CYCLE 2

nd
2 Semester | A.Y. 2020-2021

MODULE 6
Quality of Service
May 31 – June 5, 2021

ELE3
Connecting Networks

Dennis L. Tacadena
Instructor

Institute of Computing Studies

BSIT 4A
Module Week 6: Quality of Service

Learning objectives:
At the end of this lesson, student should be able to:
 Explain how network transmission characteristics impact quality.
 Describe minimum network requirements for voice, video, and data traffic.
 Describe the queuing algorithms used by networking devices.
 Describe the different QoS models.
 Explain how QoS uses mechanisms to ensure transmission quality.

Topic Outline
 QoS Overview
 Network Transmission Quality
 Prioritizing Traffic
 Bandwidth, Congestion, Delay, and Jitter
 Packet Loss
 Traffic Characteristics
 Network Traffic Trends
 Voice
 Video
 Data
 Queueing Algorithms
 Queuing Overview
 First-In First-Out (FIFO)
 Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ)
 Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing (CBWFQ)
 Low Latency Queuing (LLQ)
 QoS Mechanisms
 QoS Models
 Selecting an Appropriate QoS Policy Model
 Best Effort
 Integrated Services
 Differentiated Services
 QoS Implementation Techniques
 Avoiding Packet Loss
 QoS Tools
 Classification and Marking
 Marking at Layer 2
 Marking at Layer 3
 Trust Boundaries
 Congestion Avoidance
 Shaping and Policing
Reference
Connecting Networks v6 Companion Guide, Cisco Press, Copyright © 2018 Cisco Systems, Inc,
ISBN-13: 978-1-58713-432-6 / ISBN-10: 1-58713-432-2

Connecting Networks (ELE3) Module Week 6

WORKSHEET ACTIVITY/IES:

Student’s Name: Yutuc, John Dale T. Score:

Year and Section:BSIT 4B Date:
Define the terms and commands
1. delay – The delay refers to the time required to transmit a packet or a group of packets

from the transmit end to the receive end. It consists of the transmission delay and

processing delay.

Voice transmission is used as an example. A delay refers to the period during which
words are spoken and then heard. Generally, people are insensitive to a delay of less than
100 ms. If a delay ranging from 100 ms to 300 ms occurs, a speaker can sense slight
pauses in the responder's reply, which can seem annoying to both. If a delay longer than
300 ms occurs, both the speaker and responder obviously sense the delay and have to
wait for responses. If the speaker cannot wait but repeats what has been said, voices
overlap and the quality of the conversation deteriorates severely.

2. packet loss - The packet loss rate refers to the ratio of lost packets to total packets. Slight
packet loss does not affect services. For example, users are unaware of the loss of a bit or a
packet in voice transmission. The loss of a bit or a packet in video transmission may cause the
image on the screen to become garbled instantly, but the image can be restored quickly.
TCP is used to transmit data to handle slight packet loss because TCP instantly retransmits the
packets that have been lost. If severe packet loss does occur, the packet transmission efficiency is
affected. QoS focuses on the packet loss rate. The network packet loss rate must be controlled
within a certain range during transmission.
3.playout delay buffer - Playout delays are a technique where received input is buffered

and its playout is delayed by one or more frames. Consider that the extrapolation

techniques necessarily generate error as the ghost model diverges from the player model.

This may be unacceptable as it may be required that the ghost model reconstruct the

player model as closely as possible. Thus the playout can be delayed in time so that there

is no uncertainty. A simple delayed playout model is to have the ghost model buffer the

last two state updates and interpolate between these over the time it takes for another

update to arrive.

4.digital signal processor (DSP) - DSP stands for Digital Signal Processing. This term is

used for digital encoding of “live” signals such as audio, video, temperature, pressure,

position, etc. Digital signal processing allows these live signals to be stored, manipulated,

edited, replayed, and transferred much more efficiently and accurately than by using strictly
 analog methods. For example, think how easy it is to edit video files in iMovie (or even on

your phone!) vs cutting and re-attaching film like in the old cutting room.

5.Cisco Visual Networking Index (VNI) - Cisco has developed a forecast model to estimate

future global IP traffic growth. The current Cisco Visual Network Index (VNI) Forecast and

Methodology 2016 – 2021 is based on Cisco analysis and independent analysts' forecasts

6.first-in, first-out (FIFO) – also known as first-come first served queuing, involves buffering

and forwarding of packets in the order of arrival. FIFO has no concept of priority or classes

of traffic and consequently, makes no decision about packet priority. FIFO is effective to

large links that have little delay and minimal congestion. If your ink has very little

congestion, FIFO queuing may be the only queuing you need to use.

7.weighted fair queuing (WFQ) - WFQ is a flow-based queuing algorithm used in Quality of

Service (QoS) that does two things simultaneously: It schedules interactive traffic to the front

of the queue to reduce response time, and it fairly shares the remaining bandwidth between

high bandwidth flows.

8.class-based weighted fair queuing (CBWFQ) - Class-based weighted fair queueing (CBWFQ)
extends the standard WFQ functionality to provide support for user-defined traffic classes. For
CBWFQ, you define traffic classes based on match criteria including protocols, access control
lists (ACLs), and input interfaces. Packets satisfying the match criteria for a class constitute the
traffic for that class. A queue is reserved for each class, and traffic belonging to a class is
directed to the queue for that class.

Once a class has been defined according to its match criteria, you can assign it characteristics. To
characterize a class, you assign it bandwidth, weight, and maximum packet limit. The bandwidth
assigned to a class is the guaranteed bandwidth delivered to the class during congestion

9.low latency queuing (LLQ) - Low-Latency Queuing (LLQ) is really just an extension of

CBWFQ. In fact, the only real difference between the two is how the bandwidth is allocated
to the class maps in the policy map. LLQ uses the priority command instead of

the bandwidth command to request bandwidth. The priority command guarantees that the

requested bandwidth is available whether the interface is busy or not. Because this bandwidth

is always available, the class map that uses the priority command is guaranteed low latency

through the interface (thus the name, LLQ). This is also called a strict priority queue.

10. type of service (ToS) -

11.best-effort model - The best-effort model means that no QoS policy is implemented. It is

natural to wonder why this model was not called no-effort. Within this model, packets

belonging to voice calls, e-mails, file transfers, and so on are treated as equally important;

indeed, these packets are not even differentiated. The model is the most scalable. Scalability

is only limited by bandwidth limits, in which case all traffic is equally affected.

12. Integrated Services (IntServ) – Provides very high QoS to IP packets with guaranteed

delivery. It defines a signaling process for applications to signal to the network that they

require special QoS for a period and that bandwidth should be reserved. However, IntServ

can severely limit the scalability of a network.

13.differentiated services (DiffServ) – Provides high scalability and flexibility in

implementing QoS. Network devices recognize traffic classes and provide different levels of

QoS to different traffic classes.

14.Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) - IntServ uses Resource Reservation Protocol

(RSVP) to explicitly signal the QoS needs of an application's traffic along the devices in the

end-to-end path through the network. If every network device along the path can reserve the

necessary bandwidth, the originating application can begin transmitting.

15.weighted random early detection (WRED) - Whereas queuing provides congestion

management, mechanisms such as WRED provide congestion avoidance. Specifically,

WRED can prevent an output queue from ever filling to capacity, which would result in

packet loss for all incoming packets. This section examines the need for and the

configuration of WRED on Cisco routers.

16.congestion avoidance - Congestion avoidance techniques monitor network traffic loads in

an effort to anticipate and avoid congestion at common network bottlenecks. Congestion

avoidance is achieved through packet dropping. Among the more commonly used congestion

avoidance mechanisms is Random Early Detection (RED), which is optimum for high-speed

transit networks. Cisco IOS XE Software includes an implementation of RED, called

Weighted RED (WRED), that combines the capabilities of the RED algorithm with the IP

Precedence feature. WRED, when configured, controls when the router drops packets.

17.Network Based Application Recognition (NBAR) - Mission critical applications including

ERP and workforce optimization applications can be intelligently identified and classified

using Network Based Application Recognition (NBAR). Once these mission critical

applications are classified they can be guaranteed a minimum amount of bandwidth, policy

routed, and marked for preferential treatment. Non-critical applications including Internet

gaming applications and MP3 file sharing applications can also be classified using NBAR

and marked for best effort service, policed, or blocked as required.

18class of service (CoS) - Class of Service (CoS) is a 3 bit field in an ethernet frame header

when a VLAN tag is present. Quality of Service uses the CoS value to differentiate and

police network traffic. This field specifies a priority value between 0 and 7, inclusive, that
can be used by Quality of Service (QoS) to differentiate traffic. You can map Class of

Service (CoS) priority settings to the traffic forwarding queue. Traffic queue are ‘‘normal’’

priority and ‘‘high’’ priority. (High-priority packets leave the device port first. Normal-

priority packets leave the switch port after the high-priority queue is emptied.) With no CoS

control, all traffic goes through the ‘‘normal’’ outbound port queues. However, with a CoS

policy operating in your network, you can determine the outbound priority queue to which a

packet is sent.

19differentiated services code point (DSCP) - The Differentiated Services Code

Point (DSCP) is a 6-bit field in the IP header for the classification of packets. Differentiated

Services is a technique which is used to classify and manage network traffic and it helps to

provide QoS for modern Internet networks. It can provide services to all kinds of networks.

20. IEEE 802.1p -  was a task group active from 1995 to 1998, responsible for adding traffic

class expediting and dynamic multicast filtering to the IEEE 802.1D standard. The task group

developed a mechanism for implementing quality of service (QoS) at the media access

control (MAC) level. Although this technique is commonly referred to as IEEE 802.1p, the

group's work with the new priority classes and Generic Attribute Registration

Protocol (GARP) was not published separately but was incorporated  into a major revision of

the standard, IEEE 802.1D-1998, which got later on incorporated  into IEEE 802.1Q-2014

standard. The work also required a short amendment extending the frame size of the Ethernet

standard by four bytes which was published as IEEE 802.3ac in 1998.

21.Tag Control Information (TCI) field -VLAN Tagging allows an individual IP Address to

be configured as part of multiple VLANs. When configured, each outgoing packet is tagged
with a VLAN ID tag compliant to IEEE 802.1Q VLAN specifications. The VLAN Aware

Ethernet Switch or router extracts the tag and routes the packet into the correct VLAN

Group. VLAN Tagging allows a user the choice of whether or not packets leaving the 2020

IMG will have a VLAN ID tag inserted in its header. Through the Web GUI application a

user can specify the VLAN 16 bit Tag Control Information (TCI) that will be assigned to a

Services IP Address, a Media 0 IP Address, or a Media 1 IP Address. All packets leaving the

2020 IMG with a specific IP address can have a VLAN tag with the TCI information inserted

in its ethernet header. Refer to information below for more information on this feature.

22.Priority (PRI) field – QoS is an ever increasing requirement of networks today thanks to

new applications available to users such as voice and live video transmissions which create

higher expectations for quality delivery. Congestion occurs when multiple communication

lines aggregate onto a single device, such as router and then much of that data is placed on

fewer outbound interfaces or onto a slower interface.

23.type of service (ToS) field – Specifies a simple and scalable mechanism foe classifying

and managing network traffic. Provides QoS guarantees on modern IP networks.

24.Traffic Class field - Traffic shaping and policing are two mechanisms provided by the

Cisco IOS QoS software to prevent congestion. Traffic shaping retains excess packets in a

queue and then schedules the excess for later transmission over increments of time.

25.IP Precedence (IPP) field - Use of IP Precedence allows you to specify the class of service

(CoS) for a packet. You use the three precedence bits in the type of service (ToS) field of the

IP version 4 (IPv4) header for this purpose. You use the three IP Precedence bits in the ToS

field of the IP header to specify CoS assignment for each packet. You can partition traffic
 into a maximum of six classes and then use policy maps and extended access lists to define

network policies for congestion handling and bandwidth allocation for each class.

26.best-effort (BE) - Typically, networks operate on a best-effort delivery basis, which means
that all traffic has equal priority and an equal chance of being delivered in a timely manner.
When congestion occurs, all traffic has an equal chance of being dropped.

When you configure the QoS feature, you can select specific network traffic, prioritize it
according to its relative importance, and use congestion-management and congestion-avoidance
techniques to provide preferential treatment. Implementing QoS in your network makes network
performance more predictable and bandwidth utilization more effective.
27. Expedited Forwarding (EF) - The expedited forwarding (EF) per-hop behavior

assures that any traffic class with EF's related DSCP is given highest priority and is not

queued. EF provides low loss, latency, and jitter. The recommended DS codepoint for EF

is 101110. A packet that is marked with 101110 receives guaranteed low-drop

precedence as the packet traverses diffserv-aware networks en route to its destination.

Use the EF DSCP when assigning priority to customers or applications with a premium

SLA.

28.Assured Forwarding (AF) - The assured forwarding model uses the 6-bit DSCP field to

accommodate a model that lends itself well to backward compatibility with the IP

Precedence model. Although a 6-bit field could accommodate 64 markings (2 to the 6th

power), the assured forwarding model only uses 12 different markings. The assured

forwarding model breaks down the DSCP field into three sections.

29.traffic shaping - - Traffic shaping and policing are two mechanisms provided by the

Cisco IOS QoS software to prevent congestion. Traffic shaping retains excess packets in a

queue and then schedules the excess for later transmission over increments of time. The
 result of traffic shaping is a smoothed packet output rate Shaping requires sufficient

memory.

30.traffic policing – Policing is commonly implemented by service providers to enforce a

contracted customer information rate (CIR). Policing either drops or remarks excess

traffic. Policing is often applied to inbound traffic.

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