NAME SHEHZAD KHAN

CMS 46492

DEPARTMENT P&G(4th)

ASSIGNMENT DRILLING ENGINEERING 1

DATE 10/6/2020.

ASSIGNMENT TOPIC:

1)Define Rotary Drilling and its system

2)Describes hoisting system in detail

Introduction to Rotary Drilling

A drilling rig is a machine that creates holes in the earth's subsurface. Drilling rigs can be
massive structures housing equipment used to drill water wells, oil wells, or natural gas
extraction wells, or they can be small enough to be moved manually by one person and such
are called augers. Drilling rigs can sample subsurface mineral deposits, test rock, soil and
groundwater physical properties, and also can be used to install sub-surface fabrications, such
as underground utilities, instrumentation, tunnels or wells. Drilling rigs can be mobile
equipment mounted on trucks, tracks or trailers, or more permanent land or marinebased
structures (such as oil platforms, commonly called 'offshore oil rigs' even if they don't contain
a drilling rig). The term "rig" therefore generally refers to the complex equipment that is used
to penetrate the surface of the Earth's crust.

Small to medium-sized drilling rigs are mobile, such as those used in mineral exploration
drilling, blast-hole, water wells and environmental investigations. Larger rigs are capable of
drilling through thousands of metres of the Earth's crust, using large "mud pumps" to
circulate drilling mud (slurry) through the drill bit and up the casing annulus, for cooling and
removing the "cuttings" while a well is drilled. Hoists in the rig can lift hundreds of tons of
pipe. Other equipment can force acid or sand into reservoirs to facilitate extraction of the oil
or natural gas. Marine rigs may operate thousands of miles distant from the supply base with
infrequent crew rotation or cycle.

Oil well drilling utilises tri-cone roller, carbide embedded, fixedcutter diamond, or diamond-
impregnated drill bits to wear away at the cutting face. This is preferred because there is no
need to return intact samples to surface for assay as the objective is to reach a formation
containing oil or natural gas. Sizable machinery is used, enabling depths of several kilometres
to be penetrated. Rotating hollow drill pipes carry down bentonite and barite infused drilling
muds to lubricate, cool, and clean the drilling bit, control downhole pressures, stabilize the
wall of the borehole and remove drill cuttings. The mud travels back to the surface around the
outside of the drill pipe, called the annulus. Examining rock chips extracted from the mud is
known as mud logging. Another form of well logging is electronic and is commonly
employed to evaluate the existence of possible oil and gas deposits in the borehole. This can
take place while the well is being drilled, using Measurement While Drilling tools, or after
drilling, by lowering measurement tools into the newly drilled hole.
1)Rotary drill rig components

Although drilling rigs differ greatly in outward appearance and method of deployment, all
rotary rigs have the same basic drilling equipment. The main component parts of a rotary rig
are:
• Power system
• Hoisting system
• Circulating system
• Rotary system
• Well control system
 Fig.Rotary
Drilling Rig

1)Power System
Power system is used to give Electric to the rig.Most rig power is consumed by hositing and
fluid circulation system.The other rig power has much less power requirment.Total power
requirted for most of the rig is 1000 to 3000hp.The early drilling rig is powered by steam
enginehowerever because of high fuel consumtion and large boiler plant requirement,Now it
is replaced by internal combution dissel engine.It is classified into two types.
1)Disel-electric 2)Direct drive type
Those main rig engine is used to generate electricity. Disel-electric are power.is transferred to
various system by electric motor where power is needed.While in direct drive type power
transmition is done by gears,chains,belts and cluthes rather than electric motor.The intial cost
of direct driveis considerable less than disel electric.Power system performance charactistic
genrally are stste in term of horse power,torque and fuel consumtion of various engine
speed.The shaft power devlopted by engine is obtained from product of anguler velocity of
shaft (w)the output power torque (T).

P:wT
The overall efficency determines the rate of fuel consumtion wf at a given engine speed.The
heating value of various fuel H and the heat input to the engine Qi can be expressed as:

Qi:wfH
Since he overall efficency E is defined as energy output to energy input than:

E:P/Qi
2. The Hoisting System
The main task of the hoisting system is to lower and raise the drillstring, casings, and other
subsurface equiptment into or out of the well. Hook, Derrick. The hoisting equiptment itself
consists of: Draworks, Fast Line, Crown Block, Traveling Block, Deadline, Deal line anchor,
Storage reel. The derrick and its substructure support the weight of the drillstem at all times.
The drillstem is suspended by the traveling block and drilling line, the entire load rests on the
derrick. The traveling block, crown block and drilling line are used to connect the derrick
with the drill string to be lowered into or pulled out of the hole. During drilling operations,
this drill string usually composed of the drill pipe, heavy weight drill pipe, drilling jar, drill
collars and drill bit.The derrick supports the hook and elevators by means of the traveling
block, drilling line, crown block and drawworks. drawworks is to provide the hoisting and
breaking power to lift and lower the heavy weights of drillstring and casings.The drawworks
is powered by prime movers - two, three or even four engines.
An integral part of the drawworks is the transmission system. This gives the driller a wide
choice of speeds for hoisting the drillstring. Another feature of the drawworks is the two
catheads. The make-up cathead, on the driller’s side, is used to spin up and tighten the
drillpipe joints. The other, located opposite the driller's position on the drawworks is the
breakout cathead. It is used to loosen the drillpipe when the drillpipe is pulled out of hole.An
independent air hoist is used on many rigs for handling light loads around the rig-floor.A
more detail on hoisting system is given at later section of the assignment.
3)Circulating system:
The principle components of the mud circulation system are as follows: Mud pumps,
flowlines, drillpipe, nozzles, mud pids and tanks ( settling tank, mixing tank, suction tank),
,ud mixing equipment ( mud mixing hopper) and contaminant removal equipment ( shale
shaker, desander, desilter, degasser).
The procedure of circulating system is:
From the mud pumps the mud is pushed through the stand pipe (a pipe fixed mounted at the
derrick), the rotary hose (flexible connection that allows the fed of the mud into the vertically
moving drillstring), via the swivel into the drillstring. Inside the drillstring ( kelly, drillpipe,
drill collar) the mud flows down to the bit where it is forced through the nozzles to act against
the bottom of the hole. From the bottom of the well the mud rises up the annuli (drill collar,
drillpipe) and the mud line (mud return line) which is located above the BOP.
From the mud line the mud is fed to the mud cleaning system consisting of shale shaker,
settlement tank, de-sander and de-silte. After cleaning the mud, the circulation circle is closed
when the mud returns to the mud pit
Mud pumps
The mud pump is the heart of the circulating system. In drilling rig, usually there are two
mud pumps. They are used to circulate the drilling fluid from the mud pits, through the
drillstring, down to the bit and return up to the surface through the annulus. There are two
types of mud pumps: duplex and triplex.
The duplex pumps are double reciprocating acting. They have two cylinders, each cylinder is
filled on one side of the piston with the drilling fluid, whereas in the other side the drilling
fluid is being discharged. In duplex pump, the discharged volume of the drilling fluid is twice
the volume of piston.
The triplex pumps are single acting pumps. They have three cylinders and the drilling fluid is
filled in one side of the piston. The triplex pumps system is connected to centrifugal pumps to
charge the suction parts with the drilling fluid.The power generated by the triplex can be
relatively higher then duplex because it operates at higher speed.The mud pumps are
connected to strand pipe with high pressure piping. The stand pipe is clamped to the derrick,
and anchors one end of the rotary hose and keeps it clear of the rig floor during operations.
The other end of the hose is connected to the swivel.
Fig 04- Mud Pumps 

Mud Pits:
The mud pits are a series of large interconnected steel tanks fitted with agitators to keep
solids in suspension. There are some pits are used for circulation and others are used for
mixing and storing drilling mud. Fresh water and base oil which are used for making drilling
fluids are pumped from storage tanks.
Shale Shakers:
Once the drilling fluid has completed one cycle from the mud pits and coming back to surface
passing through the drill string, down to drill bit and up to the surface, it will contains solids,
some gas if the drilling is performed through reservoir and other contaminants. These non-
drilling fluids product or contaminants must be removed in order to keep the required
properties needed to drill safely.
The drilling fluid passes over a series of vibrating screens of different mesh sizes. Tanks can
also allow residues settling before the mud passed to the mud pits. Fine solids are removed by
other components such as mud cleaner or centrifuges.
4)Rotating system:
The function of the rotary system is to transmit rotation to the drilling string and
consequently rotate the bit. During drilling operation, this rotation is to the right. The main
part of the rotary system are as follows: Swivel, Rotary hose, Kelly, Rotary drive (master
pushing, kelly pushing), Rotary table and Drilling string.Rigs can be equipped with Kelly
system of top-drive system. Both systems are used to rotate the drill string and the drill bit.
Swivel:
The swivel which established a connection among hook and kelly, has to be constructed or
built extremely robust since or because it has to carry the total drillstring weight and
simultaneously, provide a high pressure seal ( connection between flexible, non-rotating
rotary hose and the rotation kelly).
Kelly:
The kelly has a square or hexagonal cross-section and provides the rotation of the drillstring.
Because the kelly is made of high quality, treated steel, it is a flashy part of the drillstring.
Thus to prevent the kelly from excessive wear caused by making and breaking connections, a
kelly sub is mounted at the bottom end of it. To prevent backward flow of the mud in case of
a kick, a kewlly cock providing a backflow restriction valve is often mounted between kelly
and swivel.
Rotary Drive:
The rotary drive consists of master pushing and kelly pushing. The master pushing receives
its rotational momentum from the compound and drives the kelly pushing which in turn
transfers the rotation to the kelly.
Rotary table:
The rotary table is used for two main tasks:
- Rotating the drill string
- Holding the weight of the drill string when it is not supported by the hook or the elevator.
A direct drive to the rotary is often used with independent engine or electric motor.
Fig 07- Rotary Table 

Top drive system:

It is called top drive system because the rotating motion is accomplished by a drive motor
attached to the travelling block above all the drill string. An electric motor is used to generate
the rotary torque which is applied to the drill string.
The main advantage of the top drive system is that connections have to be screwed or
unscrewed every 30m (90 ft), because drilling can be performed by stands rather than single
joint of drill pipe. The swivel and handling equipment are an integral piece of equipment in
the top drive which can make the circulation and back reaming while pulling the pipe an easy
task. These advantages serve to reduce drilling time which is the most important factor in
drilling programming and operations.The Kelly and the Kelly bushing are not required while
using the top drive system.
Fig.Top drive System.
5)Well control system
BOP System:
The BOP is an important piece of equipment in the rig. It is used as second barrier against
any loss of pressure control. It is fitted with:
- Annular preventer
- Rams
- Choke line
- Kill line
Annular preventer:
This part of BOP seals and closes the well by a circular piece of rubber. It can close on any
pipe and casing sizes, and it closes the open hole.
Rams:
It is consisted of two rams which can move to each other. They are activated hydraulically.
Pipe ram can close on drill pipe because they have semicircular openings which allow them
to seal the area around the drill pipe. Blind rams are used to close the well when pipes are not
in the hole, if the blind is closed on drill pipe, this will not stop the seepage of formation
fluids, because they have flat edges. Shear rams are used as last solution in well control. They
can cut the pipe and close the well.
Choke line:
This line allows the circulation of the inflex to choke manifold. It has two main valves:
hydraulic and manual. The manual valve is used as safety valve in case of hydraulic valve
failing.
Kill line:
This line is used to inject heavy mud while well killing process. It has two valves: hydraulic
and manual valves. It is fitted also with check valve or non return valve to avoid the back
circulation of kill mud or formation fluids.
Fig.BOPStack 
Hoisting System in detail:

2)Hoisting System

hoisting system is to lower and raise the drillstring, casings, and other subsurface equiptment
into or out of the well. The hoisting equiptment itself consists of: Draworks, Fast Line,
Crown Block, Traveling Block, Deadline, Deal line anchor, Storage reel. In deep wells, the
combined weight of the drill pipe, drill bit and drill collars may be in excess of thousands of
pounds. The hoisting equipment is used to raise all of this equipment to the surface so that the
drill bit may be replaced, at which point the entire chain of drill pipe is lowered back into the
well. The height of a rig’s derrick often can be a clue as to the depth of the well being drilled.
Drill pipe traditionally comes in 20-foot sections, which are joined together as the well is
goes deeper and deeper. This means that even if a well is 1,200 feet deep, the drill string must
still be taken out in 20-foot sections. However, if the derrick is tall enough, multiple joints of
drill pipe may be removed at once, speeding up the process a great deal.
Making a connection” is defined as the periodic process of adding a new joint of drillpipe to
the drillstring as the hole deepends is referred. Making a trip is the process of moving the
drillstring out of the hole, change the bit or alter the bottom-hole assembly (BHA), and lower
the drillstring again into the hole is referred.
the hole. During drilling operations, this drill string usually composed of the drill pipe, heavy
weight drill pipe, drilling jar, drill collars and drill bit. The drilling line passes from the
drawworks to the top of the derrick. From there, it is sheaved between the crown block and
traveling block to give an eight, ten or twelve-line suspension. It is then clamped to the rig
floor by the deadline anchor. The drilling line wears evenly as it is used; it has to be Cutoff
time to time. The cutoff procedures are related to ton-miles of service. The ton-mile unit is
calculated as the drill line moves a one-ton load a distance of one mile, and then the line
receives one ton-mile of usage.The components of Hoisting system are the following:
Fig.Hoisting System.

Derrick:The derrick is a metallic structure which has four supporting legs resting on a square
base. It is erected on a substructure which supports the rig floor and the rotary table and
provides work space on the rig floor.

Fig.Derrick
The derrick and its substructure support the weight of the drillstem at all times. The drillstem
is suspended by the traveling block and drilling line, the entire load rests on the derrick.
Whenever it is suspended from the crown block or resting in the rotary table. The height of
the derrick does not affect its load-capacity, but it can limit the length of drill pipe sections
that can be pulled out of the hole for many reasons (ex: changing drill bit). This is because
the crown block must be sufficiently elevated above the rig floor.
Traveling Block, Crown Block, Drill Line and Hook:
The traveling block, crown block and drilling line are used to connect the derrick with the
drill string to be lowered into or pulled out of the hole. During drilling operations, this drill
string usually composed of the drill pipe, heavy weight drill pipe, drilling jar, drill collars and
drill bit. The drilling line passes from the drawworks to the top of the derrick. From there, it
is sheaved between the crown block and traveling block to give an eight, ten or twelve-line
suspension. It is then clamped to the rig floor by the deadline anchor. The drilling line wears
evenly as it is used; it has to be Cut off time to time. The cutoff procedures are related to ton-
miles of service. The ton-mile unit is calculated as the drill line moves a one-ton load a
distance of one mile, and then the line receives one ton-mile of usage.The drilling line that
comes from supply reel is called deadline as it is static and not moving weared on
anchare.While the number of lines comes from the crown block to draw work is called
fastline as it is moving.Through fastline BHA is upper or lowered.
The tension on fastline Tf and tension on deadline Td is determined as:

Tf:W/E*N
Td:W/N
Where W is weight on hook
N is number of drilling line
And E is efficiency defend on number of drilling line.
Noted that tension on fastline and deadline is equall when it is static but when it is moving
than tension on fastline is more than deadline.
Fig.Crown block,Travelling block and more.

The Drawworks:
The purpose of the drawworks is to provide the hoisting and breaking power to lift and lower
the heavy weights of drillstring and casings. The drawwork itself cosists of: Drum (which
provides the movement of the drilling line), Brakes, Transmission and Catheads.
The drawworks is characterized by the brake system, which enables the driller to easily
control a load of thousands of pounds of drillpipe or casing. There are at least two brake
systems. One brake is a mechanical friction device and can bring the load to a complete stop.
The other brake is hydraulic or electric; it can control the speed of the descent of a loaded
traveling block, but is not capable of bringing it to a complete stop. It is used to reduce the
wear on the primary friction system.
An integral part of the drawworks is the transmission system. This gives the driller a wide
choice of speeds for hoisting the drillstring. The drawworks also has a drive sprocket that
drives the rotary table by means of a heavy-duty chain. In some cases, however, the rotary
table is driven by an independent engine or electric motor.
Another feature of the drawworks is the two catheads. The make-up cathead, on the driller’s
side, is used to spin up and tighten the drillpipe joints. The other, located opposite the driller's
position on the drawworks is the breakout cathead. It is used to loosen the drillpipe when the
drillpipe is pulled out of hole.An independent air hoist is used on many rigs for handling light
loads around the rig-floor.