Advance Computer Networks

Spring 2020-21
Lect. #03

Prof. Suchismita Chinara

Dept. of Computer Science Engg.
National Institute of Technology Rourkela-769008
Email: suchismita@nitrkl.ac.in
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MAC –Sub Layer
• In IEEE 802 standard, Data Link Layer is divided into two sublayers –
1.Logical Link Control(LLC) Sublayer
2.Media Access Control(MAC) Sublayer
• MAC layer responsibility – Channel allocation
• Static (TDMA / FDMA)
• Dynamic ( Carrier sensing , slotted time, Collision Detection)

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MAC Address
• MAC Addresses are unique 48-bits hardware number of a computer,
which is embedded into network card (known as Network Interface
Card) during the time of manufacturing.
• MAC Address is also known as Physical Address of a network device
• MAC address is used by Media Access Control (MAC) sublayer of
Data-Link Layer.
• MAC Address is word wide unique, since millions of network devices
exists and we need to uniquely identify each.

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Format of MAC address

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• MAC Address is a 12-digit hexadecimal number (6-Byte binary
number), which is mostly represented by Colon-Hexadecimal
notation.
• First 6-digits (say 00:40:96) of MAC Address identifies the
manufacturer, called as OUI (Organizational Unique Identifier).
• IEEE Registration Authority Committee assign these MAC prefixes to
its registered vendors. For ex:

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MAC Address contd..
• The rightmost six digits represents Network Interface Controller,
which is assigned by manufacturer.
• How to find MAC address:

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Types of MAC Addresses:: Unicast
• A Unicast addressed frame is only sent out to the interface leading to
specific NIC.
• If the LSB (least significant bit) of first octet of an address is set to
zero, the frame is meant to reach only one receiving NIC.
• MAC Address of source machine is always Unicast.

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Example Unicast (HDLC)

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Multicast
• Multicast address allow the source to send a frame to group of
devices.
• In Layer-2 (Ethernet) Multicast address, LSB (least significant bit) of
first octet of an address is set to one.
• IEEE has allocated the address block 01-80-C2-xx-xx-xx (01-80-C2-00-
00-00 to 01-80-C2-FF-FF-FF) for group addresses for use by standard
protocols.

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Example Multicast

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Broadcast
• Similar to Network Layer, Broadcast is also possible on underlying
layer( Data Link Layer).
• Ethernet frames with ones in all bits of the destination address (FF-
FF-FF-FF-FF-FF) are referred as broadcast address.
• Frames which are destined with MAC address FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF will
reach to every computer belong to that LAN segment.

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Example: broadcast

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MAC Protocols Classifications
• Types w.r.t. contention • Contention Free Protocols
• Contention based • Binary count down
• Contention free • Bitmap
• Contention Based Protocols
• Time
• PURE ALOHA
• SLOTTED ALOHA (Time)
• Carrier sensing
• Persistence
• 1-persistence
• P-persistence
• Non-persistence
• Collision
• CSMA /CD

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Responsibilities of MAC Protocol
• Network overhead should be low.
• Efficiently allocate the bandwidth.
• Distributed MAC operation.
• Power control mechanism should be present.
• Maximum utilization of channel.
• Nodes should be sync with time.

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ALOHA protocol
• Aloha is the type of Random access protocol.
• It has two types one is Pure Aloha and another is Slotted Aloha.
• In Pure Aloha, Stations transmit whenever data is available at
arbitrary times and Colliding frames are destroyed. (18.4% effcn)
• In Slotted aloha, A station is required to wait for the beginning of the
next slot to transmit. (36.8% effcn)
• vulnerable period of slotted ALOHA is halved as opposed to pure
Aloha.
• In Pure Aloha, The time is continuous and not globally synchronized.
• In slotted ALOHA, the time is discrete and globally synchronized.

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Ex: Pure ALOHA

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Ex: Slotted ALOHA

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