SPEED.
• Improvements may not be concentrated in increasing speed only but

provide Internet access to as many devices as possible. How many?
Billions!!!
• 5G is being conceived as a complement of current 2G – 4G networks.

In other words, it’s feasible to use part of current infrastructure to
provide 5G services.
• Interoperability of RATs and the use of micro cells can reduce CAPEX
up to 70%.
• As cell size is reduced, energy consumption is reduced as well. This

leads to manufacture cheaper and less complex devices to support
the mix of technologies.
• Cost and Feasibility
• CAPEX and OPEX should be treated separately. Why?
• 5G is expected to use legacy infrastructure specially in the access so that

CAPEX, which come from civil work, physical infrastructure, and licenses,
can reduced significantly.
• OPEX can decrease reducing energy consumption in access and core. It’s
estimated that operators spend about $ 36 billions worldwide each year
in electricity invoices.
• Convergence in RATs and the use of micro cells can represent a reduce of
15 – 20 % in energy consumption by 2020.
• Keep in mind that each market is different and each one might represent
a particular challenge in terms of reducing costs. Why?
• What about roll outs in dense cities? Regulations?

• Solutions
• Solving what?
• Lack of spectrum: use unused bands so far such as 30 – 300 GHz.
• mmWave
• BDMA
• Ultra-Densification
• RAT: device/networks interaction, hardware integration.
• Allow seamless connection/high densification.
• Cognitive Radio
• Latency: provide high data rates
• Device to device radio access technology
• All-IP
• Figures and Facts

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WIRELESS

• Fifth Generation and Beyond

Carlos Pupiales Y. - 2018

Carlos Pupiales Y. - 2018

Global System for Mobile Communications

Carlos Pupiales Y. - 2018

• Better and more efficient solution for mobile communications; in other

• To use in Europe allowing roaming without borders.

• There are 3 versions of GSM:

• GSM 900 MHz: Original

• GSM 1800 MHz: More BW and less MS power

• GSM 1900 MHz: PSC-1900

Carlos Pupiales Y. - 2018

Carlos Pupiales Y. - 2018

EVOLUCIÓN DE LÍNEAS ACTIVAS POR TECNOLOGÍA

Carlos Pupiales Y. - 2018

• Telephone services: voice and emergency calls. Also Videotex and

• Suplementary ISDN Services: Digital in nature

• Closed user groups

• Short Message Service (SMS)

Carlos Pupiales Y. - 2018

• Subscriber Identification Number

• Networks and countries where the subscriber can have service.

• All the system is totally standardized in order to have compatibility

Carlos Pupiales Y. - 2018

• Base Station Subsystem (BSS):

• It provides and manages radio transmission paths between the MS and

Carlos Pupiales Y. - 2018

Carlos Pupiales Y. - 2018

• Authentication Center (AUC): It verifies the identity of each MS requesting

• Equipment Identity Register (EIR): It contains information about stolen

• It’s responsible for organization and operational maintenance of

• Accounting: It manages all charging and billing procedures such

• Maintenance: It monitors and maintain all telecommunications

• Data Collection: It collects data such as amount of traffic

Carlos Pupiales Y. - 2018

Carlos Pupiales Y. - 2018

• GSM uses FDD and a combined FDMA/TDMA approach.

• Each channel in RVC/FVC has 200 KHz of BW with a separation of 45

• Combination of TS and an ARFCN constitutes a physical channel which

Carlos Pupiales Y. - 2018

Carlos Pupiales Y. - 2018

• The first one carries digital voice or data.

• Traffic Channels (TCH):

• In full rate user data is contained in one TS per frame.

• In full rate voice data rate is 13 Kbps.

Carlos Pupiales Y. - 2018

• Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH): Used to broadcast information (cell and

• Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH): It allows to each MS to synchronize its

• Synchronization Channel (SCH): Used to identify the serving BTS and

• Random Access Channel (RACH): Used in the uplink by a MS as an

• Access Grant Channel (AGCH): Used by the BTS to instruct the MS

Carlos Pupiales Y. - 2018

• Standalone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH): Provides the signaling

• Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH): In the downlink it’s used to

• In the uplink SACCH carries information about the received signal

• Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH): Carries urgent messages such as

• MS sends a message using RACH to originate a call.

• BTS responds with AGCH to assign a dedicated channel.

• MS changes to the new dedicated channel SDCCH.

• BTS sends SACCH.

• MS responds with SACCH.