ASSIGNMENT 03

FA17-CVE-051

MALIK YASIR JAMIL

4-B
China–Pakistan Economic Corridor 
CPEC is a collection of infrastructure projects that are currently under construction
throughout Pakistan. It is the one road one belt programme and financed by the Government
of China Originally valued at $46 billion, the value of CPEC projects is worth $62 billion as
of 2017. CPEC is intended to rapidly modernize Pakistani infrastructure and strengthen its
economy by the construction of modern transportation networks, numerous energy projects,
and special economic zones On 13 November 2016, CPEC became partly operational when
Chinese cargo was transported overland to Gwadar Port for onward maritime shipment
to Africa and West Asia, while some major power projects were commissioned by late 2017.

China-Pakistan Economic Corridor is a framework of regional connectivity. CPEC

will not only benefit China and Pakistan but will have positive impact on Iran,
Afghanistan, India, Central Asian Republic, and the region. The enhancement of
geographical linkages having improved road, rail and air transportation system with
frequent and free exchanges of growth and people to people contact, enhancing
understanding through academic, cultural and regional knowledge and culture, activity
of higher volume of flow of trade and businesses, producing and moving energy to
have more optimal businesses and enhancement of co-operation by win-win model
will result in well connected, integrated region of shared destiny, harmony and
development. China Pakistan Economic Corridor is journey towards economic
regionalization in the globalized world. It founded peace, development, and win-win model
for all of them.China Pakistan Economic Corridor is hope of better region of the future with
peace, development and growth of economy.
A vast network of highways and railways are to be built under the aegis of CPEC that will
span the length and breadth of Pakistan. Inefficiencies stemming from Pakistan's mostly
dilapidated transportation network are estimated by the government to cause a loss of 3.55%
of the country's annual GDP. Modern transportation networks built under CPEC will link
seaports in Gwadar and Karachi with northern Pakistan, as well as points further north in
western China and Central Asia. A 1,100 kilometre long motorway will be built between the
cities of Karachi and Lahore as part of CPEC, while the Karakoram Highway from Hasan
Abdal to the border will be completely reconstructed and overhauled.

The Karachi–Peshawar main railway line will also be upgraded to allow for train travel at up
to 160 km per hour by December 2019. Pakistan's railway network will also be extended to
eventually connect to China's Southern Xinjiang Railway in Kashgar.  The estimated
$11 billion required to modernise transportation networks will be financed by
subsidized concessionary loans.

Over $33 billion worth of energy infrastructure are to be constructed by private consortia to

help alleviate Pakistan's chronic energy shortages, which regularly amount to over
4,500MW, and have shed an estimated 2–2.5% off Pakistan's annual gross domestic product.
Over 10,400 MW of energy generating capacity is to be brought online by the end of 2018,
with the majority developed as part of CPEC's fast-tracked "Early Harvest" projects. A
network of pipelines to transport liquefied natural gas and oil will also be laid as part of the
project, including a $2.5 billion pipeline between Gwadar and Nawabshah to eventually
transport gas from Iran. Electricity from these projects will primarily be generated from fossil
fuels, though hydroelectric and wind-power projects are also included, as is the construction
of one of the world's largest solar farms.

Importance of Gawadar Port

The location of Gwadar hold great importance with respect to CPEC. It serves as gateway to
Central Asia.There are other port cities in Pakistan and in terms of the map, Gwadar is at the
very south west tip of the Pakistan coastline, close to the border with Iran and looking over
the Arabian Sea.

The real key to this vital Pakistan port lies with its close proximity to the Strait of Hormuz –
the body of water that lies between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. It’s estimated that
some 20% of the world’s petroleum supplies pass through the Strait on an annual basis but
until Gwadar port came along, there was no significant deep sea port available that was close
enough and big enough to take advantage of this fact.

The Gwadar port city is located at around 600 km from the Strait of Hormuz and in global
shipping terms, that’s close enough for a world of opportunities to open. This close proximity
means that this strategic Pakistan port has the capacity to connect trade routes between Asia
and the Middle East.
This strategic Gwadar port importance is underlined by the fact that the city is a focal point of
the CPEC project. Among the many developments in prospect in 2019 and beyond, Gwadar
is expected to become a big part of China’s Belt and Road initiative, which improves
infrastructure in the Middle East.China is putting its weight behind a number of CPEC
projects and while the Saudis are not official members of the alliance as yet, they are funding
a multi billion dollar oil projects in Gwadar. All of this has resulted in significant job creation
and a property development boom as this strategic port city continues to thrive.

Coastal Structures
1-Breakwater

Artificial offshore structure protecting a harbour, anchorage, or marina basin from water
waves. Breakwaters intercept longshore currents and tend to prevent beach erosion. Over the
long term, however, the processes of erosion and sedimentation cannot be effectively
overcome by interfering with currents and the supply of sediment. Deposition of sediment at
one site will be compensated for by erosion elsewhere; this phenomenon occurs whether one
breakwater or a series of such structures is erected. 

2- Revetments

Revetments are sloping structures placed on banks or cliffs in such a way as to

absorb the energy of incoming water. In military engineering they are structures,
again sloped, formed to secure an area from artillery, bombing, or stored explosives.
3_Wharves
A wharf is a structure on the shore of a harbour or on the bank of a river or canal where ships
may dock to load and unload cargo or passengers. Such a structure includes one or more
berths, and may also include piers, warehouses, or other facilities necessary for handling the
ships.

4- Piers
Piers are rather long structures with a horizontal deck on series of piles extending
perpendicular to the coast into the sea. Piers and trestles are constructed to serve as a landing
place for vessels, as a recreation facility, as a measuring facility for coastal processes or as a
part of sand by-pass facility. 

5- Sea Dikes
Sea dikes are onshore structures with the principal function of protecting low-lying areas
against flooding. Sea dikes are usually built as a mound of fine materials like sand and clay
with a gentle seaward slope in order to reduce the wave runup and the erodible effect of the
waves. The surface of the dike is armoured with grass, asphalt, stones, or concrete slabs.

6- Seawalls
Seawalls are onshore structures with the principal function of preventing or alleviating
overtopping and flooding of the land and the structures behind due to storm surges and
waves. Seawalls are built parallel to the shoreline as a reinforcement of a part of the coastal
profile. Quite often, seawalls are used to protect promenades, roads, and houses placed
seaward of the crest edge of the natural beach profile. In these cases, a seawall structure
protruding vertically or close to vertically from the beach profile must be built. 

7- Jetties

Jetties are used for stabilization of navigation channels at river mouths and tidal inlets. Jetties
are shore-connected structures generally built on either one or both sides of the navigation
channel, perpendicular to the shore and extending into the ocean. By confining the stream or
tidal flow, it is possible to reduce channel shoaling and decrease dredging requirements.
Moreover, on coastlines with strong longshore currents and longshore sediment transport,
jetties also function to arrest the crosscurrent and direct it across the entrance in deeper water
where it represents less hazard to navigation.

8- Groins
Groins are built to stabilize a stretch of natural or artificially nourished beach against erosion that is
due primarily to a net longshore loss of beach material. Groins function only when longshore
transport occurs. Groins are narrow structures, usually straight and perpendicular to the pre-project
shoreline. The effect of a single groin is the accretion of beach material on the updrift side and erosion
on the downdrift side; both effects extend some distance from the structure. Consequently, a groin
system (series of groins) results in a saw-tooth-shaped shoreline within the groin field and a
differential in beach level on either side of te groins.

Groins

9- Dolphins
A dolphin is a man-made marine structure that extends above the water level and is not
connected to shore.Dolphins are usually installed to provide a fixed structure when it would
be impractical to extend the shore to provide a dry-access facility, for example, when the
number of ships is greater than can be accommodated by the length of the berth/pier.

10- Light House

A lighthouse is a tower, building, or other type of structure designed to emit light from a
system of lamps and lenses and to serve as a navigational aid for maritime pilots at sea or on
inland waterways.
Lighthouses mark dangerous coastlines, hazardous shoals, reefs, rocks and safe entries to
harbors; they also assist in aerial navigation. Once widely used, the number of operational
lighthouses has declined due to the expense of maintenance and use of electronic navigational
systems.