Class: 11 ABC

Computer Science
Chap 3 : General OOP Concepts

Salient points to be discussed in this session:

1. Low level Language and High level Language
2. Programming Paradigms
3. Module
4. Object
5. Class
6. Basic Concepts of OOPs – Abstraction, Encapsulation, Modularity,
Inheritance, Polymorphism

Low Level and High Level Language :

Low level languages are machine oriented and require extensive knowledge of computer
circuitry. In Machine language instructions are written in binary code (o and 1).

High level language offered English like keywords, constructs for sequence, selection and
iteration and use of variables and constants. The programs written in HLLs are converted into
machine language using compiler or interpreter.

Paradigm :
Paradigm means organizing principle of a program. It in an approach to programming.

Module :
A set of related procedures with the data they manipulate is called a module.

Procedural Programming:
A program in a procedural language is a list of instructions where each statement informs the
computer to do some process. The algorithm needed to perform the desired computation.

Objects and Classes :

A software bunch or bundle of variables and related methods known as object. For example
take one object like a student of class 10B named Bijay. Bijay has some attributes which
represent basic information about him like his name, roll number, reg_No etc. And there are
some functions that he performs like extra_curricular_ activity, study, food_habit etc.
A class is a prototype of an object with common attributes or properties, operations or
behaviour, relationships and semantics.
Concept of Objects and classes :
A software object manages its state either in one or more variables. Methods can be
implemented with the behaviour of a software object. A method is a function related with an
object.

Classes Vs Objects :
A class is a prototype or blueprint which defines variables and methods common to all object
of a certain type.
A class determines the state and behaviour of all the objects of its type. A class is called object
factory because by using a type of class different objects can be created with similar
characteristics. A class is not itself the object it describes. A class is an abstract type where as
objects are the instance of the type.
A method or function is a subprogram that works on data and often returns a value.

Principles of Object Oriented Programming :

(a) Abstraction
(b) Inheritance
(c) Polymorphism
(d) Encapsulation
(e) Modularity
(a) Abstraction
Abstraction is one of an important feature of Object oriented programming language.
Without getting involved with the complexity of the entire system representing the
essential features.

(b) Inheritance
The way by which one object acquires the properties of another object. One of the basic
benefit is that programming code once defined can be reused.

(c) Polymorphism
The way of an interface to do different things based on the data of different types it
accepts and provide the proper expected output accordingly. Same message should
respond through two or more classes in different ways.

(d) Encapsulation
A wrapper which prevents the data and the code from being accessed by any other code
defined outside.
(f) Modularity :
The act of partitioning a program into individual components is called modularity.
Property of a system that has been decomposed into a set of cohesive and loosely
coupled modules. It reduces its complexity in some degree and it creates a number of
well-defined, documented boundaries within the program.

End of the session