Professional Documents
Culture Documents
UNIT – II
PART - A
1. What are the objectives of Bleaching cotton fabric?
To make white
Because of more whiteness, less damage, less time and combine scouring and bleaching process is
possible.
5. Why is grey cotton material hydrophobic?
Grey cotton fabric consists natural impurities like oils, wax, etc. and added impurities like starch so that
grey cotton materials are hydrophobic.
6. Write the advantage and disadvantage for sodium hypochlorite bleaching
Advantage
Sodium hypochlorite, being sodium salt of hypochlorous acid, does not require any dissolving
arrangement and are ready for immediate use.
Sodium hypochlorite can penetrate into the fabric more thoroughly
Disadvantage
Sodium hypochlorite cannot be used for the bleaching of synthetic fibres as it produces greater
damage to such fibres
It produces harsh handle on fabric. Furthermore, it cannot be used on natural animal fibres.
7. List out the advantage and disadvantage for hydrogen peroxide bleaching
Advantage
Peroxide is capable of continuing the scouring action simultaneously with the bleaching action, thus a
single stage combined scour and bleach or a continuous method is possible using hydrogen peroxide
Peroxide bleaching is in general less liable to have adverse effect on dyed threads. The white effect is
good and permanent and there is less risk of yellowing at a later stage.
Thorough rinsing followed by scouring or antichlor treatment is required with hypochlorite bleaching,
whereas with peroxide a comparatively short rinsing suffices.
With hydrogen peroxide, there is no danger of equipment corrosion, no unpleasent odours and no
limitations as to processing techniques.
Increasing strict control over the discharge of AOX from chlorine bleaching liquors has led to a
greater advantage of peroxide processes for bleaching cellulosic fibres
Disadvantages
Hydrogen peroxide bleaching requires stabilisation usually with silicates which brings the risk of
forming resist stains in subsequent dyeing, and causes a build-up of hard crystalline deposits on plant
and machinery causing abrasion damage to the fabric during passage.
Catalytic damage' occurs during hydrogen peroxide bleaching of cotton fabrics and results in small
spots of unevenly dyed fabric or even, in severe cases, the formation of small holes.
There is limitation in white obtained on acrylic fibres. It also causes deleterious effect on skin when
used in a concentrated form.
8. Mention the advantage and disadvantage for sodium chlorite bleaching
Advantage
Negligible degradation of fibres (1-2% weight loss for cellulosic fibres and no attack to the
polymeric chains in the synthetic fibres)
Versatile bleaching agent for cellulosics, synthetics and blends, especially poly-cotton blends. It is
also safe for those synthetic fibers which are sensitive to alkali.
Non sensitive to metal ions such as iron and Water hardness under acidic conditions.
Disadvantages
9. Why the bleaching agents used in textile industry are oxidizing agents and not used for reducing
agents?
Oxidizing bleaching agents provide the permanent whiteness compare to reducing bleaching agents.
10. How are the Bleaching method classified?
Bleaching method
Half bleaching
Full bleaching
Temp: 85-90°C
pH: 4 ± 0.2
In bleaching
Act as stabilizer
Chemical and heat loses are less when compared to winch dyeing machine
The material to liquor ratio is 1:3 (or) 1:4 which saves considerable amount of chemical cost and
steam cost.
Demerits
It exerts lot of tension in the warp direction and because of this normally woolen, knitted fabrics, silk
etc are not dyed in jigger dyeing machine.
Winch Merits (advantages)
Thin and light weight fabrics like knitted fabrics, voile cloth etc, can be dyed successfully in winch
dyeing machine without exerting any tension.
Embroidery fabrics may be dyed in winch dyeing machine without affecting the embroidery designs.
Demerits (disadvantages)
Fabrics are dyed in rope form, so there are more chances for uneven dyeing. Therefore, we will get even
dyeing only when retarding / leveling agent is added to the dye liquor. The material to liquor ratio is very
high i.e. 1:30 or 1:40. Therefore the heat and the additional chemicals are provided more when compared
to jigger. Heat and chemical losses are more because of the wider open tank.
It directly comes from loom without involved any chemical treatment.it have natural and added
impurities and colour.
Improve Luster.
Improve strength/elongation.
Improve smoothness.
It has been shown that the increase in the luster occurs because of an effect.
Soaponofication is the process in which fats are treated with caustic and lead the formation of hydrophilic
soaps (sodium salts of fatty acids).
23. What are the changes take place during scouring process
Saponifiable oils and free fatty acids are converted into soaps.
Pectins and pectoses are converted into soluble salts of pectic acid.
Proteins are degraded to simple soluble amino acids or ammonia.
Mineral matters are mostly dissolved.
Non-saponifiable oils are emulsified by the soluble soaps generated from the saponifiable oils.
Additive dirts are removed.
Residual sizing materials are broken down into soluble products.
The role of stabilizer is to control the pH level in solution so its help for control the rate of nascent
oxygen release.
Detergents Emulsify oil, fats, and waxes and remove oil-borne stains.
Scouring is the process by which all natural and additive impurities such as oil, wax, fat, hand dust etc.
are removed to produce hydrophilic and clean textile material. It is one of the vital processes of wet
processing.
Carbonising is done to remove the cellulosic impurities from wool by treatment with acid or acid
producing salts.
Solvent processing has been established due to reduced water pollution, reduced energy cost and
consumption apart from effective removal of impurities.
Solvent preparation gives excellent results in terms of uniformity, reproducibility and high
absorbency.
Foam degumming
Peroxide killer
To remove the traces of the peroxide content in bleached fabric using vigorous rinsing or using inorganic
reducing agents.
Enzyme which can hydrolyse the sericin is classified as proteolytic enzymes. The proteolytic enzymes
cleave the peptide/amide linkages and convert them into amino acid.
The function of proteolytic enzymes in their degree of degumming depends on the pH of the bath and the
optimum activity is found to be different at different pH for different enzymes.
Usually enzymatic desizing of silk is a two stage process. In pre-degumming stage, the cloth is treated
with a solution containing soda-ash (1 g/l) at 95°C for 20 min at a liquor ratio of 30.
In the second stage, further degumming is carried out by treatment in a solution containing protein
enzyme (0.06-0.1 g/l), non-ionic detergent (1 g/l) for 30 min at 55 to 60°C.
It is usually impossible to achieve full degumming of silk by enzymes. A short-time treatment in a third
bath containing soda-ash or soap may be given for the removal of the remaining sericin.
36. What physical and chemical changes take place in cotton fiber after mercerization in fabric form?
A. Fiber level
1. Swelling
2. Cross sectional morphology changes from beam shape to round shape.
B. Molecular level
4. Increased crystallinity
C. Chemical Changes
Impregnation of the material in in relaxed state, cold caustic solution of required strength and
wettability..
Stretching while the material is still impregnated in the caustic solution.
Washing off the caustic soda from the material while keeping the material still in the stretch state.
Temp : 18-20o C
It is a treatment for cotton articles and/or natural fibres composed by cellulose in a concentrated solution
of caustic soda (300 g/l), under tension and ambient temperature.
Tension
Time
(1) Twaddle (Concentration of NaOH):
If the concentration of NaOH is increased above 56oTw improvement in luster will be attained but if
it is decrease below 48o Tw. The quality of luster will begin to be adversely affected.
(2) Temperature:
High degree of luster is attained at temperature 18-20oC. As the temperature is increased the quality
of luster is adversely affected but on lowering the temperature no improvement in the luster is
obtained.
(3) Tension:
For acquiring better luster the material must be stretch to its original dimension (both in warp and
weft direction during mercerization). If the material is allowed to shrink during mercerizing then
quality of luster will be impaired on the other hand if the material is stretched more no improvement
in luster is achieved.
(4) Time:
The optimum time for mercerizing is 30-60 seconds by increasing the duration of time no applicable
improvement in the quality of mercerization can be achieved but if the time limit is less than 30
seconds in the quality of mercerization will be improved.