Faculty of

Engineering
Power Generation from
Renewable Sources (II)
Tanta
University
Lecture: 2 Tutorial: 2
Code: EPE332
Practical: 0 Total: 3
Prerequisite(s): EPE231

Prof.: Ahmed Mohamed Refaat Azmy

Head of Department of Electrical Power and Machine
Engineering
Director of the automated library ​project in Tanta University
azmy@f-eng.tanta.edu.eg - azmy@uni-duisburg.de
01229715040
• Renewable energy sources (RESs) are widely
utilized to generate electricity, with many advantages
such as cleanness, availability, low cost
• The use of a single energy source often leads to
excessive system size due to the randomness and
intermittence of some RESs that increases the
system capital cost and hinders the reliability.
• Hybrid renewable energy systems (HRESs)
integrated with RESs, non-renewable sources
and/or energy storage (ES)) can effectively
overcome the variability and randomness
A hybrid energy system usually consists of two or more
renewable energy sources used together to provide
increased system efficiency as well as greater balance
in energy supply
Types of HES
(a) One RES and energy storage (ES) (PV-ES, Wind-ES)
(b) Two or more RESs (with or without ES) (PV-Wind , PV -
Wind -ES)
(c) One or more RESs and one or more nonrenewable
sources (with or without ES). (PV -Wind –diesel - ES)
Proportions of different types of hybrid renewable
energy systems.
 Construction modes of HRES
 For electricity supply in remote and isolated areas
Off-grid HRESs with small total installed capacity from PV
and/or wind
 For large scale on-grid HRES
Hydro/PHS-PV-wind system is optimal due to the flexibility
and fast response in output regulation by hydro/PHS
(Pumped-Hydro Energy storage).
 For areas with special load demands, such as mines
It is necessary to consider the integration of ES or diesel
generators to ensure the reliability of renewable energies.
 Construction modes of HRES

 For ES utilized in HRESs

PHS is primarily suggested for its flexibility as
complementary energy and its potential role in water
resource allocation.
Hybrid ES can be a better choice for HRES with better
economy and reliability, considering their different
characteristics in lifecycle, response rate, and applicability.
 Evaluation indicators for sizing of hybrid RESs

 Reliability indicators
Reliability indicators are considered to evaluate the ability
of the integrated system to meet load demand.
Reliability indicators mainly include loss of power supply
probability (LPSP), loss of load probability (LOLP),
deficiency of power supply probability (DPSP), loss of load
expected (LOLE), loss of energy expected (LOEE)
 Economic indicators
Economic indicators that consider initial cost, operation
cost, maintenance cost, …have become important indexes
to assess HRESs feasibility.
 Evaluation indicators for sizing of hybrid RESs

 Social indicators
Social indicators exist like human development index
(HDI), job creation (JC), portfolio risk (PR), and social
acceptance (Sa), …
Environmental indicators
environmental indicators include carbon emission (CE),
carbon footprint of energy (CFOE), and life cycle
assessment (LCA)
Evaluation indicators for sizing of hybrid RESs
Configuration of Hybrid System

The hybrid system with DC bus

Configuration of Hybrid System

The hybrid system with AC bus

 Configuration of Hybrid System

Hybrid system with AC bus and DC bus

 Purpose of hybrid energy management control

The purpose of the power management control (PMC) is to

coordinate different sources of a hybrid system, particularly their
power exchange, to make the generated power controllable, to
control the DC bus voltage, to ensure the continuity of the load
supply and to decrease the cost of energy production.
The power management strategy depends on the type of energy
system and its components.
• Achieving a high level of system reliability and prevent
interruptions
• Achieving high operational efficiency.
• Reducing the cost of energy generated.
• Increasing the lifetime of hybrid system components .
Considerations in hybrid management controls

The Variables decision making are:

 DC link voltage

 Meet load demand

 Maintain the state of charge (SOC) to avoid

blackout and to enhance the life of batteries

 Maximum output from PV or wind

 Maintain high power quality

Control architecture

DC bus
Control architecture

AC bus
Control architecture

AC-DC bus
Different hybrid management strategies for
management system.

Stand alone

Grid connected

Smart grid
 Energy management

Design objectives:
• Energy losses, gas emission minimization
• Total system cost minimization
• Voltage regulation, peak power reduction
• Total capital cost minimization
• Annualized system cost minimization

• Reduction of unmet load for improving

reliability
 Energy management

 Design constraints:
• Active power limit, reactive power limit

• Transfer limit, voltage limit , Hydrogen storage.

• Number of generator, SOC.

• Total annual cost limit.

• Biomass transport limit, generation limit, capital
investment limit.

• Storage energy level, PV panel tilt angle.

• Energy consumption, actual installed power,
 Energy management

 Design constraints:
• Initial cost, capacity shortage, components' size.
• Energy generation-demand balance
• Available individual power capacity.
• Land mass required for the planned system.
• Expected energy not supplied (EENS).
• Expected energy supplied (EES).
 Considerations in optimal management
controls

 An economic analysis is required for selecting the

energy source or storage device
 Lifetimes of the component have to be considered
including diesel and the battery
 A dispatch strategy has to be employed and the
priority is to renewable energy sources
 Considerations in optimal management
controls

 The effect of the load demand

 Battery state of charge

 Super capacitor charging duty

 Prediction of the weather condition

 Hybrid combinations

Photovoltaic/Battery System

The use of the management control allows a maximum

power from the PV generator and protects the batteries

against overcharge and depth discharge while

satisfying the energy needs.

This configuration has five modes of operation

 Hybrid combinations
Photovoltaic/Battery System

Mode 1

The batteries are

charged.

The photovoltaic
generator is sufficient
to satisfy the load
 Hybrid combinations
Photovoltaic/Battery System

Mode 2

The PV generator is
insufficient to supply
the load. The battery
adds its power to
satisfy the load
 Hybrid combinations
Photovoltaic/Battery System

Mode 3

Only the battery

supplies the load
 Hybrid combinations
Photovoltaic/Battery System

Mode 4

The PV generator is
sufficient to supply
the load
 Hybrid combinations
Photovoltaic/Battery System

Mode 5

Batteries completely
discharged and no
photovoltaic
production
 Hybrid combinations
Modified Photovoltaic/Battery System
 Hybrid combinations
Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell System
 Hybrid combinations
Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell System

The net power of the hybrid system is first calculated

and then compared to the difference between the load

power and the power produced by the PV source.

It is assumed that the photovoltaic generator is the

main source and is sized to supply the load.

This configuration has four modes of operation

 Hybrid combinations
Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell System

• Mode 1: The load is supplied only by PV panels.

• Mode 2: Photovoltaic power is insufficient to

supply the load, so FC power is added to
compensate the difference.

• Mode 3: Fuel cells supplies the load.

• Mode 4: The load is supplied by PV, and the

electrolyzer is charging (fed by PV).
 Hybrid combinations
Photovoltaic/Battery/Fuel Cell System
 Hybrid combinations
Photovoltaic/Battery/Fuel Cell System

In this system, PV panels, batteries and fuel cell

energy systems integrated with an electrolyzer for

hydrogen production could be used to supply a

residential house.
 Hybrid combinations
Photovoltaic/Battery/Fuel Cell System
• Mode 1: The load is supplied only by PV panels.
• Mode 2: The load is supplied only by PV panels. The
batteries will be charged, and the hydrogen tank will be
also charged.
• Mode 3: The load is supplied only by PV panels. The
hydrogen tank is charged, so the batteries will be
charged.
• Mode 4: The load is supplied only by PV panels. The
batteries are charged, so the hydrogen tank will be
charged.
• Mode 5: The photovoltaic generator cannot satisfy the
load, and FC and/or battery powers are added to
compensate PV panels.
• Mode 6: The load is supplying only by FCs and
batteries.
 Hybrid combinations
Wind/Battery System
 Hybrid combinations
Wind/Battery System

The power control management (PMC) of a hybrid

wind/battery system can be used to determine
various operating processes of the hybrid system
according to the weather conditions.

• Mode 1: When the wind speed is below a minimum

speed value, which represents the turbine start speed,
the system stops and the load is disconnected to
preserve the power stored by the storage.
 Hybrid combinations
Wind/Battery System
• Mode 2: When the power supplied by the generator is equal to
the power required by the load, this one is supplied only by the
wind generator power.
• Mode 3: When the power supplied by the generator is
insufficient to supply alone the load, energy compensation is
essential. The lack is provided by the storage according to the
state of charge.
• Mode 4: When the power supplied by the generator is greater
than the power required by the load, and the state of charge of
the battery is greater than the maximum value, the battery is
disconnected.
 Hybrid combinations
Wind/Battery System
• Mode 5: When the power supplied by the generator is less
than the power required by the load, and the state of charge of
the battery is less than the minimum value, the load is
disconnected and the power supplied by the generator is
directed to the batteries for charging.

• Mode 6: When the power supplied by the generator is greater

than the power required by the load, the excess energy is
directed to the battery for charging as long as the state of
charge is below the maximum value.
 Hybrid combinations
PV/Wind Turbine/Batteries
 Hybrid combinations
Power Management of PV/Wind Turbine/Batteries
 The use of the supervision allows producing
maximum power from the PV and wind generators,
protects the batteries against overcharge and depth
discharge and satisfies the energy needs.
 The main objective of power management is in first
part to satisfy the load power demand and in second
part to maintain the state of charge of the battery bank
to prevent blackout and to extend the battery life.
• Mode 1: The power supplied by the PV arrays, and
wind turbine (hybrid power) is equal to the load power.
• Mode 2: The hybrid power is less than the load power,
and the lack of power will be compensated by
batteries, as the battery state of charge is superior to
its minimum value.
 Hybrid combinations
Power Management of PV/Wind Turbine/Batteries

• Mode 3: The hybrid power is insufficient to supply the

load and the battery charge is less than its minimum
value, so the battery is disconnected, and since the load
demand is not satisfied, it will also be disconnected from
this happens the battery connect again to store little
energy available.

• Mode 4: When the available power exceeds the power

required by the load, and that the battery charge is less
than SOC max, it supplies the load and charges the
battery.

• Mode 5: When the hybrid power exceeds the power

required by the charge and that the battery charge is
superior to SOC max, disconnecting the battery and the
load will be powered by the power supplied, and surplus
energy will be directed to a dump load.
 Hybrid combinations
Power Management of Photovoltaic/Wind Turbine/
Battery/Diesel Generator System
 Hybrid combinations
Power Management of Photovoltaic/Wind Turbine/
Battery/Diesel Generator System
 The batteries are charged whenever there is enough
energy, and in order to maintain their life longer, they
will be used only if necessary while respecting their
state of charge between SOCmin and a SOC max.

• Mode 1: In this case, the power of the three generators is

sufficient to supply the load and the excess one is used to
charge batteries.
• Mode 2: Wind turbine and PV panels are the main sources
used. So both PV and wind contribute to supply the load. And of
course, the excess if any is used to charge batteries.
• Mode 3: If the PV power is sufficient to supply the load, the
charging is done by the PV panels. In general, this case occurs
during a shiny day (summer).
 Hybrid combinations
Power Management of Photovoltaic/Wind Turbine/
Battery/Diesel Generator System

• Mode 4: The PV source can be insufficient to supply load, so

diesel generators are used.

• Mode 5: The wind turbine is the only source; it is the case of a

winter day (no solar irradiation) or during night with high wind
speeds.

• Mode 6: This case occurs when wind power is insufficient,

and thus, the diesel generators start and compensate the power
deficit.

• Mode 7: Only diesel generators supply the load.

• Mode 8: No sources are available to supply the load.
 Hybrid combinations
Power Management of PV/Wind / Batteries/Fuel Cells
 Hybrid combinations
Power Management of PV/Wind / Batteries/Fuel Cells
 The management of the following structure is based on
an algorithm that allows the supervision system of a
hybrid system to decide how many and which
generators to operate first, which loads are connected
and how to use the storage.
 With this strategy, the FCs are switched off until the state
of charge of the storage system reaches a minimum
level.

• Mode 1: Phyb = Pload, Pbatt = 0

The power produced by the two generators (photovoltaic
and wind) is sufficient to drive the motor pump.
• Mode 2: Phyb > Pload and SOC SOCmax
The power produced by the two generators is sufficient
to drive the load and the excess will be dissipated in a
derivative load.
 Hybrid combinations
Power Management of PV/Wind / Batteries/Fuel Cells
• Mode 3: Phyb > Pload and SOC < SOCmax
In this mode, the power produced by the two generators will
supply the load, and the excess will be dissipated in a derivative
load.
• Mode 4: Phyb < Pload and SOC > SOCmin
In this case, the power produced by the two generators is not
sufficient to supply the charge, so batteries will be solicited to
compensate the power generated by the photovoltaic and wind
generator and at the same time satisfy the total load power.
• Mode 5: SOC SOCmin and Phyb PFC ¼ Pload
In this mode, since the batteries are discharged, the fuel cell is
used to satisfy the load power required.
• Mode 6: SOC SOCmin and Phyb + PFC > Pload,
In this mode, the load power is provided by the three generators
(PV, wind turbine, FCs), and the surplus is used to charge
batteries.
• Mode 7: SOC SOCmin and Phyb + PFC < Pload,
 Hybrid combinations
Power Management of Fuel Cell/Battery System
Supplying Electric Vehicle
 Hybrid combinations
Power Management of Fuel Cell/Battery System
Supplying Electric Vehicle

 Electric vehicle (EV) using battery storage must be

recharged regularly. Those using fuel cells for
supplying electrical energy, a supply for hydrogen is
necessary.
 Generally, EV uses batteries for storage, but due to the
less autonomy, hydrogen or fuel cell vehicle, solar
vehicle or a combination of solar, FC and battery bank
can be a competitive solution.
 Hybrid combinations
Fuel cell- battery storage.
• Mode 1: The FC power produced is higher than the
power of load (PFC > PLoad) and the SOC of the
batteries is less than the SOCmax, in this case, the
excess energy is stored in batteries.
• Mode 2: The power supplied by FC is insufficient (0 <
PFC < Pload); in this case, the power of batteries is
added to satisfy the power demand. It is the
compensation mode.
• Mode 3: The FC power is sufficient as PFC = PLoad.
• Mode 4: This mode is operating when no energy
provides from the FC, so batteries supply alone the
load.
 Hybrid combinations

Fuel cell- battery storage.

• Mode 5: The produced FC power is insufficient to

supply the load, and the battery is discharged (SOC
< SOCmin); in this case, the batteries charge.
• Mode 6: In this case, there is no FC energy
production and batteries are discharged, the load is
disconnected.
• Mode 7: In this mode, the FC power (PFC > PLoad)
is quite sufficient to supply the load, and the excess
energy will be stored in the auxiliary source.
• Mode 8: The load is disconnected (PLoad = 0) and
the SOC = SOCmax (battery charged), so the fuel cell
energy is stored in the auxiliary source .
 Hybrid combinations
FUEL CELL/MICRO-TURBINE
Future versions of SOFCs are likely to be augmented with
MTs in hybrid systems that could achieve efficiencies as
high as 70%, which can increase to 85% when the waste
heat is utilized
The advantages of this hybrid configuration include also:
fuel flexibility, superior environmental performance, high
power quality, simplicity of sitting near consumers,
possibility of independent operation of the FC and MT units
and lower capital cost compared to that of the FC alone
 Hybrid combinations
FUEL CELL/MICRO-TURBINE
The unit consists of a high-temperature FC with an internal
reformer, an air compressor, a high-speed low-capacity gas
turbine, and a PMSG.
The exhaust air from the FC, which still contains energy,
can be used to drive a downstream turbine replacing the
classical combustor.
Another approach is to utilize the residual energy in the
power cycle more efficiently by using the hot exhaust from
the turbine as an air supply to the FC.
 Hybrid combinations
FUEL CELL/MICRO-TURBINE
The former configuration is known as the “topping mode”
while the latter is called the “bottoming mode” regarding the
location of the FC with respect to the turbine.
SOFCs can operate effectively in the “topping” mode due to
their high temperature which reaches 1000°C, while
MCFCs, which operates at 650°C, are more suitable for the
“bottoming” mode.
In both configurations, electric power is generated by the
FC (DC power) and the MT generator (AC power) using the
same fuel/air flow.
 Hybrid combinations
FUEL CELL/MICRO-TURBINE
BOTTOMING MODE

The relative locations of the FC and the turbine are

exchanged with respect to each other in the bottoming mode.
In some arrangements, a heat exchanger is utilized alone to
capture the heat of the exhaust gas from the FC replacing the
turbine combustor.
In this case, the exhaust air from the turbine is used directly
as an air supply to the FC. This configuration is suitable for
turbines, which are designed to operate at relatively lower
temperatures.
 Hybrid combinations
FUEL CELL/MICRO-TURBINE
BOTTOMING MODE

In another configuration, an oxidizer is also added to obtain

more energy.
The oxidization process increases the temperature of the
exhaust air from the stack and the turbine before entering the
heat exchanger.
The high-temperature clean gas from the oxidizer is used in
the heat exchanger, which replaces the conventional
combustor of the turbine.
 Hybrid combinations
FUEL CELL/MICRO-TURBINE
BOTTOMING MODE

The turbine power is used to drive the motor of the air

compressor through a shaft between them and to produce AC
electrical power at high frequency within a PMSG.
The DC power, which is produced in the stack of the FC, is
converted to AC power using a DC/AC power conditioner.
 Hybrid combinations
FUEL CELL/MICRO-TURBINE
Exhaust Bottoming
MODE
H2 rich gas
Natural
gas Reformer Stack DC/AC
inverter

Heat
Exchanger Oxidizer

Air

Compressor Turbine Generator Cycloconverter

 Hybrid combinations
FUEL CELL/MICRO-TURBINE
TOPPING MODE
The gas is electrochemically processed along the cells to
produce water, heat and DC power.
The hot pressurized exhaust from the FC is used as a
working fluid in the expander section of the downstream
turbine to extract mechanical energy.
The generated mechanical energy in the turbine is used to
drive both the compressor and the PMSG.
The gases from the expander pass through the heat
exchanger to preheat the air before entering the FC and then
they are exhausted.
 Hybrid combinations
FUEL CELL/MICRO-TURBINE
TOPPING MODE

As with the individual units, a power conditioner is used to

convert the FC power to the AC form, while a cycloconverter
is employed with the MT to reduce its frequency
A start up combustor is used to drive the turbine and in some
cases it is also used in the running mode to increase the
power from the turbine.
Analysis indicates that this configuration gives the possibility
to achieve an electrical efficiency up to 70% with some
sophisticated MTs.
 Hybrid combinations
FUEL CELL/MICRO-TURBINE
TOPPING
H2 rich gas MODE
Natural
gas Reformer Stack DC/AC
inverter

Exhaust

Pressurized
air
Heat
Exchanger

Air

Compressor Turbine Generator Cycloconverter

 DYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE HYBRID UNIT

From fuel cell

Electrical power
Fuel Fuel cell exhaust
exhaust
model

Turbine
fth

AC power
Micro turbine w
model Thermal power Speed
(Pfc) governor

Dependency of micro-turbine on Regulating turbine-input using the

the power from the fuel cell speed governor
 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE MICRO-TURBINE UNIT

Offset
Speed Pfc Valve Fuel Compressor Pele
governor Limiter Wmin
Positioner system discharge Turbine
Max
+ + + 1
Kg 1 1 1 Wf Pm
+ + +
 1- Wmin  f 
+ 2Hs
1+tVP s 1+tf s 1+tcd s
1+t g s
+
Min

w w
w Generator
 - Kgen
+
1+tgen s
+
wref Frequency Voltage +
Cycloconverter
Constant
flux
 -
PI
- +
+ PI  Vref
fref

f = 1.3(Wf - Wmin) + 0.5 (1- w)

 WORLD‘S FIRST FUEL CELL-GAS TURBINE IN
CALIFORNIA

Efficiency 60% for smaller systems

70% for larger systems

Power 190 kW

Emission 50 times less than natural gas turbine

Technology The SOFC will operate at atmospheric pressure at

first and then pressurized SOFC/gas turbine hybrid
systems will follow
Configuration Directly fired turbine:
pressurized fuel cell is used directly to provide the
input to the turbine
Indirectly fired turbine
An atmospheric fuel cell is used and a pressurized
heat exchanger provides the input to the turbine

Technical goals:
Near-Term Power up to 1 MW in size
Efficiency > 60 % operating on natural gas

Mid-Term Power up to 20 MW in size

Efficiency > 70 % operating on natural gas

Long-Term Power at least 20 MW in size

Efficiency > 80 % operating on natural gas
Available software for sizing of hybrid energy systems