Name: Rohan Akhoond

Sec# 6th B
Roll#. 175
Sumbited to: Mam Nosheen Mustafa
Assignment : Community & Dispensing

Topic:PREVENTIVE
HEALTH
 Definition: Preventive health care involves:
 Measures taken to identify and minimize risk factors for
disease,
 Improve the course of an existing disease
 screening for early detection of disease.
LEVELS OF PHC
There are three levels of prevention.
1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary

 Primary level of Preventive Health Care

It is early recognition and prevention of disease and
important part of health care because it detects disease at
the initial and curable stage thereby preventing
 complications and co-morbidities. It focuses to prevent
disease among healthy people.

 . Secondary Level of Preventive Health Care

It is directed towards those in whom disease has already
developed. It also aims on health promotion ,modification
of the individual’s social circumstances and lifestyles so
that their health is improved and secondary disease is
prevented.

 . Tertiary Level Of Preventive Health Care

It is the early identification of high risk individuals prone to
major life threatening illness like heart diseases and
cancer. It helps in taking timely precautionary lifestyle
modifications measures or treatment which reduces the
disability associated with the disease.

 Importance Of Preventive Health Measures:

Following are some important preventive health measures
one must adopt in personal life

 Immunization of Children
 Eat a proper ,balanced diet.
 Avoid excess consumption of meat products.
 Routine checkup of hypertension or blood pressure
.
 Daily consumption of aspirin to prevent heart attack and
stroke above age of 40. •
 Routine breast cancer screening in women above age 50
 There are 4 things you can do immediately without
any medical knowledge:
1. Don’t smoke or use other tobacco products
2. Eat a proper , balanced diet
3. Exercise at least three days per week
4. See your doctor(also pharmacists) regularly for check
ups and guidance.

Topic: Immunization
Definition:
 Immunization is the process of introducing weakened or
killed germs (vaccines) into the body, which increase body
immunity to protect one from a particular disease. These
weakened or killed germs stimulate the body to produce
antibodies that will fight or weaken any disease organism
that attempts to enter the body
 Types of immunity :
There are two types of immunity
 Active Immunity
 Passive Immunity
These are further sub-divided into Natural Immunity and
Artificial Immunity.
1) Active Immunity: Active immunity occurs when a
person makes his own antibodies against disease. This
occurs in two ways.
a. Natural Active Immunity: Natural active immunity
occurs when a person contracts a disease and the body
makes its own antibodies against that particular disease-
causing organism.
b. Artificial Active Immunity: Another way to stimulate
the body to produce antibodies is by administering either
attenuated (weakened) or killed organisms or modified
products of an organism. This occurs when a person is
given certain types of vaccines. Artificial active immunity
(administering the vaccine) takes time to give adequate
protection.
2) Passive Immunity: Passive immunity occurs when
ready-made antibodies are given to a person. Unlike
active immunity, the body does not make its own
antibodies. Instead, the body receives ready-made ones.
There are two types of passive immunity:
There are two types of passive immunity.
a. Natural Passive Immunity: This type of immunity
occurs when a baby receives antibodies from its mother
during the time the baby is still in the mother’s wom
b. Artificial Passive Immunity: A person gets artificial
passive immunity when he/she receives ready-made
antibodies in the form of a serum that is injected into the
body. Such antibodies are usually drawn from an animal.

 Importance of immunization
Immunization saves lives. It protects you, your family and
your community. Immunization helps protect future
generations by eradicating diseases. Many infectious
diseases are rare or eradicated now as a result
of immunization programs, but new infectious diseases
are appearing around the world
 Expanded Program on Immunization
The Expanded Program on Immunization is a World
Health Organization program with the goal to make
vaccines available to all children throughout the world. It is
a disease prevention activity aiming at reducing the
illness, disability or mortality from childhood disease
preventable by immunization.
EPI DISEASES The overall objective of the EPI is
reduction of mortality and morbidity from the following nine
EPI diseases by offering immunization services:
1. Poliomyelitis
2. NeonatalTetanus
3. Measles
4. Diphtheria
5. Whooping cough
6. Hepatitis-B
7. Hib Pneumonia
8. Meningitis
9. ChildhoodTB

Topic: Vaccination.
A vaccination is normally given to a person to grow
immunization against the attack of certain diseases. It is
injected in form of injection. The injection contains the
weak cells of the microbes that cause the concerned
disease. So, when these weaker microbes are injected into
the body, it grows immunity against the disease. In
vaccination, body’s own immunity system is stimulated to
form protection against the disease. So, vaccination
proceeds immunization.
 Different Types of Vaccines

 Toxoid vaccines
Toxoid vaccines use a toxin (harmful product) made by the
germ that causes a disease. They create immunity to the
parts of the germ that cause a disease instead of the germ
itself. That means the immune response is targeted to the
toxin instead of the whole germ.
Like some other types of vaccines, you may need booster
shots to get ongoing protection against diseases.
Toxoid vaccines are used to protect against:
Diphtheria
 Tetanus

Inactivated vaccines
 Inactivated vaccines use the killed version of the germ that
causes a disease.
Inactivated vaccines usually don’t provide immunity
(protection) that’s as strong as live vaccines. So you may
need several doses over time (booster shots) in order to
get ongoing immunity against diseases.
Inactivated vaccines are used to protect against:
 Hepatitis A
 Flu (shot only)
 Polio (shot only

 Live-attenuated vaccines
Live vaccines use a weakened (or attenuated) form of the
germ that causes a disease.
Because these vaccines are so similar to the natural
infection that they help prevent, they create a strong and
long-lasting immune response. Just 1 or 2 doses of most
live vaccines can give you a lifetime of protection against a
germ and the disease it causes
Live vaccines are used to protect against:
 Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR combined vaccine)
 Rotavirus
 Smallpox
 Chickenpox&Yellow fever
 Subunit,recombinant,
polysaccharide, and conjugate
vaccines
Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate
vaccines use specific pieces of the germ—like its protein,
sugar, or capsid (a casing around the germ).
These vaccines are used to protect against:
 Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b) disease
 Hepatitis B
 HPV (Human papillomavirus)
 Whooping cough (part of the DTaP combined vaccine)
 Pneumococcal disease.
How do COVID-19 vaccines work
The COVID-19 vaccines produce protection against the
disease, as a result of developing an immune response to
the SARS-Cov-2 virus. Developing immunity through
vaccination means there is a reduced risk of developing
the illness and its consequences. This immunity helps you
fight the virus if exposed.

Topic: CDC(control
disease Center )
 Introduction:
CDC is the national public health institute of United
States.
It is a federal agency under the Department of health and
human services.

 Goals/Aims:
To promote public health and safety through the control &
prevention of disease, injury and disability.
It especially focuses on
 infectious diseases
 Food borne pathogens
 Environmental health
 Occupational safety and health
 Health promotion
 Injury prevention and
 Educational activities designed to improve the health of
citizens.

 Diseases with CDCis involved:

Influenza:
The CDC has launched campaigns targeting the
transmission of influenza , including the H1N1 swine flu.
CDC has launched websites including flu.gov to educate
people.
 Non-Infectious Diseases: The CDC also combats non-
infectious diseases including obesity etc

 CDC’s Role: Taking the health pulse of our nation

Detecting and responding to new and emerging health
threats.
Putting science and advanced technology into action to
prevent disease.
Promoting healthy and safe behaviors, communities and
environments.
Training the public health workforce including disease
detectives.

Topic:Family plannings‍‍‍.‍‍
Definition:
The World Health Organization definition is this: “Family
planning allows individuals and couples to anticipate and
attain their desired number of children and the spacing
and timing of their births. It is achieved through use of
contraceptive methods and the treatment of involuntary
infertility.
Why we need family planning?
Family Planning services support people’s decisions
about when, or if, they would like to have children by
offering education, counseling and birth control
methods.   Planned pregnancies spaced two or more
years apart result in healthier babies and fewer medical
problems for the woman. Planning for a child will help
you avoid the social, health, and financial problems you
face if an unplanned pregnancy happens.
Advantages:
 It doesn't cause any side effects.
 Natural family planning is acceptable to all faiths and cultures.
 Most women can use natural family planning, as long as they're properly trained by a
fertility awareness teacher.
 Once you've learned the techniques, there should be no further need for input from
health professionals.
 Natural family planning can be used either to avoid pregnancy or to become pregnant.
 It doesn't involve chemicals or physical products.
 It can help you recognise normal and abnormal vaginal secretions, so you can be aware
of possible infection.
 It involves your partner in the process, which can help increase feelings of closeness
and trust.

Disadvantages:
 Natural family planning does not protect against STIs such as chlamydia or HIV.
 You'll need to avoid sex, or use contraception such as condoms, during the time you
might get pregnant, which some couples can find difficult.
 If you decide to abstain, there can sometimes be up to 16 days during which you cannot
have sex, depending on your cycle.
 It can be much less effective than other methods of contraception if the methods aren't
followed accuratel
 It won't work without continued commitment and practice.
 It can take several menstrual cycles before you become confident in identifying your
fertile time. During this time, you'll have to use barrier contraception, such as condoms.
 You'll need to keep a daily record of your fertility signs.
 It's not suitable for every woman.
 Stress, illness, travel, lifestyle and hormonal treatments can disrupt your fertility signs.
 If you use the emergency contraceptive pill, you'll need to wait for 2 complete cycles
before relying on natural family planning again.

Principles:
• Agency and autonomy
• Availability
• Accessibility
• Acceptability
• Quality
• Empowerment
• Equity and non-discrimination
• Informed choice
• Transparency and accountability
• Voice and participation