INTERNSHIP REPORT

Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) :

A process design for treating the industrial
waste water for its reuse or safe disposal to the environment.

The most frequently used parameters in ETP :

 PH
 BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand)
 COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)
 TSS (Total Suspended Solid)
 TDS (Total Dissolved Solid)
 MLSS (mixed Liquor Suspended Solid)
 MLVSS ( mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solid)
 VFA (Volatile Fatty Acid)
 Chlorine
 Oil and grease
FLOW DIAGRAM OF EFFLUENT TREATMENT
PLANT

screens

Oil and grease tank

Collection tank

Buffer tank

DAF UASB

Old UASB Aeration tank

MBR
Clarifier

Storage storage
Function of ETP units:
Screen:
Screening is the first unit operation used at effluent treatment
plants. Screening removes objects such as rags, paper, plastics, and
metals to prevent damage and clogging of downstream equipment,
piping, and appurtenances.

Oil and grease removal:

Free Oil or floating oil is removed by either skimming the surface in
the skim tank
Removal of free oil and grease from a wastewater stream reduces
the potential for equipment problems to occur further downstream.

Collection tank
The collection tank collects the effluent water from the
screening chamber, stores and then pumps it to equalization
tank.

Buffer tank
The aim of a buffer is to realise a consistent volume and possibly a
consistent quality. It is implemented to allow further purification
processes to run as effectively as possible. The buffer can be in-line
or off-line. In-line buffering involves the entire quantity of
wastewater flowing through the buffer tank.
DAF (Dissolved Air Flotation)
Dissolved air flotation [DAF] is a treatment process which removes
suspended solids, oil and grease from wastewater. Many applications
use the DAF process but it is particularly useful for industrial
wastewater treatment as it can reduce COD by up to 90%. Dissolved
air flotation involves the creation of tiny air bubbles that collect
waste particles as they float to the surface.

USAB (Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket)

Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment is a wastewater treatment system
using biology that without using of air or oxygen. It aimed to remove
organic pollution in wastewater, slurries
and sludge. Anaerobic microorganisms convert organic pollutants
into a “biogas” which contains methane and carbon dioxide.

Clarifier
Clarifiers work on the principle of gravity settling. The heavier
suspended solids settle in the clarifier due to the quiescent
conditions provided in the Clarification zone. The settled solids are
swept to the centre well provided for collection of sludge.

Aeration tank
The biological treatment of the wastewater takes place in the
aeration tank. Before the wastewater gets to this tank, it is mixed
with activated sludge. This contains countless microorganisms, such
as bacteria, that are able to break down the colloidal, organic
contaminants dissolved in the wastewater.
MBR (Membrane Bioreactor):
Membrane Bioreactors combine conventional biological treatment
(e.g. activated sludge) processes with membrane filtration to provide
an advanced level of organic and suspended solids removal. When
designed accordingly, these systems can also provide an advanced
level of nutrient removal.

Measurement of BOD :
BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand)
Aeration is used to operate activated sludge process units and
is perhaps the most
frequently used process to remove biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD) from wastewater. Successful BOD removal in an
activated sludge process depends on studying and controlling some
basics – such as wastewater sources and quantities, wastewater
characteristics, and needed execution in any required preliminary
and primary treatment.

To determine the value of the BOD in mg/L, use the following

formula:

BOD,mg/L=
(Initial Blank -Final Blank)-(Initial sample – Final sample)×300
ML sample
Measurement of COD:
COD(chemical oxygen demand):
The chemical oxygen demand (COD) determines the amount of
oxygen required for chemical oxidation of organic matter using a
strong chemical oxidant, such as, potassium dichromate under reflux
conditions.

Formula:
COD, mg/L = (a -b) X M X 8,000
Volume of the sample

Measurement of HRT:
HRT (Hydraulic Retention Time)
The hydraulic retention time or HRT is the amount of time in
hoursfor wastewater to pass through a tank, such as an aeration
tank.Changes in the HRT of an activated sludge process can afect
biological activity. For example, decreasing HRT adversely afects
nitri-fication, while increasing HRT favors nitrification and the
solublization of colloidal BOD and particulate BOD.The HRT of an
aeration tank is determined by dividing the volume of the aeration
tank in million gallons by the flow rate throughthe aeration tank. The
flow rate through the aeration tank must be expressed as gallons per
hour (gph).

Formula:
HRT (hours): volume of aeration tank
Flow rate(gph)
 DATE HRT(hours)
17/05/2021 25

Mesurment of SRT:
SRT(Solid Retention Time)
The SRT is equal to both the mass of MLSS in the aeration tanks, plus
the mass of solids in the final clarifiers divided by the mass of solids
wasted each day. The mass of solids in the final clarifier is estimated
by assuming that the solids concentration in the final clarifier is equal
to the MLSS concentration, then is multiplied by the sludge blanket
volume and conversion factors.

formula:
SRT (day)= Biomass load
WAS(day)
Where;
Biomass load = Total basin Volume ×
MLSS/1000
WAS=Total flow × (Inlet BOD - Outlet BOD)
× Yield/1000
 DATE SRT(day)
17/05/2021 4

Food-to-Microorganism ratio (F/M ratio)

The food-to-microorganism ratio (F/M ratio) is a process control

method/calculation based upon maintaining a specified balance
between available food materials (BOD or COD) in the aeration tank
influent and the aeration tank mixed liquor volatile suspended solids
(MLVSS) concentration The chemical oxygen demand test is
sometimes used, because the results are available in a relatively
short period of time.
To calculate the F/M ratio, the following information is required :

 Aeration tank influent flow rate (MGD)

 Aeration tank influent BOD or COD (mg/L)
 Aeration tank MLVSS (mg/L)
 Aeration tank volume (MG)

F-M Ratio:
BOD× flow rate
Tank volume× MLSS