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CCNA Bootcamp Wide Area Networks (WANs)

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WAN Overview Wide Area Network (WAN)

Network that spans a large geographic region Used to connect different LANs
E.g. office in LA to NYC

Typically out of end users control

Details of the WAN are hidden Only the Service Provider (SP/ISP) knows the details Represented by the cloud in diagrams
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Common WAN Protocols Point-to-Point

High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) Point to Point Protocol (PPP)

Multipoint
Frame Relay Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

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PPP
Media independent encapsulation
Serial, Ethernet, Frame Relay, ATM, etc. encapsulation ppp

Adds features that other layer 2 medias dont natively support

Authentication Multilink Fragmentation Reliability

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PPP Negotiation
PPP uses Link Control Protocol (LCP) to negotiate higher layer protocols
Internet Protocol Control Protocol (IPCP) IPV6CP CDPCP Etc.

Can be used to negotiate

Address assignment Routing information

Verification
debug ppp negotiation
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PPP Authentication
Password Authentication Protocol (PAP)
Clear text username Clear text password

Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)

Clear text username MD5 hashed password

MSCHAP / MSCHAPv2 / EAP / etc

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Frame Relay Overview

Non-Broadcast Multi Access (NBMA)
Address resolution issues implied

Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI)

Layer 2 addressing DLCI number only locally significant

Local Management Interface (LMI)

DTE / DCE (router / switch) communication Reports virtual circuit (VC) status
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Frame Relay LMI Enabled automatically with Frame Relay

encapsulation frame-relay

LMI Types
Automatically detected frame-relay lmi-type [cisco | ansi | q933a] show frame-relay lmi
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Frame Relay LMI LMI Advertises VC Status

show frame-relay pvc

Status can be
Active Inactive Deleted Static
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Frame Relay Address Resolution

Multipoint interfaces require layer 3 to layer 2 resolution
What DLCI do I use to reach IP address A.B.C.D?

Resolution occurs
Dynamically via Inverse-ARP Statically via frame-relay map

Verify resolution
show frame-relay map Same logic as show arp
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Frame Relay Inverse-ARP

Enabled automatically when a supported protocol is configured
E.g. ip address 1.2.3.4 255.255.255.0

Requests are sent out all circuits assigned to the interface for all supported protocols
Request can be disabled
no frame-relay inverse-arp [protocol] [dlci]

Reply cannot be disabled

Automatically includes broadcast support

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Frame Relay Static Mappings

Manual binding of local layer 2 address to remote layer 3 address
frame-relay map [protocol] [address] dlci [broadcast] Same logic as a static ARP entry

Static mappings override dynamic mappings

InARP disabled when static mapping configured

Broadcast support must be manually configured

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Point-to-Point Interfaces Only one layer 2 circuit on the interface Does not require layer 3 to layer 2 resolution Simply assign the circuit number
frame-relay interface-dlci [dlci]

Preferred design to avoid Layer 3+ issues

More on this later
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Interface Types and Layer 3 Resolution

Interface type and protocol resolution is only locally significant Any combination is supported
Main Interface Main Interface Main Interface Multipoint Subinterface Main Interface Point-to-Point Subinterface Multipoint Subinterface Multipoint Subinterface Multipoint Subinterface Point-to-Point Subinterface Point-to-Point Subinterface Point-to-Point Subinterface

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Partial Mesh NBMA

Topology where not all devices have layer 2 circuits to all other devices
I.E. not fully meshed circuits Hub-and-Spoke is a type of Partial Mesh

Design problems occur when layer 3 network does not map exactly to layer 2 network
Devices without direct layer 2 circuits cannot resolve each other via Inverse-ARP Some higher layer protocols (OSPF, PIM, etc.) do not understand this disconnect

Ideally layer 3 is 1:1 with layer 2 network

Separate IPv4/IPv6 subnet and point-to-point subinterface for each DLCI
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Frame Relay Switching

Enable Frame Relay Switching
frame-relay switching

DCE end of link provides clocking

clock rate [rate] show controllers serial

Frame Relay Switch is logical DCE

frame-relay intf-type dce

Legacy syntax on both links

frame-relay route [in-DLCI] interface [int] [out-DLCI]

New syntax globally

connect [name] [interface-1] [DLCI-1] [interface-2] [DLCI-2]

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