AMBO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITY

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL ON THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF

THE URBANIZATION AND ITS IMPACTS ON THE SURROUNDING
COMMUNITY; THE CASE OF AMBO TOWN, OROMIA REGIONAL
STATE OF ETHIOPIA

RESEARCH PROPOSAL TO BE SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

AS PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF BACHELOR OF ARTS
(B.A) DEGREE IN SOCIOLOGY
BY YALEW SHITIE
LEMA LEGESE

ADVISOR: Mr. Moa Alemayehu.

JUNE, 2021
AMBO, ETHIOPIA
 Acknowledgement
First of all we would like to thanks GOD for his forgiveness, charity, strengthen mercy through
out of our life. Next we would like to show our greatest thanks to our advisor Mr. Moa
Alemayehu. For his hopeful and sincere willingness to generous assistance correcting, evaluating
and organizing this work through till the end of the study.

Lastly our sincerely thanks to our family for their continuous and successful help through all our
school life process still our edge of glory.

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 Table of Contents
Contents Page
Acknowledgement.......................................................................................................................1

Acronyms.....................................................................................................................................4

CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................1

1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................1

1.1 Background Study..................................................................................................................1

1.2 Statement of the problem.......................................................................................................2

1.3 Objectives of the Study..........................................................................................................4

1.3.1 General Objective............................................................................................................4

1.3.2 Specific Objectives of the Study.....................................................................................4

1.4 Significance of the Study.......................................................................................................4

1.5 Scope of the Study.................................................................................................................5

1.6 Limitation of the Study..........................................................................................................5

CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................6

2. Review of Related Literature.......................................................................................................6

2.1. Overview on Impacts of Urbanization..................................................................................6

2.2. Urbanization Impacts on the Developed Countries..............................................................7

2.3. Urbanization Impacts in Developing Countries....................................................................7

2.4. Urbanization Impacts in Ethiopia.........................................................................................8

2.5. Social Impact of Urbanization..............................................................................................9

2.6. Economic Impact of Urbanization......................................................................................10

2.7. Cultural Impact of Urbanization.........................................................................................11

2.8. Theoretical Frame Work.....................................................................................................11

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 2.8.1. Karl Marx.....................................................................................................................11

2.8.2. Ferdinand Tonnies........................................................................................................11

CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................................12

3. METHODOLOGY...............................................................................................................12

3.1. Description of the Study Area.............................................................................................12

3.2 Research Design...................................................................................................................12

3.3 Research Approaches...........................................................................................................12

3.4 Methods of Data Collection.................................................................................................13

3.5 Study Population..................................................................................................................13

3.6 Sampling Techniques and Sample Size...............................................................................13

3.6.1 Sampling Techniques....................................................................................................13

3.6.2 Sample Size...................................................................................................................13

3.7 Source of Data......................................................................................................................14

3.8 Data Collection Tools..........................................................................................................14

3.8.1 Questionnaires...............................................................................................................14

3.8.2 Focus Group Discussions..............................................................................................14

3.8.3 Key Informant Interview...............................................................................................15

3.9 Data Analysis and Interpretation..........................................................................................15

3.10 Ethical Considerations.......................................................................................................15

3.11 Work Plan and Budget Break Down..................................................................................16

3.11.1 Work Plan....................................................................................................................16

3.11 Budget Break Down...........................................................................................................17

REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................18

APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................21

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4
 Acronyms
COVID Corona Virus Disease

CSA Central Statistics Agency

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

UN United Nations

PCC Pollution Control Committee

MoFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development

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 CHAPTER ONE
1. Introduction
1.1 Background Study
There was a big change in this world in the last century. One of which is a significant increase in
the number of urban population as compared to the population in the rural areas. In 1950, there
was only 30% of the world population in urban areas, but in 2014 about 54% of the world
population residing in urban areas. It means that more than half of the world population now
lives in urban areas. Based on United Nation [CITATION UN03 \l 1033 ], by 2050, about 66% of the
world population is projected to be in urban. Increasing number of urban population have a
significantly related to increasing the number of megacities in the world. With 153 million of
population, there was 10 megacities in 1990, and became 28 megacities in 2014 with 453 million
population which consisted of 12% urban population of the world [ CITATION Gug01 \l 1033 ].

Urbanization refers to a growth in the proportion of a population living in urban areas and the
further physical expansion of already existing urban centers (Samson, 2009; Alaci, 2010). The
level of urbanization in Africa is low (37.1%) when compared with developed countries like
Europe (72.7%) and North America (79.1%). However, urbanization in the developing world in
general is progressing much faster than in developed countries, which may reach 3% or even 4 %
a year (Soubbotina, 2004). The fast rate of urbanization in developing world is attributed to
rural–urban migration, economic growth and development, technological change, and rapid
population growth (Marshall et al., 2009).

Ethiopia is one of the least urbanized countries in the world. It has only 16% of its population
living in urban centers (PCC, 2008). However, given the 2.73% total annual population growth
rate, high rate of in-migration to towns, and increase in the number of urban centers, the rate of
urbanization is increasing at a rate of 4.4% (MoFED, 2006). Furthermore, the country’s urban
population is expected to grow on average by 3.98% and by 2050, about 42.1% of the total
population is expected to be inhabited in urban centers [CITATION UN03 \l 1033 ]. Even though
there are more than 900 urban centers in Ethiopia, Addis Abeba, its capital city, consisted of
about 23% of the total urban population in the country (PCC, 2008).

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After fertility and morality, migration is concerned as the third factors in bringing change in the
size and stricture of the population of any given area. Hence, migration becomes an important
component of population studies. Migration is simply the form of changing residence from one
administrative unit to another, but the general definition for migration are situational depending
on the investigator needs, the purpose of study and various sets of data utilized [CITATION Sta03 \l
1033 ].

People migrate for a number of reasons. These reasons may push and pull factor. Push factor are
those that force the individual to move voluntary, and in many cases they are forced because the
individual risk something if they stay push factors may include conflict, drought, famine or
extreme religious activity. Poor economic activity and lack of job opportunity are also strong
push factors for migration other strong push factors include race, and discriminating cultures,
political intolerance and persecution of people who question the status quo [ CITATION Har101 \l
1033 ]. Pull factors are those factors in the destination country that attract the individual or group
levels their homes. Those factors are known as place utility, which is the desirability of place that
attracts people. Better economic opportunity, more jobs, and the promise of a better life often
pull people in to new locations [CITATION Sta03 \l 1033 ].

The urban population in Ethiopia is increasing rapidly. If managed proactively, urban population
growth presents a huge opportunity to shift the structure and location of economic activity from
rural agriculture to the larger and more diversified urban industrial and service sectors. If not
managed proactively, rapid urban population growth may pose a demographic challenge as cities
struggle to provide jobs, infrastructure and services, and housing. The central challenge for the
Ethiopian Government is to make sure that cities are attractive places in which to work and live,
while fostering smart urbanization. Making urbanization a national priority will accelerate
Ethiopia’s progress towards reaching middle-income status. The government has already taken
steps to make evidence-based, informed decisions for well-managed urban growth, and this
report aims to contribute to those efforts.[ CITATION Wor15 \l 1033 ].

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1.2 Statement of the problem
In the era of globalization, an improved and sophisticated means of transportation and
communication are playing a key role in facilitating the interaction of people around the world.
As a result, the rate of migration is alarmingly increasing both at national and international level.
In developing countries, internal migration is more persistent. In developing countries, where
urbanization rates are high, urban expansion is increasing at an alarming rate in developing
countries. This is due to fastest growth rate of world's population and change in human
settlement preferences. This urbanization process was manifested through the urban
physical/horizontal expansion to their peripheral agricultural farmlands. Such urban expansion
affects more of the farmers in per- urban territory, especially in developing countries and more of
the agrarian economy countries like, Ethiopia (G/Hiwot, 2006).
Generally, urban expansion is one of the basic problems that affect the living standard and food
security of many agrarian economy peoples in developing countries. This invasion process leads
to the loss of agricultural farm lands, grazing land, bare land and reduction of crops/food
productivity (Fekadu, 2015).
In Ethiopia, rural-urban migration is quite common especially in areas where drought is frequent.
Historical documents record that rural-urban migration from drought-prone areas of northern
regions to central part of the country were experienced for many years. [CITATION Dej90 \l 1033 ], [
CITATION Keb01 \l 1033 ] and [ CITATION Lal02 \l 1033 ] suggested that those who moved from
villages are often economically embedded in their place of origin with no locational incentives to
stay in the place of destination. [CITATION Gur \l 1033 ] Identifies particularly the increased
volume of movement of vulnerable women and young people with little education and few job
skills, with a high proportion being domestic or service workers. In the same light, [ CITATION
Ezr01 \l 1033 ] demonstrates that rural out migration in northwestern Ethiopia has been a response
to push factors related to ecological degradation and poverty in rural areas rather than a response
to pull factors from urban areas in Ethiopia. Under these circumstances, the potential outcomes
of such moves are hardly optimistic.
Ambo town is, one of the towns of west Shewa zone of Oromia region, affected by urban
expansion due to the existence of high population growth and being flat in land scape make it

3
suitable for urban expansion. Since, the expansion of the town is becoming fast, irregular and
uncontrolled, it creates displacement to the farming community. There are different problems
associated with this expansion. Like: loss of agricultural farm lands, reduction of grazing lands
and bare lands. Ambo woreda is one of the woreda found in this region which is affected with
these problems. Beyond this, some research have been done in this woreda with land use and
land cover change. For example[ CITATION Bed10 \l 1033 ], by analyzing the long term dynamics
of Land use/land cover change and developing the susceptibility of land degradation map,
concluded that agricultural land increases from 1973 to 2010, with mainly at the expense of grass
land, forest land and Shrub land respectively. However this study didn't touch the causes and
consequences of urbanization and its impacts on the surrounding community as well as in the
town. Therefore, the researchers of this study will identify and assess the causes and
consequences of urbanization and its impacts on the surrounding community. Therefore, this
study is based on the above rational attempt to assess the cause and consequence of urbanization
and its impacts of on the surrounding communities; the case of Ambo town Oromia regional
state of Ethiopia.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.3.1 General Objective
The general objective of this study aims to identify the causes and consequences of urbanization
and its impacts on the surrounding community; the case of Ambo town Oromia regional state of
Ethiopia.
1.3.2 Specific Objectives of the Study
The specific objectives of this study include:
 To investigate the social impacts of urbanization on the surrounding community of Ambo
town.
 To explore the economic impacts of urbanization on the surrounding community of
Ambo town.
 To examine the cultural impacts of urbanization on the surrounding communities of the
study area.

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1.4 Significance of the Study
Urbanization and Urban expansion in the developing countries like our country is an issue given
due attention by scholars, state administration, NGOs, governments, partners and other
stakeholders for various reasons. One of the reasons is the need to minimize negative impacts of
urban expansion in economic, social and environmental impacts, to bring mutual development
and symbiotic integration of the rural and urban life that foster social and economic development
[ CITATION Abd10 \l 1033 ] . One of the major impacts of urban expansion is a shrinking amount of
cultivated and grazing land through the development of infrastructures and various development
projects. Therefore, urban land use change studies are important tools for urban or regional
planners and decision makers to consider the impact of urban expansion. The finding of this
study will be significant in providing realistic information and initial input for urban planning
experts, decision makers, urban managers, researchers, policy makers, governmental and non-
governmental organizations and academicians who are interested in matching field of study.

1.5 Scope of the Study

This study will be delimited geographically, thematically and methodologically. Geographically,
this study emphasis only on three kebele’s that are found surrounding Ambo town as these are
the only kebele’s which are affected in the process of urban expansion. These kebele’s are
Awaro Qora, Toke Kutaye and Hora Ayetu. Thematically, the scope of this study will be
delimited to assessment of the causes and consequences of urbanization and its impacts on the
surrounding community especially on financial, social, physical and natural capitals. To make it
convention to hold that the study in time and coverage, will focus on the farmers that are
displaced in the last 10 years. Methodologically, the spatial extent of the study will be limited to
the available satellite image of three points in time.

1.6 Limitation of the Study

A good and purposeful study need many thing like time, money, and information material which
can help as source and the willingness of the representative of the body which the research is
going to be done. But because of some language barriers, shortage of time and money even
reluctances of the peoples. The organization in answering the question would limit this study in
some matter. The time allocated for data collections will not sufficient to gather all the relevant

5
information. It is obvious that global pandemic which we call COVID-19 ignores us to undertake
further survey in Ambo town which obstructs us in many ways.

6
 CHAPTER TWO
2. Review of Related Literature
2.1. Overview on Impacts of Urbanization
Globally the definition of urbanization is the process where increasing percentage of population
living in urban centers. This process is linked with industrialization and modernization as a large
number of people leave the farms to work and live in the cities. It also the gradual increase in the
proportion of people living in urban areas and the ways in which each society adapt to the
change. Urbanization is not merely modern phenomena, but a rapid and historic human
transformation of social roots rapidly replaced by urban culture. The first change in the
settlement pattern was the community of animal husbandry and farming in to villages many
thousand years ago. Village is characterized by common blood lines, intimate relationships and
communal behavior whereas urban culture is characterized by distant blood lines, unfamiliar
relations and competitive behavior [ CITATION Far19 \l 1033 ].
Urbanization refers to change in the proportion of population living in urban place; it is a relative
measure raging from zero percent if population is entirely agricultural to hundred percent: if
population is entirely urban. It’s a phenomenon in which human population transformed from
animal husbandry and agriculture to industrialization way of life, people in urban area are live
better life than those who are live in rural areas. It is the urban people are modernized in their life
style due to globalization. According to [ CITATION Sta03 \l 1033 ] urbanization is the movement of
people from country side to town or city. It’s obvious that in developing countries urbanization is
growing rapidly, because of population growth and migration. The percentages of peoples who
live in the urban area become increased from time to time. The rural people migrate to urban
center to live comfortable life. High population growth resulted high percentage of urbanization
in both developed and developing countries. [ CITATION Sta03 \l 1033 ].

For Hassling urbanization is a concentration of population in to a large urban center has altered
human life style in dramatic and significant ways. Population increase coupled to factories
resulted in the unprecedented growth of urban center. One of the factors causing rapid population
growth is the increasing of labor in machine-based factory system [ CITATION Far19 \l 1033 ].

7
In both developed and developing countries, urbanization has also resulted in massive increase in
problem such as obesity. The countries like Africa, urbanization does not seem to translate in to
significant life expectancy. Rapid urbanization has brought increased mortality from non-
communicable the increment of urban population results both water and air pollution in both
developed and diseases associated with life style. [ CITATION Van04 \l 1033 ].
2.2. Urbanization Impacts on the Developed Countries
Urbanization in developed country was characterized by high population growth and more
industrialization, modernization, but with low social relation. During 18 th and 19th centuries
different part of North America and Europe are more urbanized than the whole of the world land
[ CITATION Gug01 \l 1033 ].
In 1800 about 1.1 million of British peoples are lived in London. At the beginnings of twenty
centuries, it had increased in size to population of over seven million, it was vast manufacturing,
commercial and financial center at the heart of still expanding British Empire. The urbanization
of most other European countries and United States took place more of rural societies that were
leading European countries. Urbanization in the twenty century is global process in which the
third world was more being drawn. In both North American and European countries of a
population that live in rural area was decreasing due to their economic growth and industrial
revolution. [ CITATION Gug01 \l 1033 ].
2.3. Urbanization Impacts in Developing Countries
In most of the developing countries, urbanization was happening before industrialization started.
In developing countries urbanization and industrialization started. In developing countries
urbanization was increasing in 19th and 20 centuries. In those developing countries urbanization
is not related with industrialization. There is also tendency in developing countries for one or two
cities growth disproportionately half the biggest urban expansion in the world found in Africa,
Asia and Latin America [ CITATION Coh06 \l 1033 ].
In most of African cities, people have no work out to live rather that begging to survive, whilst
many others do messenger or services jobs which would be mechanism in un-industrial societies,
shanty town, health hazards and slums are chronic. Urbanization as described, urbanization in
developing countries have the transport problem are often seen to represent a cute. Towns have

8
represented modernity, however; voluntary association gives members practices in the new
forms of social relationships which are a very different from those in rural communities
[ CITATION Coh06 \l 1033 ].
The urbanization is now growing rapidly in the third world countries differentially and
dramatically from time to time. Thus, the rural people have been leaving their land because of
such expansion of the urban centers, and forced to adapt the new way life and economic
activities in most of the developing countries. [ CITATION Coh06 \l 1033 ].
Consequently, the rural people have been facing challenges to adjust the new life of urban areas.
Moreover, they faced problems of income since they left their land because of high rate
urbanization. [ CITATION Gug01 \l 1033 ].
In countries like Africa, Latin America, and Asia peoples migrate to urban center for seeks off
good job opportunities. The infrastructure in urban area was much better than that rural ways of
life, due to rapid growth of industrialization problem like water pollution, air pollution, and
degradation of the land wall happen relates with the expansion of urban in developing countries.
People are drowning to cities in the third world either because the urban areas offer better job
opportunities. They may intend to migrate to the city only for a short while and return to their
villages once they have earned enough money [ CITATION Gug01 \l 1033 ].
Some actually do return to their villages but in the end, most find themselves forced
communities. In industrialization, poor rural people have migrated to the cities to in such as
members that in third world now contains of the large cities. In first world, industrialization
preceded urbanization, in third world, vast urbanization preceding industrialization in third world
[ CITATION Har101 \l 1033 ].

2.4. Urbanization Impacts in Ethiopia

Ethiopia is one of developing countries in the world. Now a day’s urbanization is a basic agenda
in the world and in Ethiopia. The numbers of people live in cities and town increase from time to
time in Ethiopia in last 20th century due to the high expansion of urbanization. The history of
urbanization in Ethiopia goes back to maximize civilization. During this time, there are a number
of towns, commerce space has flourished with building and construction of high standard and
houses [ CITATION Pat06 \l 1033 ].

9
[ CITATION Pat06 \l 1033 ] Explained that during much of its history, Ethiopia lacked peace and
securities. These circumstances create unfavorable condition for urban development in the
country. However, at the beginning of twenty centuries, urbanization revised. Addis Ababa,
Harer, Mekele, had more than ten thousand inhabitants and there was the urban center from
1850s of the factors for the emergency of urban centers in Ethiopia are establishment of central
government, the introduction of modern means of transportation and communication, schools
and businesses [ CITATION Bek14 \l 1033 ].
2.5. Social Impact of Urbanization
Environmentally, when the natural habitats of farming families that was destroyed due to
deforestation, mining or industrial expansion. The phenomena of urban heat islands have become
a growing concern. Incidence of this phenomena as well as concern about it has increased over
the years. Urban heat is formed when industrial and urban areas are developed resulting in
greater production and retention of heat. A large proportion of social energy that affects rural
areas was consumed evaporating water from vegetation and exposed soil [ CITATION Dol11 \l
1033 ]. The paved surface in urban areas creates runoff during rain storms. This runoff picks up
oil chemicals and gravel from the pavement and grass. These chemicals would usually by filtered
out of water affected, fertilizer from yards, runoff in to streams causing algae blooms, and the
algae blooms decrease the oxygen in the water killing the fish and the water supply for the town [
CITATION Dol11 \l 1033 ]. Urban expansion also results in less ground water, more paved surface
means that there is less in filtration for ground water. Areas that depend on ground water as
surface of public water supply were facing a water crisis the quality becomes depleted [ CITATION
Har09 \l 1033 ]. Urban expansion is not accompanied by environmental protection system. Urban
waste was relay on open canals, open drains in the road side and holes in the ground as regular
means of waste disposal particularly in expansion area. This exposes the rural dwellers to
sanitation related disease and air pollution. In addition to farm land, environmental resources
such as, clean air and water peace and quietly access to the country side and recreational
facilities are environmental values that rural farming community loss due to the urban expansion
[ CITATION One01 \l 1033 ] . Society in this area tends to be affected by conflicts in access and use
of land. Existence of heterogeneous populations leads to the erosion of traditional authority and

10
community structures and weakening of social networks. The prevailing social problems like
land problem, loss of biodiversity, cultural, imperialism and others here is increasing competition
for facilities in urban areas which results in several negative affects many people mainly farmers
who have move to cities in search of a better life and occupational opportunities and dup a causal
laborer this lead to menacing problems of urban growth slum [ CITATION Ras18 \l 1033 ].
2.6. Economic Impact of Urbanization
As activities develop, effects can include a dramatic increase and change in costs often pricing
the local working class out of the market including such functionality as employs of the local
municipalities [ CITATION Ynt08 \l 1033 ] Urban problems along with infrastructure developments
are also fueling sub urbanization trends in developing nations through the trends for core cities in
side nations tend to continue to become ever denser [ CITATION Mel04 \l 1033 ]. In developing
countries, peoples are migrating to urban centers. Over-exploitation of natural resources
According to [ CITATION Sat10 \l 1033 ] , rapid urbanization leads to over exploitation of renewable
and non-renewable resources of their surrounding urban areas (especially, land). Because people
who live in urban areas have vary and different consumption pattern than these who live in the
surrounding urban areas. The demands made by urban centers greatly exceed the carrying
capacity of their own territory the immediate area. This results over exploitation of resources of
the surrounding urban areas and finally degradation and environmental pollution.
 Account for most consumption of fire wood, charcoal, construction as noted above, the world’s
resource used was concentrated in urban centers. Urban consumers materials and land for urban
expansion and infrastructure provision which leads to the depletion of rural-based natural
resources such as farmland, forests, wildlife and quarry sites, hen often results irreversible
damage to the human environment [ CITATION Sat10 \l 1033 ].
However urban development also brings negative consequences. Although industrialization
provides more job opportunities in the non-agriculture sector, most people in the local
communities were involved in the low-income job category. Whereas most of the employees of
local community were involved in low job categories, such as factory workers, operators, drivers
and laborers. Based these occupational categories income earned by the respondents are
estimated. The local communities studied were involved in low-skill and low-pay jobs such as,

11
working as housekeepers, garbage collectors, cleaners, babysitters, landlords, and food traders.
Furthermore, the conversions of rural land in to settlement or infrastructure areas reduce the
amount of land available for agricultural activities and housing in the rural areas [ CITATION
Sam14 \l 1033 ].

2.7. Cultural Impact of Urbanization

In the contemporary world the urbanization upsets a negative impact in developing worlds on
cultural, traditional, social patterns for local cultures break down. The cultural imperialism
through globalization like pop music, romantic film individualism and other was caused by rapid
urbanization and negatively impact on the surrounding community. This mixing of cultures and
interest has occurred through migration, the rapid spread of news, ideas and fashion through the
media [ CITATION Gur \l 1033 ] . Minority languages and may fall in to disuse as the dominant
global or local language takes over in the urban community. Traditional dress may also give
way. Drug, alcohol, and tobacco use may increase [ CITATION Deb10 \l 1033 ]. These negative
effects become more serious on the indigenous community. These farmers lead to subsistence
livelihood and loss of land due to confiscation of their arable land for residential, industrial and
other uses. [ CITATION Ari14 \l 1033 ] stated that rapid urbanization caused rise in crime rate,
destruction of traditional livelihoods and erosion of cultural values.
2.8. Theoretical Frame Work
2.8.1. Karl Marx
Marx was so critical of urbanization process . He, with his colleague Engels, condemned the
process of urbanization under capitalism under the issue of political economy and urbanization.
They belief the consequence of urbanization is harmful for society. They viewed the
concentration and misery of the mass workers in the new urban agglomeration as necessary
stages in the creation of a revolutionary force. [ CITATION Lee111 \l 1033 ]
2.8.2. Ferdinand Tonnies
He is the German pessimistic and macro-sociological theorist. He stayed concerning to the urban
social structure and way of life. He defined and described basic organizing principles of human
social life typology with a continuous of pure type of settlement which are (community);
characterized country village have on essential unity of purpose work together for the commune

12
good unity by ties to family (kinship) and neighborhood land worked community by inhabitants
social life characterized by intimate, private and exclusive living together member bound by
common language and traditions recognized, common good and evils common friend and
enemies sense of awe-ness or our ness human. [ CITATION Har101 \l 1033 ].

13
 CHAPTER THREE
3. METHODOLOGY

3.1. Description of the Study Area

This study will be conducted in Ambo town, Ambo one of the cities of Western Shewa zone
Oromia regional state of Ethiopian, located in the western part of Ethiopia at distance of 117 km
from the capital city Addis Ababa along Addis Ababa to Nekemte road. This town has a latitude
and longitude of 8°59′N37°51′E and an elevation of 2101 meters. Ambo is the capital city of
western shoe zone[CITATION Oro06 \l 1033 ] in this town majority of peoples speak Affan Oromo
language and majority of people are followers of protestant religion and the others are followers
of orthodox, Muslim, catholic, and Adventist. The 2007 national census reported total
populations for this woreda of 108,406, of whom 54,186 were men and 54,220 were women, 865
or 0.8% of its population were urban dwellers. The two largest ethnic groups reported in ambo
woreda were the Oromo ( 93.82%) and Amhara (5.15%), All other ethnic groups made up
1.03% of the population Affan Oromo as spoken as a first language by 99.82% and 5.74%
spoken Amharic. Based on the information obtained from Ambo woreda district administration. [
CITATION Oro06 \l 1033 ].

3.2 Research Design

In this study the researchers will use a cross-sectional study design and in which the data will be
collect at one at a time in the study area. Because it is help to minimize financial expenditure and
time for the researchers then after the data will be collected from the sample population on the
same point in time and to the study population on the basis of the result use to obtain from the
sample. It also allow the researcher’s to collect data from a large pool of subjects and compare
alterations the case of Ambo town Oromia regional state of Ethiopia.

3.3 Research Approaches

This study will attempt to identify the causes and consequences of urbanization and its impacts
on the surrounding community; the case of Ambo town to accomplish the specified objective

14
under this study. In connection to this mixed research approach method both quantitative and
qualitative method will be used to gather, collect, analyze and interpret the data which will be
collected by the researchers. For the reason of that both qualitative and quantitative data
collection method used to obtain both statistical and conceptual data in order to increase
precision.

3.4 Methods of Data Collection

The researcher will use both survey, key informant interview, and focused group discussion
methods of data collection for this study. Because, it is difficult to address all population, and the
researcher will use structured interview in order to acquire relevant information about the causes
and consequences of urbanization and its impacts on the surrounding community.

3.5 Study Population

The target population of this study will be Ambo town population according to the 2007 national
census report shows total populations of Ambo woreda ruins 108,406, of whom 54,186 were
men and 54,220 were women. From this population the researchers will select 160 respondents
from the town municipality and other segments to identify the causes and consequences of
urbanization and its impacts of on the surrounding community.

3.6 Sampling Techniques and Sample Size

3.6.1 Sampling Techniques

In order to deal with sampling techniques the researchers will use non-probability sampling
method. Because getting responses using non-probability sampling is faster and more cost-
effective. From non-probability sampling techniques, Purposive or judgmental sampling
techniques will be used for the key informant. Non–probability sampling technique in order to
captivating a typical group of individuals, who might reflect or signify large population who can
explain the cause and consequences of urbanization in a given area and as the study population
impacted by urbanization therefore the researchers prefer that it’s better to use non-probability
sampling technique to conduct this study.

15
3.6.2 Sample Size
For this study the sample size will be selected from target population determined by data. From
target population those who are impacted due to urbanization and also specifically from town
administration offices the researchers will select 40 participants purposively based on researcher
judgment in order to get significant response related to the specific objectives of the study. The
sample size that represents the targets population will be determined using Yemane (1967)
Formula.
N
n= 2
1+ N (e )
Where N= population size
n= sample size
e= level of precision
1= Designate the probability of the occurring.
N
n=
1+ N (e 2)
160
n= = 114.28 ≈ 114
1+ 160¿ ¿

3.7 Source of Data

In this study the researchers will use both primary and secondary source of data to complete the
information required for this study, for the reason that primary sources are first hand evidence
and secondary source are obtained from written like publishing book, prior data record and other.

3.8 Data Collection Tools

The tool of data collection will be employed in this study will be collected from primary and
secondary data collection instruments. In primary data the researcher’s questionnaires (open
ended and close ended question as well as check list for its advantages of obtain in-depth
information from the respondents regarding the issue under study.

3.8.1 Questionnaires
Self-administered questionnaires which contain both open ended and close ended questions then
will be distributed to 30 which includes elders, religious leaders, youth, (both women and men

16
will include) and community leaders, The main advantage of distributing this questionnaire is
that it will help the researchers to collect data from respondents understanding and response
towards cause and consequences of urbanization in the study area.

3.8.2 Focus Group Discussions

This method will be one of the most crucial methods of qualitative data collection under primary
data collection method in this study to obtain detail information about the causes and
consequences of this study. Also, it is very important to get different data from different people’s
point of view. For this reason, in this, study two focus groups discussions will be conducted and
each group will have six participants with different educational backgrounds.

3.8.3 Key Informant Interview

The interview will be prepared and conducted with the surrounding community of Ambo town
and the city municipal officials and experts in the field. The interview will be conducted with 10
participants which includes elders, religious leaders, youth, (both women and men will include)
and community leaders. The participants will be selected from municipality office workers and
illiterate indigenous peoples based on the knowledge they have about the issue. The guide line
question will also be designed to direct the interview. The researchers will use interview to get
relevant data about the cause and consequences of urbanization in study area.

3.9 Data Analysis and Interpretation

After collecting required data, the researchers will organize and classify according to their
conceptual similarity. Hence, the data will be analyzed through cross-sectional to analyze the
qualitative method that will be obtained from both primarily and secondary data sources. And
also, the idea will be analyzed in narrative way.

3.10 Ethical Considerations

To conduct the research, the ethical issue is very important; the study followed ethical issues that
inform the consent and confidentiality. Ethical approval of the study will be obtained from the
ethical review committee of Ambo University, College Of Social Science And Humanity, and
Department Of Sociology. A formal letter will be obtained from the College of Social Sciences.
After explaining the purpose of the study to participants, the researcher’s will assure that the

17
information which will be gathered from them will not disclose to third party and confidentiality
will be kept. The respondents will be informed about the objective of the research as it will be
only for academic purpose and they will also be told about their right to jump off vague
questions and even terminate filling the question.

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3.11 Work Plan and Budget Break Down
3.11.1 Work Plan

No. Activities Months of the Year

May
May

June
April
April

August
June

July
July

August
1 Problem Identification X
2 Research proposal writing X
3 Proposal Submission X
4 Proposal Defense X
5 Incorporating the correction into X
the proposal after defense
6 Questionnaire preparation X
7 Data collection X
8 Data Analysis X
9 Research submission X
10 Research defense X

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3.11 Budget Break Down
Material Cost per Unit Unit Total Cost

For printing relevant 25*2=50 2.0 100

documents for proposal
USB Flash disk drive 1*250=250 1.0 250
Pen 3 10.0 30
Pencil 2 2.0 4
Eraser 3 5.0 15
Printing paper 30 Page*3=90 2.0 180
Mobile Card 25*2 2.0 50
For Coffee and Tea - - 100
Total 726

20
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Community Livelihood.

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Bedassa, D. (2010). “Migrations and urbanization in Ethiopia”, Discussion paper prepared for
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Cohen, B. (2006). Urbanization in developing countries: Current trends, future projections, and
key challenges for sustainability. . Technology in society, 28(1-2) , 63-80.

CSA, O. R. (2016, December 18). Ambo,_Ethiopia. Retrieved January 16, 2021, from Wikipedia,
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Debele, E. T. (2010). Vitality And Tragedy Of Peri-Urban Socio-Cultural Patterns.

Dejene, A. (2000). Environment, Famine, and politics in Ethiopia: A view from the village.
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Dolan, R. W., Moore, M. E., & Stephens, J. D. . (2011). Documenting effects of urbanization on
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Ezra, M. (2001). Ecological Degradation, Rural poverty, and Migration in Ethiopia: A

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149.

Farrell, K. &. (2019). The evolution of national urban systems in China, Nigeria and India. .
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Gugler, J. (2001). Migration o urban centers in international migration, to new word and the third
word. Journal of Social Science, 78-96.

Gurmu, E. (2000). Sidney Goldstein and Alice Goldstein. 2000. Migration, Gender and Health
Survey in Five Regions of Ethiopia: 1998. A United Nation Training andResearch project
on the Interrelations of Migration and Economic change,Women‟s Status, Reproduction
and Health.

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Hardoy, J. &. (2009). Urban poverty and vulnerability to climate change in Latin America.
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Harris and Todaro. (2010). A Harris-Todaro agent-based model to rural-urban migration.

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Kebede, M. (2001). Migration and urbanization in Ethiopia.

Lalem, B. (2002). The livelihood strategies of Rural-Urban Migrants in Addis Ababa: Case
studies of Amhara and Gurage Migrants. School of Graduate Studies Addis Ababa
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Lee, S. L. (2011). Theory on transverse migration of particles in a turbulent two-phase

suspension flow due to turbulent diffusion. International journal of multiphase flow, 99-
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Melese, M. (2004). City expansion, squatter settlements and policy implications in Addis Ababa:
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UN. (2014). United Nations Human Settlement Programme The challenge of slums: Global
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 APPENDIX
AMBO UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

Questionnaire
Dear respondents, this questionnaire designed to obtain reliable information to identify the
causes and consequences of urbanization and its impacts on the surrounding community; the case
of Ambo town Oromia regional state of Ethiopia.
The researchers come from Ambo University on behalf of fulfillment for Bachelor’s degree in
Sociology. The information obtained will be used only for academic purposes and for the
successfulness of the study; your response should have great contributions. Therefore, you are
kindly requested to give honest information.
Thank you in advance for your cooperation!
Instructions: The questionnaires contain statements about challenges and leadership
performance. Give your own opinion and feeling about each item.
Please mark (√) your response to each statement according to the following five-point scale in
terms of your own agreement and disagreement of the statement. For open ended questions write
your own opinion and feeling.
If you choose any of the statements given in the questionnaire, you should mark (√) for your
choice.
Dear respondent if you have any inconvenience contact us by the following addresses.
Name: Yalew
Phone No.: +251911006712, Email: yalew2021@gmail.com
Note: put “X” mark boxes that would fit your opinion and provide your statement when its
necessary in space provide.

24
I. Personal information related question

1. Sex A. Male B. Female

2. Age A.15-25 B.25-35 C.35-45

D.45-55 E. Above 55

3. Educational status A. Illiterate B. Primary level

C. Divorced D. above grade 12

4. Marital status A. Married B. Unmarried

C. Divorced D. Died /widowed

5. Occupational status A. Daily laborer B. Farmer

C. Civil servant D. Merchant

6. Family size A.1-3 B.3-6 C.6-9 D. Above 9

II. General rural-urban migration related question

7. Which one of the following is reason for the major cause of rural-urban migration?
A, Economic factors B, Social factors
B, Environmental factors D, Physical factors
8. Which Economic factors is reason for the rural-urban migration?
A, Absence of farm oxen B, to get better job opportunities
C, Difference in income D, Other economic factors
9. Which one of the following shows your proportion by monthly earning experience?

25
 A, Better income then expense B, less income then expense
C, Relatively equal income than expense
10. How do you compare your former income level and present income level?
A, Better than previous B, Lesser than previous
C, No change
11. Do you face problem during arrival in Ambo town?
A, Faced problem B, Not Faced problem

A, 1-5 B, 5-10 C. Above 10

12. What level of relation you have with the native town dwellers?
A, Very good B, Good
C, Medium D, Low
13. Have you got job after reached the town?
A, Yes B, No
14. What are the reasons for lack of job for, you reached at the town?
A, Unavailability of job B, competition between migrants
C, Less employment opportunity
D, The job which available is beyond your skill
15. What type of economic benefits you get from migrating your dwelling place to the
town?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
16. What type of social benefits you get from migrating your residence place?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

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