Waste Water Treatment Training

Waste Water Treatment Training

• when pollutants are directly or indirectly discharged

into water bodies such as streams, rivers, and lakes
without adequate treatment to remove harmful
compounds.

• Water pollution affects the entire the organisms and

plants living in the bodies of the water.

• In almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to

individual species and population, but also to the
natural biological communities
• ,
 Waste Water Treatment Training

• In the past used to call “SEWAGE”

• To day we refer to “WASTE”

The term “ Waste water” categorizes as

• Domestic wastewaters
• Industrial wastewaters.
.
 Waste Water Treatment Training

• Domestic wastewaters originate from domestic,

commercial, business buildings and institution.
Domestic wastewaters are usually of a
predictable quality and quantity.

• Industrial wastewaters originate from the

manufacturing process plants, are usually of a
more variable character, and are often more
difficult to treat than domestic wastes.
 Waste Water Treatment Training

Collection of Wastes

• A network of pipes, or from the pump stations

pump the wastewater to the central treatment
plant

• Individual treatment for the manufacturing

plants, or even the domestic residential area.
Waste Water Treatment Training
PARAMETER LIMIT OF THE EFFLUENT OF STANDARD A & B
Parameter Unit Standard A B

(1) (2) (3) (4)

(i) Temperature °C 40 40

(ii) pH Value 6.0 - 9.0 5.5 - 9.0

(iii) BOD5 at 20°C mg/l 20 50
(iv) COD mg/l 50 100
(v) Suspended Solids mg/l 50 100

(vi) Mercury mg/l 0.005 0.05

(vii) Cadmium mg/l 0.01 0.02

(viii) Chromium, Hexavalent mg/l 0.05 0.05
(ix) Arsenic mg/l 0.05 0.10

(x) Cyanide mg/l 0.05 0.10

(xi) Lead mg/l 0.10 0.5
(xii) Chormium, Trivalent mg/l 0.20 1.0

(xiii) Copper mg/l 0.20 1.0

(xiv) Manganese mg/l 0.20 1.0

(xv) Nickel mg/l 0.20 1.0

(xvi) Tin mg/l 0.20 1.0

(xvii) Zinc mg/l 1.0 1.0

(xviii) Boron mg/l 1.0 4.0

(xix) Iron (Fe) mg/l 1.0 5.0

(xx) Phenol mg/l 0.001 1.0

(xxi) Free Chlorine mg/l 1.0 2.0

(xxii) Sulphide mg/l 0.50 0.50
(xxiii) Oil and Grease mg/l Not detectable 10
 Waste Water Treatment Training

Main Parameters for treatment

1. BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand)

2. COD (Chemical Oxygen Denand)

3. T. S.S (Total Suspended Solid)

4. Oil
 Waste Water Treatment Training

BOD
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is the amount of
dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological
organisms in a body of water to break down organic
material

] The BOD value is most commonly expressed in mg/l

 Waste Water Treatment Training

COD
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is the total amount of
dissolved oxygen needed to oxidize the organic material
and non organic material

] The COD value is expressed in mg/l

 Waste Water Treatment Training
CALCULATION OF BOD
Assume a 300 ml BOD bottle is used to run the test

Sample Size 30ml 50mL Blank

Initial DO mgl 8.9 8.8 9.0

5 Days DO mgl 4.5 2.0 8.9

BOD (3Oml) = (8.9 – 4.0) x 300ml = 44 mg/l

30ml
 Waste Water Treatment Training
Assume a 300 ml BOD bottle is used to run the test

Sample Size 30ml 50mL Blank

Initial DO mgl 8.9 8.8 9.0

5 Days DO mgl 4.5 2.0 8.9

BOD (5Oml) = (8.8 – 2.0) x 300ml = 40.8 mg/l

50ml
 Waste Water Treatment Training
Assume a 300 ml BOD bottle is used to run the test

Sample Size 30ml 50mL Blank

Initial DO mgl 8.9 8.8 9.0

5 Days DO mgl 4.5 2.0 8.9

BOD mg/l = (44mg/l + 40.8mg/l) = 42.4mg/l

2
 Waste Water Treatment Training

Oxygen
• In the aerobic biological process the bacteria in the
activated sludge process need free oxygen (O2) to
convert food into energy for their growth.

• For optimal performance, oxygen is being provided in

the aeration tanks for the microorganisms (typically
1.0-3.0 mg/L).
 Waste Water Treatment Training

Food
• The micoganisms (bacteria) need food for their
growth and reproduction.
• Incoming wastewater to a treatment plant provides
the food, and his food is mostly organic material.
 Waste Water Treatment Training

Temperature
• All biological and chemical reactions are affected by
temperature.
• Microorganisms growth and reaction rates are slow
at cold temperatures and much faster at warmer
temperatures.
• Most microorganisms do best under moderate
temperatures (10-25ºC).
 Waste Water Treatment Training

pH
• Biological and chemical reactions are affected by pH.
• Most microorganisms do well in a pH environment
between 6.0-9.0.
• Acidic (low pH) or alkaline (high pH) conditions can
adversely affect microorganism growth and survival.
 Waste Water Treatment Training

Nutrients
• Microorganisms need trace nutrients such as
nitrogen, phosphorus, and some metals for their
metabolism.
• Most incoming wastewater to a treatment plant,
especially domestic sewage, contains an abundance
of these trace nutrients.
• The ratio of BOD5 (C) to nitrogen (N) to phosphorus
(P) should be at least 100:5:1.
•
Activated Sludge System

Activated Sludge is a process for treating waste water using air

and form a biological floc composed bacteria and protozoa.
aerated in an aeration basin in which micro-organisms
metabolize the suspended and soluble organic matter. Part of
organic matter is synthesized into new cells and part is oxidized
to CO2.
The new cells formed in the reaction are removed from the
liquid stream in the form of a flocculent sludge in settling tanks.
A part of this settled biomass, described as activated sludge is
returned to the aeration tank and the remaining forms waste or
excess sludge.
1. Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS)
2. Food/Mass Ratio
• MLSS consists mostly of microorganisms and non-biodegradable
suspended matter.
• MLSS is an important part of the activated sludge process ensure
that there is a sufficient quantity of active biomass available to
consume the applied quantity of organic pollutant at any time.
• This is known as the food to mass ratio, more commonly notated as
the F/M ratio (0.05 – 0.15).
• By maintaining this ratio at the appropriate level the biomass will
consume high percentages of the food. This minimizes the loss of
residual food in the treated effluent. In simple terms, the more the
biomass consumes the lower the biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD) will be in the discharge.
 Waste Water Treatment Training
The type of Protozoa and Organisms Commonly Found in Activated Sludge
and Observable Under a Microscope
 Activated Sludge

Separation
Sludge & water

Treated Effluent

MLSS

MLSS = Mixture of Microoganisms & Non-degradable Suspened solid

 Waste Water Treatment Training

The most common Biological Process

• Aerobic
• Anoxic
Aerobic Process (Nitrification)

• During aerobic process is using oxygen to break down

the organic are into carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), water (H 2
O), nitrates (NO3), sulphates and biomas
(microoganisms)
In Aerobic biological process “Nitrification”
Anoxic Process (Denitrification)
The microoganisms use organic matter, combined little
among of oxygen from nitrate, and nutrients to
produce nitrogen gas, carbon dioxide, stable solids and
more organisms.
• Biological Process Ratio– C (100) : N (5) : P (1)

AEROBIC Zone (Nitrification) – Using Oxygen (O2)

• Oxidation of BOD & COD
• Nitrification – Oxidation of ammonia(NH3) to nitrate(NO3)

ANOXIC Zone (Denitrification) – Using Nitrate (NO3)

• Oxidation of BOD & COD by nitrate(NO3)
• Denitrification – Biological reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas
 Waste Water Treatment Training

The Environmental Conditions Necessary to Support the

Growth of Nitrifying Bacteria

Nitrifying bacteria convert ammonia to nitrate. They work

best under the following environmental conditions:

1. Dissolved oxygen greater than 1.0 mg/L

2. pH between 7.0 and 8.5
3. Alkalinity greater than 50 mg/L
4. Temperature between 50-85 ºF (10-30 ºC)
CASE STUDY – Biological Treatment for POME
CASE STUDY – Biological Treatment for POME
• Capacity : 1,440 M3/Day (60 M3/hr)
• Influent Parameter : BOD5 < 500 ppm
• SS < 1,500 ppm
• O&G < 150 ppm
• Amonia Nitrogen < 300 ppm
• Total Nitrogen < 500 ppm
• pH 6.0 – 9.0
• Temperature 40 °C
• Effluent Parameter : BOD5 < 20 ppm
• SS < 150 ppm
• O&G < 10 ppm
• Amonia Nitrogen < 150 ppm
• Total Nitrogen < 200 ppm
• pH 5.0 – 9.0
• Temperature < 40 °C
CASE STUDY – Biological Treatment for POME

Influent BOD5 - 500 ppm

Effluent BOD5 - 20 ppm

Removal rate required 96%

It is consistent at 95%+ compares to others
Surface Aerator
CASE STUDY – Biological Treatment for POME
Design Calculation – Influent Capacity – 1,440m3/d
Where:
• V = Aeration Volume
• SRT = Sludge retention time (day)
• Yn = Net Solids product on coefficient
kg SS/kg BOD removed kg/day
• BOD = Amount of BOD removed
• MLSS = Mixed Liquor suspended solids kg/m3
• Food/Mass Ratio : 0.05 – 0.1

For nitrification design, Flow 1440m3/d, BOD 500mg/l, SRT 20 days,

Yn 0.5 & MLSS 3 kg/m3
(i.e. 3500mg/l)

V = _SRT x Yn x (FLOW x BOD)_

MLSS

F = M Ratio = __FLOW x BOD_

V x MLSS

26
Design Calculation – Influent Capacity – 1,440m3/d
Where:
• V = Aeration Volume
• SRT = Sludge retention time (day)
• Yn = Net Solids product on coefficient
kg SS/kg BOD removed kg/day
• BOD = Amount of BOD removed
• MLSS = Mixed Liquor suspended solids kg/m3
• Food/Mass Ratio : 0.05 – 0.1

For nitrification design, Flow 1440m3/d, BOD 500mg/l, SRT 20 days,

Yn 0.5 & MLSS 3 kg/m3(i.e. 3000mg/l)

V = _20 x 0.5 x (1440 x 0.5)_ = 2400m3

3

F = M Ratio = __1440 x 0.5kg__ = 0.1

2440 x 3 kg

26
Design Calculation – Surface Aerator Power

For nitrification & Denitrification design in moderate climate – 2 kg O2/kg

BOD removal.

Total Oxygen required = 2 kg O2/kg x (FLOW x BOD )= kg O2/d

Oxygen Transfer rate @ clean water 20o C = 2.1 kg/kWh

Aeration Power = __ kg O2 /d__ _ = kW/hour

2.1 kg/kWh x 24 Hours

40
Design Calculation – Aeration Power

For nitrification & Denitrification design in moderate climate – 2 kg O2/kg

BOD removal.

Total Oxygen required = 2 x 1440 x 0.5 kg/d = 1440 kg O2/d

Oxygen Transfer rate @ clean water 20o C = 2.1 kg/kWh

Aeration Power = __ 1440 kg/d__ = 28.57 kW

2.1 kg/kWh x 24 hours

Hence select the 37 kW Aerator

41
5.1.1 Volume of Oxidation Ditch

Mecalf & Eddy, Eq. 8-42

VX = YQqc(S0-S)
1 + Kdqc

Where assumption made :-

V = Volume of ditch required, m³

X = Mixed-liquor volatiles suspended solids (MLVSS), 3500 mg/l = 3.5 kg
Q = Average Flow, 1,440 m³/d
S0 = Substrate concentration in influent, 500 mg/l
S = Substrate concentration in effluent, 20 mg/l
qc = Mean Cell-Residence Time, 20 days
Y = Net sludge production coefficient, 0.4 kg TSS / kg BOD5
Kd = 0.04 /d
BOD5 = Loading 691.2 kg/d

Thus,
Volume of ditches required, V = 0.4 x 1440 x 20 x (500 - 20)
( 1 + 0.04 x 20 ) x 3500

= 877.71 m³

Food / Mass Ratio(0,05 -0,15) = BOD5

Vx MLSS

= 691.2 kg/d
877.71m³ x 3 kg

F/M Ratio = 0.23 (0.05 - 0.15)

V = BOD5

0.1 x x MLSS

= 691.2 kg/d
0.1 x 3.5 kg

= 1974.8571 m³
5.1.3 Sizing of Aerator

Using low speed surface aerator for the transfer of oxygen into oxidation ditches.

Design criteria: -
(i) Standard Oxygen Requirement = 2.0 kg O2 / kg BOD5 removal
(ii) Field oxygenation transffered = 0.8 - 1.2 kg O2 / kg BOD5 removal

Total of BOD5 removed = 691 kg/day

Therefore, total standard oxygen required = 1,382 kg O2 /day

No. of low speed surface aerator provided = 1

Design operating period of each surface aerator = 24 hours per day

Oxygenation required = 1382.4

1 x 24
= 57.6 kg O2/hr/aerator

Under standard clean water conditions, the low speed = 2.1 kg O2 / kWh
surface aerator oxygen transfer efficiency
EIMCO LS Aerator = 3.5 lb/hPhr

Each surface aerator consumed power = 27.43 kW

= 36.8 Hp
5.2 SECONDARY CLARIFIER

5.2.1 Secondary Clarifier Design

Flow capacity = 1440 m³ /d
No. of secondary clarifier provided = 1

Design Criteria for Secondary Sedimentation: -

(i) Recommended detention time ≥ 2 hrs
(ii) Recommended Surface Overflow Rate (SOR) = 30 - 45 m/d
(iii) Weir Overflow Rate ≤ 180 m³/m/d
(iv) Recommend Upward Flow Rate ≤ 0.8 m/hr

Adopt Surface Overflow Rate = 30 m/d

Total surface area of clarifier required = 48 m²

Dimension of each clarifier provided, Diameter = 7 m each

Side water depth = 4.3 m each

Total surface area provided = 78.54 m²

Minimum volume of clarifier tanks required = 120.00 m³

Total volume of clarifer tanks provided (approximate) = 165.48 m³

Hydraulic detention provided (approximate) = 2.8 hrs

Upward flow rate calculated to be = 0.76 m/hr

 Thank You

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