NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY

BHUBHANESWAR

FABRIC SCIENCE
ASSIGNMENT -1

TOPIC - DOCUMENT ON DIFFERENT CHEMICALS

USED IN TEXTILE FINISH

SUBMITTED TO- SUBMITTED BY-

HARSHA RANI MA’AM ARPITA SELOT
BFT/19/243
 INDEX
GARMENT FINISH

POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE

CAREGUARD-66 (NEW)

SODIUM BICARBONATE

SULPHURIC ACID

SODIUM HYDROXIDE

AVCOFLEX SG

DMDHEU (Dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea)

CETYLPYRIDINIUM CHLORIDE (CPC)

SILICA GEL

SARAFLAM-CWF

TEFLON

REFERENCES
 GARMENT FINISH
The Garment Finish refers to processes/techniques/things applied to the fabric, after it is made,
to change its appearance, hand or performance. There are various chemicals used in textile
finish.

Some of the chemicals used are –

1. POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE

Chemical Composition:
Potassium permanganate is an inorganic compound, composed of K⁺ and MnO⁻₄. It is a
purplish-black crystalline solid, which dissolves in water to give intensely pink or purple
solutions.

Formula: KMnO₄
IUPAC ID: Potassium manganate (VII)
Molar mass: 158.034 g/mol

Application:

Potassium permanganate is used in Acid wash with Pumic stone for colour out from the
garments.

 Pumice stones are first presoaked in a solution of a potassium permanganate (3–6%)

and are then applied to the garments by means of dry tumbling.
 This results in a localized washing effect with clear blue/white contrast. This technique
is also termed ‘acid washing’.
 After the stones are soaked in a strong oxidizing agent i.e. potassium permanganate, the
excess liquor is removed. This can be accomplished by placing stones in net or mesh
fabric before soaking. Then the stones can be removed and the excess liquor drained
off.
 After soaking the stones, stones and denim garments are put into the machine for
tumbling for 10–30 min or until the desired effects are achieved. 
KMnO4 acts as a bleaching agent that is used to produce ‘used-look’ effects on jeans and denim
articles.

 In this process, denim jeans are sprayed with a strong oxidizing agent such as potassium
permanganate.
 The denim garments should be laid flat or fixed in manikin properly before PP spray.
 About 2–5% concentration of potassium permanganate is sprayed on the marked
surface and the colour is then faded.
 After PP spraying, the brown color of manganese oxide can be removed by oxalic acid or
hydrogen peroxide.

Manufacturer of chemical:

Organic group is one of the Leading manufacturers of potassium permanganate in the world.
Organic Industries Pvt Ltd is a leading chemical manufacturing company in India driven by state
of the art Production facility having multiple products at multiple locations. The CGMP (Current
Good Manufacturing Practices) plant is located at Dahej in Gujarat having very good
infrastructure in the chemical zone.

Price of chemical:

290 /kilogram

2. CAREGUARD-66 (NEW)

Chemical Composition:

Careguard-66(NEW) is a new generation water and oil repellent fluorocarbon based on C6

Chemistry. It is a dispersion of fluoropolymers.

General Characteristics

Physical appearance - Off white to creamish liquid

Ionic nature - Nonionic to weakly cationic

Stability -Stable to dilute acids and unstable to dilute alkalies

Application:

It imparts good durable water and oil repellency on cellulosic substrates.

It also works on various substrates viz., polyester, nylon, wool fibers and their blends. It can be
applied by pad foam and spray technique.

Padding process

 Careguard-66 (NEW) : 30-80 g/l

 Acetic Acid : 0.5 g/l
 IPA : 5 g/l
 Pick-up : 65-70%
 Bath pH : 4.0 - 4.5
 Drying : 100 - 120 deg.C
 Curing: 150 deg.C, 5 min. OR 160 deg.C, 3 min. OR 170 deg.C, and 1 min.

Key Features & Benefits of chemical -

 Competitive
 Better water and oil repellency than the conventional C6 fluorocarbons
Best oil repellency.
 Durable
 Good water/oil repellency after multiple home laundering

Manufacturer of chemical:

Sarex chemicals

Price of chemical:

761/100 kg

3. SODIUM BICARBONATE
Chemical Composition:

Sodium bicarbonate is a chemical compound commonly known as baking soda or bicarbonate

of soda. It is a salt composed of a sodium cation and a bicarbonate anion. Sodium bicarbonate
is a white solid that is crystalline, but often appears as a fine powder.

Formula: NaHCO₃

IUPAC ID: Sodium hydrogen carbonate

Molar mass: 84.007 g/mol
Application:

 Sodium bicarbonate is used in washing plant in the bleach bath with bleaching powder
for Denim Light shade because easily colour out within shot time.
 As a result production increase and costing is low.

Manufacturer of chemical:

Solvay is the largest sodium bicarbonate producer in the world. Solvay is a Belgian chemical
company. Solvay is an advanced materials and specialty chemicals company, committed to
developing chemistry that addresses key societal challenges. The Solvay group has been
present in India since 50 years.

Price of chemical:

₹ 349.00 (₹ 0.35 / gram)

4. SULPHURIC ACID

Chemical Composition:

Sulphuric acid, also known as oil of vitriol, is a mineral acid composed of the elements sulfur,
oxygen and hydrogen.

Formula: H2SO4

IUPAC ID: Sulfuric acid

Molar mass: 98.079 g/mol
Application:

 It is used in the parchmentizing process.

 This is a treatment in which sulphuric acid is used for cotton fabrics that produce a
thinner fabric with a crisper hand. The fabric becomes almost transparent with a crisp
feel.
 For parchmentizing, one or several layers of raw paper are pulled through a bath with
concentrated sulphuric acid, wrung out and subsequently washed out in several baths
with decreasing concentration.
 The acid ensures that the fibers of the cotton tie together. The sulphuric acid serves as
a catalyser which is washed out completely. 

Manufacturer of Chemical:

Some of the major players operating in the global sulfuric acid market include: PVS Chemicals,
BASF SE, Akzo Nobel N.V.

Price of Chemical:

Rs 190/500ml

5. SODIUM HYDROXIDE

Chemical Composition:

Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda, is an inorganic compound. It is a white
solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations Na⁺ and hydroxide anions OH⁻.

Formula: NaOH

IUPAC ID: Sodium hydroxide, Sodium oxidanide

Molar mass: 39.997 g/mol
Application:

Plisse is the name of a finish as well as the name of a fabric treated with this finish.

 It is a permanent finish, produced on cotton by the action of sodium hydroxide, no

tension is used.
 The sodium hydroxide is printed on the fabric in the form of a paste.
 The fabric shrinks only where the sodium hydroxide is applied, producing a puckered
effect.

Mercerization is one of the most important of all cotton finishes.

 This finish imparts luster to the cotton, increases its strength by nearly 25% and
improves dye affinity, producing brighter shades than unmercerized cotton.
 The finish consists of treating the material while under tension with cold, concentrated
sodium hydroxide solution.

Physico-chemical changes during mercerization:

Manufacturer of Chemical:

AkzoNobel Industrial Chemicals operates under AkzoNobel, a leading manufacturer and

supplier of specialty chemicals worldwide. AkzoNobel Industrial Chemicals produces caustic
soda along with chlorine and hydrogen from the electrolysis of salt brine.

Price of chemical:

Min -Rs 36/Kg Max - Rs 65/Kg

 6. AVCOFLEX SG
Chemical Composition:

 Appearance - Colourless, clear viscous liquid.

 Chemical nature - Aqueous solution of synthetic copolymer with pseudo cationic groups.

Application:

AVCOFLEX SG is a special finishing agent, which is used to prevent selvedge curling of knitted
fabrics, of all types of fibers, during printing and making up processes.

Properties & Uses:

 Suitable for all kinds of fibers, such as cotton, cotton-lycra, polyester and
blends.
 Can be applied by exhaust and by padding methods.
 Does not impair hand of treated fabric.
 Does not influence washing and rubbing fastness of treated fabrics.
 Enables easy handling of knitted fabrics during printing, making up and sewing
processes.

1. Exhaust process:

Add to the last rinse 2-4% AVCOFLEX SG (o.w.g). Adjust pH 5-6. Treat for 15-20 minutes at room
temperature and then hydro-extract and dry.

2. Padding process:

Add to padding solution 10-40 g/l of AVCOFLEX SG, pad and dry as usual.

3. Removal of AVCOFLEX SG:

For redyeing if needed, wash-off the product with a nonionic detergent and 2-3 gr/l of Sodium
Carbonate at 70-80°C.

Manufacturer of Chemical:

AVCO CHEMICALS

PRICE OF CHEMICAL:

Rs 115 / Per Kilogram

7. DMDHEU (Dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea)
Chemical Composition:

DMDHEU is a water-soluble glyoxal resin.

Formula: C5H10N2O5

Application:

 The cross-linking agent DMDHEU keeps cellulose chains from kinking—and shirts

from wrinkling.
 DMDHEU is the most commonly used chemical in durable-press finish.
 In this process, the chemical is first applied to the fabric.
 Then the fabric is heated to allow the chemicals to react with the cellulose molecules.
 In the reaction, the molecules of the fabric are bonded together to keep them from
moving and causing wrinkles.

Manufacturer of Chemical:

SHUBHAN INKS & CHEMICALS PVT. LTD. are a prominent Manufacturer,

Wholesaler/Distributor and Supplier of Chemicals for Textile Industries.

Price of Chemical:

Rs 65/Kg

8. CETYLPYRIDINIUM CHLORIDE (CPC)

Chemical Composition:

Cetylpyridinium chloride is a cationic quaternary ammonium compound.

Formula: C21H38ClN
Application:

 Durable antimicrobial wool fabrics were prepared by using a simple chemical finishing
process.
 Carboxylate groups in wool protein were employed to form ionic interactions with
cationic antimicrobial agents, such as cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), under the
isoelectric point of wool protein, and such interactions were proven effective.
 The uptakes of the agents were dependent on their chemical structures, pH values of
treatment solutions, concentration of the agents, and treatment temperature.
 The ionic interactions between the agents and the protein could survive repeated
laundering, with CPC showing the best durability.

Manufacturer of Chemical:

Techno Drugs & Intermediates Pvt. Ltd is engaged in manufacturing and supplying

of Cetylpyridinium Chloride in Ankleshwar, Gujarat, India.

Price of Chemical:

Rs 550/Kilogram

9. SILICA GEL
Chemical Composition:

Silica gel is an amorphous and porous form of silicon dioxide, consisting of an irregular
tridimensional framework of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms with nanometer-scale voids
and pores. The voids may contain water or some other liquids, or may be filled by gas or
vacuum.

Formula: SiO2
The silica gel can be manufactured through the reaction between water glass and sulfuric acid,
and further gelling, washing, desalting, amidation, drying and screening.
The reaction is as follows:
nNa2O • mSiO2 + nH2SO4 → mSiO2 • nH2O + nNa2SO4

Application:

 Non-slip finishes give the filaments a rougher surface.

 Synthetic warp and weft threads in loosely woven fabrics are particularly prone to slip
because of their surface smoothness when the structure of the fabric is disturbed and
appearance is no longer attractive. 
 Silica gel dispersions are used in combination with latex polymer or acrylates dispersions
to get a more permanent effect, along with simultaneous improvement in resistance to
pilling or snagging.
 These polymer finishes are also capable of imparting a soft and smooth handle to
synthetic fabric without making it water repellent.

Manufacturer of Chemical:

Sorbead is one of the leading manufacturers of desiccants and absorbers in India. Its products
include silica gel, molecular sieves, alumina balls, and others. Three types of silica
gels manufactured by the company are silica gel blue, silica gel orange, and silica gel white.

Price of Chemical:

Rs 110/ Kg

10.SARAFLAM-CWF

Chemical Composition:

Physical appearance - Colourless viscous liquid

Ionic nature - Nonionic

Stability - Stable to dilute acids and dilute alkalies

Application:
  Saraflam-CWF is an organo phosphorous durable flame retardant for 100% cellulosic
fibers such as cotton and regenratred cellulosic fibers like viscose, modal, tencel.
 Saraflam-CWF chemically reacts with these fibers thereby imparting durable flame
retardency which can withstand several launderings and dry cleanings.
 Saraflam-CWF does not affect the drape of the fabric and does not leave any white
residue on the fabric thus minimum effect on shade.
 Saraflam-CWF can also be combined with other finishing agents. Saraflam-CWF prevents
flame propagation in presence of fire.

Before finishing with Saraflam-CWF, please ensure that the fabric is free from residues of earlier
treatment which could otherwise hamper the performance of Saraflam-CWF

 Saraflam-CWF : 300-400 g/l

 Sara print AC : 70-100 g/l
 Ammonium chloride : 7-10 g/l
 Phosphoric acid 80% : 20-25 g/l
 Sara wet NF : 2-5 g/l
 Pick-up : 70-80% (2 dip-2 nip)
 Drying : 120-130 deg.C
 Curing: 160 deg.C, 4-5 min.

Manufacturer of Chemical:

Sarex Chemical

Price of Chemical:

Rs 90/ Kilogram

11.TEFLON

Chemical Composition:

Polytetrafluoroethylene is a synthetic fluoropolymer of tetrafluoroethylene that has numerous

applications. The commonly known brand name of PTFE-based formulas is Teflon.

Formula: (C2F4) n

IUPAC ID: poly (1, 1, 2, 2-tetrafluoroethylene)

Application: Teflon is mainly used in waterproof breathable fabrics

 Waterproof Breathable fabrics are engineered to handle two tasks:

Repel and withstand moisture (keep you dry).
Provide an escape for perspiration vapors (remain breathable so your sweat moisture
can escape)

 Waterproof fabrics are most commonly composed of two or three layers including:
1. An outer layer called the “face fabric” – most commonly nylon or polyester. This
outer layer is designed to repel, protect and look good.
2. A coated or laminated membrane – usually made with Teflon. The job of the
membrane is to keep water out but still allow water vapor to escape. This is
accomplished though microscopic holes that are small enough to keep liquid water from
passing through, yet large enough to let liquid vapor (your sweat) escape.
3. A tri-coat mesh – bonded to the inner service to create a 3-layer fabric.

Manufacturer of Chemical:

E.I. Du Pont De Nemours and Company, commonly referred to as DuPont, is one of the world’s
largest producers of chemicals and science-based products. DuPont is responsible for
developing innovative materials such as Teflon, Mylar, Dacron, Lycra, and Orlon.

Price of Chemical:

Rs 99/ Kg

REFERENCES:
 www.tradeindia.com
 www.fibre2fashion.com
 Textile auxiliaries for finishing and impregnation of fabrics
 US2527329A - Method for producing slip-resistant textile materials - Google Patents
 Cetylpyridinium Chloride, Cetylpyridinium Chloride Manufacturers & Suppliers, Dealers
 IndiaMART-Indian Manufacturers Suppliers Exporters Directory, India Exporter Manu
 Cetylpyridinium chloride | jigs chemical ltd | CPhI Online
 Antimicrobial finishing of acrilan fabrics with cetylpyridinium chloride: Affected
 www.sciencedirect.com
 www.allergystandards.com
 Top 10 Textile Companies in India 2020 - IndianCompanies.in
 Water proof finish
 Manufacturing process - from the production to the finale product
 Acid Washing Process for Denim Dress - Clothing Industry
 Schematic diagrams of bacterial hydrolysis for (a) cellulose; (b) ester... | Downlo
 www.textiletoday.com.bd
 Future of Wash: Sustainable Solutions for Stone and Acid Wash in the Denim Industry  
 Technical Textiles Auxiliaries Manufacturers India - Sarex Chemicals