Advance Computer Networks

Spring 2020-21
Lect. # 25

Prof. Suchismita Chinara

Dept. of Computer Science Engg.
National Institute of Technology Rourkela-769008
Email: suchismita@nitrkl.ac.in
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WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
• Assembly of distributed or localized sensors
• Interconnecting network( wired / wireless)
• A central point of information clustering
• A set of computing resources
( data correlation / event trending / status querying / data mining)

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Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN)
• A Wireless sensor network can be defined as a network of large
number of distributed, self-directed, tiny, low powered devices
called sensor nodes to monitor physical or environmental conditions,
such as temperature, sound, pressure, etc. and to cooperatively pass
their data through the network to other locations.

• The data is forwarded through multiple nodes, and with a gateway,

the data is connected to other networks like Ethernet.

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Wireless Sensor Networks Components

Sensor field
Inaccessible
Environment

Sensors

To External
network

Sink Wireless Communication

or link
Base station (BS)

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Component used in WSN: Sensor

• A Sensor is a device that responds and detects some type of input

from both the physical or environmental conditions, such as
pressure, heat, light, etc.

• The output of the sensor is generally an electrical signal that is

transmitted to a controller for further processing.

• It has different units like : Power unit, Sensing unit, Processing

unit, Communication unit

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Component used in WSN: Sensor

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Component used in WSN: Sink / Base
station
• A sink or base station acts like an interface between users and the
network.
• It is responsible for collecting data from Wireless Sensors in single or
multiple-hop manner and then send it to user through gateway.
• Also play an important role in improving energy efficiency of sensor
nodes by scheduling more resources for the nodes with more critical
energy efficiency need and advanced energy efficient scheduling
algorithms need to be implemented at network gateways for the
improvement of the overall network energy efficiency

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Ex: WSN with Sink Node

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Transmission media
➢In Wireless sensor network, communicating nodes are linked by a
wireless medium. To achieve this they choose any transmission
medium such as.

➢Radio
➢infrared
➢optical media

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Advantages of WSN

➢It avoids plenty of wiring.

➢Execution pricing is inexpensive.
➢Apt for the non-reachable places like mountains, over the sea, rural
areas and deep forests.
➢Network arrangements can be carried out without immovable
infrastructure.
➢Flexible if there is a casual situation when an additional workstation is
required.

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Applications of WSN
• Traditionally, sensor networks have been used in the context of high-
end applications such as:

• Military applications
• Home applications
• Commercial applications
• Health applications
• Agricultural Applications

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Military applications

• Targeting

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Military applications

Monitoring friendly forces and Monitoring battlefield

equipment surveillance

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Military applications

Monitoring enemy forces Monitoring Battle damage assessment.

Nuclear, biological, and chemical
attack detection

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Environmental applications

Ecosystems mapping

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Environmental applications

Eruption
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Home applications

• Home automation
• Instrumented
environment
• Automated meter
reading

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Commercial applications

Traffic flow surveillance Vehicle tracking and detection

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Commercial applications

Environmental control in office buildings Building construction

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Commercial applications

Monitoring Heavy Bridge conditions

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 Health applications
• Remote monitoring of
physiological data
• Tracking and monitoring
doctors and patients inside a
hospital
• Drug administration
• Elderly assistance

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Health applications

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Agricultural
Applications
➢Monitor different
parameters around the field
like soil moisture,
humidity, ambient
temperature etc

➢water resource
management system to
facilitate farming.

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➢Agricultural Applications
➢ helps to keep livestock healthier
with a minimum use of resources.
The system determines the pH level
and the temperature inside the
cow’s rumen.

➢ Solar Tracking

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Agricultural Applications

Land slide Detection

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Agricultural Applications

Precision agriculture: aims at making cultural operations

more efficient, while reducing environmental impact
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Challenges in WSN
• Energy
• Limited Bandwidth
• Node costs
• Deployment
• Design Constraints
• Security

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Architecture of WSN

The architecture of the Wireless

Sensor Networks includes
five layers and
three cross layers.

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• Network Layer
The main function of the network layer is routing, it has a lot of tasks based
on the application, but actually, the main tasks are in the power conserving, partial
memory, buffers. Sensors don’t have universal ID and have to be self-organized.
• Data Link Layer
The data link layer is liable for multiplexing data frame detection, data
streams, MAC, & error control, confirm the reliability of point–point (or)
point– multipoint.
• Physical Layer
The physical layer provides an edge for transferring a stream of bits above
physical medium. This layer is responsible for the selection of frequency, generation
of a carrier frequency, signal detection, Modulation & data encryption.

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MAC protocol
• MAC sub-layer task is to provide fair access to channels by avoiding
possible collisions.

• The main goal in MAC protocol design for WSN is energy efficiency
in order to prolong the lifetimes of sensors.

• MAC protocols should have the radio transceivers in a sleeping mode

as much as possible in order to save energy

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MAC protocol
The reasons for the unnecessary energy waste in wireless
communication are:

➢Packet collision: It can occur when nodes don’t listen to the medium
before transmitting. Packets transmitted at the same time collide,
become corrupted and must be retransmitted. This causes
unnecessary energy waste.

➢Overhearing: A node receives a packet which is addressed to another

node.

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MAC protocol
➢Control packet overhead: Control packets are necessary for successful
data transmission. They don’t, however, represent useful data. They
are very short.

➢Idle listening: The main reason for energy waste is when a node
listens to an idle channel waiting to receive data.

➢Over emitting: The node sends data when the recipient node is not
ready to accept incoming transmission

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MAC protocol: Task
The MAC protocols have to fulfill the following requirements:

➢Energy efficiency: Most sensor nodes are battery powered and prolonging
their lifetime is possible by designing energy-efficient protocols.

➢Collision avoidance: The main goal is to reduce collisions as much as possible.

This can be achieved either by listening to the channel (CSMA) or by using time
(TDMA), frequency (FDMA) or code (CDMA)channel division access.

➢Scalability and adaptability: The MAC protocol needs to be adaptable to

changes in network topology caused by node movement and nature of wire-less
transmission.

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MAC protocol: Task
➢Latency: Latency represents the delay of a packet when sent
through the network. The importance of latency in wireless sensor
networks depends on the monitoring application.

➢Throughput: Represents the amount of data with in a period of time

sent from the sender to the receiver through WSN.

➢Fairness: The MAC protocol needs to provide fair medium access for
all active nodes.

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