Ekuilibrium: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Ilmu Ekonomi Vol. 16, No. 1 (2021): March, pp.

xx-xx
Economic Faculty, Universitas Muhammadiyah Ponorogo 1
p-ISSN1858-165X / e-ISSN 2528-7672

Optimizing Management of Tete Beach in

South Sulawesi as Tourist Destination to
Increase the Local Community Income
Sudarmi a,1,*, Muh. Rusdi b,2, Kurnia Maulidi Noviantoro c,3
a
Politeknik Pariwisata Makassar, Jl. Gunung Rinjani, Kota Mandiri Tanjung Bunga, Makassar 90224, Indonesia
b
Politeknik Pariwisata Makassar, Jl. Gunung Rinjani, Kota Mandiri Tanjung Bunga, Makassar 90224, Indonesia
c
Universitas Islam Zainul Hasan Genggong, Jl. P.B. Sudirman No.360 Kraksaan, Probolinggo 67282, Indonesia
1
sudarmiakpar@gmail.com*; 2 Muhrusdi@poltekparmakassar.ac.id; 3 maulana.novianto@gmail.com
* corresponding author

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT (10PT)

This study aims to explore the appropriate strategy in optimizing

Article history tourism potentials of Tete Beach in Bone regency of South Sulawesi.
Received This study uses descriptive qualitative approach and uses observation,
Revised interviews, and documentation in collecting the data. It was conducted
Accepted in May to September 2019. The steps in analyzing the data are data
processing, data analysis, and interpretation of results. The results show
that the governance and the management of Tete Beach are not properly
Keywords
conceptualized. These affect the local community income. Tete Beach is
Optimization
commonly used as a military training area by TNI. Therefore, it is
Tete Beach Management
necessary to have a good planning in developing Tete beach to become
Tourist Destination
one of the best tourist destination in Bone. Eventually, good
Community Income
coordination is needed from the regional government, the TNI, the
private sector, and the local community to increase the income of local
community.

This is an open access article under the CC–BY-SA license.

http://journal.umpo.ac.id/index.php/ekuilibrium
Ekuilibrium: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Ilmu Ekonomi Vol. 16, No. 1 (2021): March, pp. xx-xx

1. Introduction
Tourism plays a major part in the world's economic development. In recent decades, many
countries have taken tourism seriously and made it one of the leading sectors in terms of foreign
exchange profits, vancancies, and overcoming poverty (Pitana & Diarta, 2009). Tourism is like a fresh
air for economic growth at the cross border regions, eventhough it will trigger conflicts of interest in
managing tourist attraction (Taena & Afoan, 2020). Alternatively stated, tourism is a vital sector in
improving community welfare.
Tourism is the temporary movement of people to destinations outside their normal places of
work and residence, the activities undertaken during their stay in those destinations and the facilities
created to cater to their needs (Zalukhu & Meyers, 2009). Tourism is also defined as short-term stay in
places outside their usual environment for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the
exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited. Tourism has a fairly broad scope, not
only related to tourist destinations, but also about activities related to one's needs (Muljadi, 2009).
Individuals who do travelling aim for a vacation and relaxation.
The issue of competitiveness of Indonesian tourism destinations is quite challenging to analyze.
It takes strategic steps and real action to make them worth exploring. Increasing the competitiveness of
tourism is seen as a strategic step to enlarge the tourist market and exploit the potential of national
tourism. Competitiveness determines the ability of local tourism products to penetrate and reach the top
position in the increasingly competitive global tourist market (Damanik, 2013).
In facing tight competitiveness, one of the most important things to master is the management of
tourist attractions. In the future, this is predicted to spur an increase in the number of tourist visits. On
the other hand, the local government must act as a good tourism manager. The government must find
positive and negative things related to tourist attractions, so in carrying out the management and
governance of tourism by stakeholders, from government, industry and community elements around
the destination, everything can run as expected (Nuryanti, 1997).
According to Pitana & Diarta (2009), managing tourism must refer to principles that apply
values of environment preservation, community and social values that allow tourists to enjoy tourism
activities and benefit the local community. In addition, institutional governance needs to consider
authority, characteristics, needs, financial, organizational resources, human resources, development of
partnership patterns, etc. Through these considerations, tourism development is expected to be
achieved (Sedarmayanti, 2014).
The principle of good management is coordination, participation and synchronization among
stakeholders from government, industry and local community (integrated and mutually reinforcing)
(Sunaryo, 2013). Therefore, the government must make various efforts in developing tourism facilities
and infrastructure (Primadany, 2013).
In Indonesia, some people are concern about tourism and hospitality industry. Some others are
apathetic about the potential of tourist destinations around their environment (Yasir et al., 2019). Lots
of tourist destinations such as natural, cultural, educational, etc., have high potential but are less
developed that ultimately have no impact to the environment and the community. One of them is Tete
Beach in Bone regency of South Sulawesi
Tete Beach is located in the southern Bone, at Bone Pute village of Tonra district, around 61 km
from the center of its capital, Watampone. This tourist attraction is relatively new because of its
unfamiliar existence compared to other tourist objects (Ramli et al., 2019). Tete Beach is usually used
as a recreation area for local people and a permanent training center for new TNI soldiers. Here, the
soldiers carried out various physical trainings.

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Tete Beach is often used as a war simulations area because of its strategic and representative
territory ranging from sea, air, to land. The beach has the opportunity to become a new destination in
Bone regency (Ramli et al., 2019). Ironically, the beach has not yet developed optimally because there
have not been concrete steps taken by the local government in terms of cooperation in tourism
management.
Tete Beach is well-known for its clear sea water, white sand that amazes visitors, and historical
values that can be used by students and researchers as educational materials. Meanwhile, its physical
conditions need to be addressed immediately, such as poor maintained beach, trash scattered on the
beach, broken roads, inadequate facilities and infrastructure, no information location and unclear
management. This is the main purpose of researchers to provide an overview of the evaluation or even
the right strategy in the management of Tete beach tourism destinations to become a competitive and
sustainable tourist destination and eventually will increase income of the local community.

2. Literature Review
Travel and Tourism
Pariwisata or travel is originated from sanskert which means movement or journey from one
place to another. The concept of travel varies widely, depending on the background and perspective of
the originators. In essence, travel is an activity carried out by an individual or group to refresh a
saturated mind in the hope of getting fun or entertainment (Noviantoro & Zurohman, 2020).
In government regulation, the definition of travel is stated in Law No.10 Year 2009. The law
states that travel is all forms of tourist activity supported by facilities, infrastructure and services
provided by local community and stakeholders. The regulation clearly implies that travel is part of the
industry. In essence, travel as an industry is all forms of tourism business related to producing goods
and/ or services for the needs of tourists.
Tourism deals with all travelling aspects. Interaction between tourist and tourist attraction can
influence one another. It is affected by facilities, infrastructure, and community interest towards the
tourist object. Tourism is a phenomenon caused by the movement of people between distant
geographical locations for pleasant vacation. It forms a tourism system which consists of tourist
destinations, planning trips, facilities (Hidayah in Noviantoro & Zurohman, 2020).

Tourism Policy in Indonesia

The tourism policy in Indonesia is stipulated in Law Number 10 Year 2009. The Law has
detailed description of the development and fostering Indonesian tourism both nationally and
internationally. Tourism policy is a provision, objective and strategy by policy makers in this case the
government, to develop, promote and making decisions that directly impact the tourism in Indonesia.
It can also be interpreted that tourism policies strive to make visitors feel comfortable at the
destinations and benefits the local community and the management which at the same time, ensuring
the environment, social and cultural integrity of the destination is safe (Hidayat, 2011).
In addition, the development of tourism industry is also discussed in policies issued by the
Indonesian government in Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 50 Year
2011, as follows:
a. Reinforcement of Tourism Industry Structure
b. Enhancement of Tourism Products
c. Tourism Business Partnership Development
d. Creation of Business Credibility
e. Environmental Responsibility Development

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This policy implies that industrial development must be in line with and in synergy with other
development directions. Community participation must exist in the development of tourism industry.
Thus, it is necessary to have a balanced role both from the government and the community for the
development of the tourism industry in Indonesia.
Furthermore, the policy is the rule of the game or framework for tourism businessmen (Hidayat,
2011). Those rules are:
1. Determine the expected activities and behavior
2. Provide direction and guidance for all tourism stakeholders in a particular destination
3. Facilitate agreements based on strategies and specific objectives to a particular destination
4. Provide an overview for public discussion about the role and contribution of the tourism sector
and the economy to society in general
5. Allows tourism to co-exist with other sectors

Tourism Planning and Development

Planning is related to preparation and organization in implementing a program or a policy. In
this case is the tourism policy planning for local, regional and national level. First, the tourism
planning is expected to increase the development quality, constructive changes, as well as the
development of potential locations to improve the quality of profitable attractions. Second, tourism
policies should be supported by researches in promoting tourism destinations. Third, tourism
planning requires the cooperation of society and government so that all stakeholders' expectations
can be achieved. Fourth, policy planning must be able to strengthen all existing planning, support
good tourism development. Fifth, regional and local policy planning must be able to provide
stimulus to all surrounding sectors, especially the business that supports the existence of
destinations. Sixth, policies must be able to link business with the government and non-profit
attractions, such as attraction business planning policies (natural and cultural) must be supported by
travel and other accommodation businesses (Gunn, 1994).
In the development process, planning is a step that must be carried out and considered.
According to Inskeep (1998), there are several approaches that should be considered in tourism
planning, such as:
1. Continous Incremental and Flexible Approach,
Planning as a process that will continue and is based on the needs according to the existing feed
back.
2. System Approach
Tourism is seen as a systems relationship and should be planned as with systems analysis
techniques.
3. Comprehensive Approach
Related to the systems approach, all aspects of tourism development including institutional
elements and the environment and socio-economic implications as a holistic approach.
4. Integrated Approach
Overall where tourism is planned and developed as an integrated system in all plans and total
forms of development.
5. Environmental and sustainable development approach,
Tourism is planned, developed, and managed in a sustainable manner where natural and
cultural resources are not degraded and are expected to be sustainable so that an analysis of the
carrying capacity of the environment needs to be applied.
6. Community Approach

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Approach by maximizing the involvement of local communities in tourism planning and

decision-making processes.
7. Implementable Approach
Tourism development policies, plans, and recommendations are formulated to be realistic and
feasible.
8. Application of systematic planning approach
This approach is applied in tourism planning based on the logic of the activity.

The process of developing tourist destinations needs a better planning system. One of the most
important is the sustainability development. There are three main principles in sustainability
development according to McIntyre (1993) namely:
1. Ecological Sustainability
It ensures that the development is following the ecological, biological, and diversity of
existing natural resources.
2. Social and Cultural Sustainability
It ensures that the development benefits the local community and mantains the culture and
values that apply to them.
3. Economic Sustainability
It ensures that development is economically efficient and the resources used are
sustainable for future needs.

Impact of Torism on Economic Sector

Tourists visiting in a tourist destination will utilize the existing facilities and infrastructure.
This involves transaction between management or local community and the tourists. The increase
number of tourists visiting will influence economic growth of local community both in positive and
negative (Pitana & Diarta, 2009).
Furthermore, Pitana & Diarta (2009) in their book states that there are eight impacts of tourism
on economic sector, such as:
1. Impact on foreign exchange profits
2. Impact on community income
3. Impact on employment opportunities
4. Impact on benefits
5. Impact on community ownership and control (economy)
6. Impact on development in general
7. Impact on government revenue

Researches show that tourism will improve the economy of local community. A research by
Taena & Afoan (2020) found that there is a positive impact of tourism in neighboring borders on the
economy of local community. It also increase and strengthen the area as a new develop region, as well
as enhance the local revenue and tourism levy. In addition, a research by Hermawan (2016) in
Yogyakarta on the impact of a tourism village development illustrates that the existence of tourism
has a positive impact on the economic of local communities in Nglanggeran village, Pathuk sub-
district of Gunung Kidul district.

3. Research Method
This qualitative study involves primary and secondary data. The primary data is collected from
questionnaire and the secondary data is collected from relevant references. The used data collection

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techniques were observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis technique uses
qualitative descriptive analysis with several steps, i.e. data processing, data analysis, and interpretation
of the results on the management of Tete Beach as a tourist destination in Bone regency.

Figure 1. Map of Bone Regency

Source: SHP File, 2019

4. Results and Discussion

Management of Tete Beach
Bone regency has numerous potential natural tourist destinations. The Table 1 shows the list of
natural tourist destination in Bone regency.
Table 1.
Natural Tourist Destinations in Bone Regency

No. Destinations Location Tourist Attraction

Bontojai A seven-level
1 Era Waterfall
Village waterfall
2 Uhalie Cave Langi Village Primordial man
Sanrego
3 Bendung Sanrego Boat race venue
Village
Gathering place for
4 Toae Ancu Village
the kings of Bone
5 Natural Baths Waetuo Ulu Village Natural springs

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Ulu Balang
6 Salomekko Dam Fishing area
Village
Manera Tomb of the King
7 Tomb of Datu Salomekko
Village Salomekko
Bulu-Bulu
8 Bone Lampe Beach White sand beach
Village
Tollonge
9 Bala Batu Cave Beautiful cave
Village
Pattiro
10 Ujung Pattiro Beach Fishing area
Village
The old Japanese
11 Japanese Cave Bacu Village
hideout
Lilina A tunnel made
12 Sumpang Labbu Ajangale during the Dutch
Village government
Source : Tourism Office of Bone Regency, 2019

The list shows that Tete Beach is not registered in the management of Tourism Office of Bone
Regency. It is due to the ownership rights of TNI that Tete Beach is not open to public yet. Indeed,
Tete Beach is a military training area, but it has numerous unique and interesting potentials to be
developed and favoured by many tourists especially from Bone Regency as local tourists.
A local of Bone Puteh Village, Andi Irwan (35 years old) explained to the researchers (Interview
on November 10th, 2019) that the current condition of Tete Beach is still ordinary and does not
indicate as a tourist destination. This is because the location of this tourist destination is basically not a
place for recreational activities but the location is entirely owned by the TNI in Bone, which is only
intended for military training. Therefore, in arranging optimal management of Tete Beach as a new
reliable destination, it is necessary for Tourism Office of Bone Regency to cooperate with TNI
especially in terms of coordination for management development.
This needs to be done immediately considering the enthusiasm of the local community even
from outside the Bone Regency area have a strong desire to visit the Tete Beach location. The response
from the community needs to be fulfilled immediately in order to make Tete Beach a new destination
in Bone Regency, South Sulawesi Province.

Government Strategy in the Development of Tete Beach

Planning is one of strategies that can be carried out by the Bone Regency government in
developing Tete Beach. This is important for the Tourism Office of Bone Regency since in managing
natural tourist destinations what is needed is the ability to carry out development planning well which
can be focused on tourism products, such as tourist attractions, facilities (the facilities at these locations
do not meet the requirements, limited and very simple), and accessibility that has not been improved.
Therefore, to achieve good development and management of Tete Beach, the involvement of local
community is expected in every tourism activity. The potentials of Tete Beach is listed in the Table 2
below.

Table 2.
Potentials of Tete Beach

No. Potentials Information

1 Barrack of military training Good condition

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Performed at certain
2 Impressive military training on the beach
times

3 Historical value For research

4 Stunning undersea panoramas Very clear

5 White sand beach Very unique

A path exposes at low tide which connects two

6 Seen at certain times
islands

7 Provide special dish from Bone (crab dishes) Culinary tour

8 Prayer room, toilet, and shower Needs improvement

9 Restaurants below standard

10 Tube rentals or swimming Limited

Source: Primary Data, 2019

The Data in Table 2 shows that the potensials of Tete Beach is sufficient but requires
development and improvement. The essential of travelling to a certain tourist destination is an
enjoyable experience. However, tourists will certainly get disappointment when the destination they
visit does not have the facilities as expected. Therefore, tourism development plan is crucial as one of
the government's strategies in promoting Tete Beach.

Figure 2. Facilities and Infrastructure of Tete Beach

Source: Field Survey, 2019

The importance of planning in tourism development is stipulated in law number 10 of 2009. In

developing tourism, planning should be made either on a large or macro scale which can be realized by
making a master plan for national/ regional tourism development. Planning should be carried out by the
government in developing Tete Beach tourist destinations, one of them is carrying out various
processes systematically in realizing the plans. The planning systematization is described as follows.

1. Budget submission process

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Perencanaan anggaran merupakan proses yang paling krusial dalam penyelenggaraan

pemerintahan. Hal itu karena berkaitan dengan tujuan dari pemerintahan itu sendiri untuk
mensejahterakan rakyatnya. Perencanaan merupakan proses yang terintegrasi, oleh karenanya output
dari perencanaan adalah penganggaran. Perencanaan merupakan bagian terpenting dalam kegiatan
pembangunan oleh pemerintah. Dari perencanaan itu proses kegiatan pembangunan berjalan sesuai
dengan arah yang telah ditentukan. Oleh karena itu, tahap perencanaan menjadi pusat perhatian bagi
semua pemerintah daerah dalam kegiatan pembangunan.
Pentingnya penganggaran juga dikemukakan Hansen et al., (2007), Budget are financial plans
for future; they identify objectives and the actions needed to achieved them”. Dalam terjemahan
bebasnya, dapat dikatakan bahwa anggaran adalah perencanaan yang rinci untuk masa depan yang
dinyatakan secara kuantitatif dan lebih spesifik memperlihatkan bagaimana sumber daya didapat dan
digunakan pada periode tertentu dengan mengidentifikasi tujuan dan tindakan yang perlukan untuk
mencapainya. Untuk proses pengajuan anggaran dalam upaya pengembangan Pantai Tete dapat
dilakukan dengan langkah-langkah berikut ini:
a) Studi kelayakan terhadap ketersediaan dan kesiapan produk wisata dan daya dukun Pantai Tete
dalam mendukung proses pengajuan penganggaran.
b) Pihak pengelola Pantai Tete melakukan pengajuan penyusunan kerangka acuan kerja sebagai
dasar untuk pengajuan anggaran.
c) Pihak pengelola Pantai Tete juga melakukan penyusunan rencana anggaran biaya.

2. Preparation for the management of Tete Beach

Regional autonomy has opened opportunities for local governments to develop local policies.
For the optimal implementation of this policy, increasing the capacity of adequate human and financial
resources is the main key. Several things to prepare for the management of Tete Beach are as follows:
a) Establishing auction committee
b) Preparing framework agreement
c) Preparing auction schedule
d) Evaluating providers
e) Announcing auction winners
f) Making perfomance agreement
g) Signing performance agreement

3. Implementation by private sectors

There are three advantages for government to collaborate with private sectors (Public Privat
Partnership/ PPP). This needs to be done considering the limited funds, efficiency and government
effectiveness, and government accountability to the community. As a tourist destination that will be
developed, local governments can not only rely on existing resources (finance and human resources).
Local governments also need the private sector to work together. Investments are not only in the form
of funds but also in improving the skills of human resources to build and maintain infrastructure that is
not yet available for the welfare of the community. In other words, the implementation of plans carried
out by the private sector (tender winner) entrusted by the government must carry out the work as well
as possible for the maximum benefits for th local community.

4. Establishement of Tete Beach Management

The involvement of private sector to provide finance and experts supports the government to
function as the implementing motor of development. In addition, PPP also creates a clean government
system because, in this case, the government can also control the private sector. Hoewver, the
relationship that exists between the government and the private sector must have a mutually beneficial
relationship and must be bound in a contract for a certain period of time. This is where the role and

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function of the government to control the implementation of development is needed. As we are aware
that the involvement of the private sector is to gain benefits. However, the benefits obtained by the
private sector should not be detrimental to development. Therefore, it is crucial to have supervision and
time restrictions from the government. The formation of work team for Tete Beach management can be
done by following several steps as follows:
a) Form a team of experts, according to the government's request as stated in the Framework
Agreement.
b) Form a team of survey personnel
c) Prepare facilities needed in the implementation

5. Formulation of goals and objectives

The goals and objectives of the development of tourism destination management in Bone are:
a) Improving economy quality
b) Developing competitiveness of tourism industry
c) Improving access and quality of education services
d) Developing cultural diversity
e) Revitalizing maritime cultural values
Beside those goals, it is important to increase security and comfort, diversity and quality of
tourist attractions, affordability by tourists, awareness of environmental sustainability, and to increase
the welfare of local community. In addition, another target is to increase partnerships possibilities and
creative economy ventures in the tourism sector. The cooperation between the government, especially
Bone Regency government, with businessmen in tourism sector such as tourism associations, hotel
services, travel services, and souvenir sales centers, and with local community is an effort to develop
competitiveness of tourism industry.
Based on the above explanation, the strategies to develop Tete Beach as tourist destination are as
follows:
a) Tete Beach management is based on the deliberation of stakeholders (government, private
sectors, dan local community).
b) Tete Beach should benefits the local community both in material, spiritual, cultural, and
intellectual.
c) The management should follows principles of healthy environment and ecology, being
sensitive to the social environment or not contradicts with the social values, culture and
religious traditions of the local community, and not placing the local community in a position
that can degrading their dignity as human beings.
d) The management should be regulated properly so it does not exceed the environmental
carrying capacity threshold and becomes an obstacle in improving the quality of healthy
human relations based on justice and welfare.

Community Participation
In principle, the development of tourist destination is not merely business oriented. One of the
supporting factors in the successful development of Tete Beach is by implementing the Sapta Pesona
Pariwisata Indonesia or known as 7-K, which consists of security (Keamanan), order (Ketertiban),
cleanliness (Kebersihan), serenity (Kesejukan), beauty (Keindahan), hospitality (Keramahan), and
memories (Kenangan).
Furthermore, another important and fundamental aspect for the success of tourism development
is the creation of a conducive climate for the growth and development of tourism activities. The
conducive climate is related to reinforcement, acceptance and community participation in tourism
development. In terms of reinforcement and community participation in tourism activities, the concept

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of "Tourism Awareness" must be internalized in every community. There are two main objectives in
this concept.
a) Encourage local community to create a condusive climate to the growth and development of
tourism activities in the region, i,e. as good hosts.
b) Encourage the local community to become businessmen (travel agencies, hosts) and tourist in
Tete Beach.
Community participation in the management of Tete Beach benefits the local community. By
participating in tourism management with the government and the private sector, it will improve their
income. This is in accordance with the study conducted by (Sunaryo, 2013) which states that to
develop a certain tourism destination, the most basic thing to do is facilitate involvement of local
communities and maximize the value of social and economic benefits from tourism activities for the
local community. The local community has an equally important position in tourism development,
apart from the government and private industry. Furthermore, overcoming low community
participation in tourism can be pursued through mentoring and advocacy. Therefore, Musadad (2018)
suggests that advocacy programs from stakeholders are needed to minimize these problems. The
participation of community could be involvement in attending meetings, exchanging opinions, sharing
experiences, and exchanging information about strategy, management and development of tourist
destination.

5. Conclusion
As part of marine tourism, Tete beach has enormous potential as a new mesmerizing
destination Bone. To maximize the results of tourist management, it is needed to improve the
management cooperation relationship between the TNI and the Tourism Office of Bone Regency. The
strategies are to prepare Regional Tourism Development Master Plan (RIPDA). This is important to
do since all the tourist destination in Bone, include Tete Beach, can be registered, budgeted, and begin
the construction. Furthermore, to prepare appropriate management of Human Resources in the
tourism sector, develop facilities and infrastructure in the locations. In addition, an integrated form of
supervision between the TNI and the Tourism Office of Bone regency, the private sector, and the
local community related to the management of Tete Beach.

The management of Tete Beach is similar to the management of marine tourism destinations. It
should involve all elements in the surrounding area, including the government, the private sector and
local community around Tete beach. However, the management system must remain in synergy with
existing local wisdom and also because it is often used by the TNI as military training area, it requires
good coordination with related managers. In developing Tete Beach, the government should consider
nine aspects of tourism development, i.e. (1) development of facilities, (2) development of tourism
infrastucture, (3) development of accessibility to tourist destinations, (4) development of tourist
attraction, (5) tourism investment development, (6) tourism industry development, (7) community
empowerment, (8) tourism image and promotion, and (9) harmonization of policies and regulations
that will underlie the framework of the Directorate General of Tourism.

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