Mobile Ad hoc and

Wireless Sensor networks

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Mobile Ad-hoc Networks
 Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are wireless networks
consisting of a collection of wireless mobile nodes
interconnected by multi-hop communication paths.
 It dynamically self-organize in a wireless network without
using any pre-established infrastructure.

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Key features of MANET
 Key features:
 Dynamic network topology
 Distributed network nature
 Multi-hop communication
 Limited bandwidth
 Energy constrains
 Vulnerability to intruders and malicious attacks
 Advantages:
 Easy to develop
 No infrastructure required
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Pros and Cons of MANET
Pros:
1. Separation from central network administration.
2. Each node can play both the roles ie. of router and host
showing autonomous nature.
3. Self-configuring and self-healing nodes do not require
human intervention.
Cons:
1. Resources are limited due to various constraints like
noise, interference conditions, etc.
2. Lack of authorization facilities.
3. More prone to attacks due to limited physical security.

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 Applications of MANET
 Some specific applications of ad hoc networks include
industrial and commercial applications involving cooperative
mobile data exchange.
1) Defense applications: Many defense applications require
on the fly communications set-up, and ad hoc/sensor
networks are excellent candidates for use in battlefield
management.
2) Crisis management applications: as a result of natural
disasters in which the entire communication infrastructure
is in disarray. Restoring communications quickly is
essential.
3) Telemedicine: The paramedic assisting the victim of a
traffic accident in a remote location must access medical
records (e.g. X-rays) and may need video conference
assistance from a surgeon for an emergency intervention. 
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1. Tele-geoprocessing application: The combination of GPS, GIS
(Geographical Information Systems), and high-capacity wireless
mobile systems enables a new type of application referred to as
tele- geo processing.
2. Virtual Navigation: A remote database contains the graphical
representation of building, streets, and physical characteristics
of a large metropolis
3. Education via the internet: Educational opportunities available
on the internet or remote areas because of the economic
infeasibility of providing expensive last-mile wire line internet
access in these areas to all subscribers.
4. Vehicular area network: This a growing and very useful
application of adhoc network in providing emergency services
and other information. This is equally effective in both urban
and rural setup. The basic and exchange necessary data that is
beneficial in a given situation.
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MANET Model

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Architecture of MANET

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The architecture of MANET is as shown in the above slide .
It is divided into three main parts they are,
1. Enabling Technologies
2. Networking
3. Middleware & Application
Enabling Technologies: Enabling technologies are further
divided depending on their area of coverage.
1) BAN (Body Area Network): The communication range of BAN
is 1 to 2 meters.
2) PAN (Personal Area Network): The communication range of
PAN is up to 10 meters. It provides connectivity between mobile
devices as well as stationary devices.
3) WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network): the communication
range of WLANs is 100 to 500 meters. It can connect a building
or a group of buildings.

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2) Networking:
 In MANET architecture most of the principle functionalities of
the networking protocols need to be redesigned for self
configuring, dynamic, unstable, peer-to-peer communication
environment.
 The initial target of networking protocols is to use the one-hop
transmission services, given by the enabling technologies to
evolve end-to-end reliable services, from a sender to the
receiver.
3) Middleware & Application:
The wireless technologies like WiFi, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11,
WiMAX and Hyper LAN remarkably encourages the deployment of
ad hoc technology and new ad hoc networking applications mainly
in specific fields like emergency services, disaster recovery and
environment monitoring.

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TYPES OF MANET
1) Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET):
VANETs are created by applying the principles of mobile ad hoc
networks (MANETs). It enables effective communication with
another vehicle or helps to communicate with roadside
equipment.
2) Internet Based Mobile Ad hoc Networks (IMANET):
It is a type of wireless ad hoc network that supports Internet
protocols such as TCP/UDP and IP. The IMANET uses a network-
layer routing protocol to link mobile nodes and establish routes
automatically.
3) Intelligent vehicular ad hoc networks (INVANET): It makes use
of artificial intelligence to tackle unexpected situations like vehicle
collision and accidents.
4) Flying ad hoc network (FANET): FANETs are composed of
unmanned aerial vehicle, providing mobility and connectivity to
remote areas. 11
APPLICATIONS OF MANET
• Personal area networking
– cell phone, laptop, ear phone, wrist watch
• Military environments
– soldiers, tanks, planes
• Civilian environments
– meeting rooms
– sports stadiums
– boats, small aircraft
• Emergency operations
– search-and-rescue
– policing and fire fighting

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 MANET: Applications…
• Military applications
– Situational Awareness (SA) and Command and
Control (C2) for military.

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Applications for infrastructure-less networks

g Disaster recovery
g Car-to-car
communication

· Search-and-rescue in an flood, storm, any disaster recovery

· Personal area networking (watch, glasses, PDA, medical
appliance, …)
· VANET

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 MANET: Applications…
 Classroom
 Ad hoc network between student PDAs and laptop of the instructor

 Large IT campus
 Employees of a company moving within a large campus with PDAs,
laptops, and cell phones

 Moving soldiers with wearable computers

 Eavesdropping, denial-of-service and impersonation attacks can be
launched

 Shopping mall, restaurant, coffee shops

 Customers spend part of the day in a networked mall of specialty shops,
coffee shops, and restaurants
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 MANET: Challenges and Issues
1) Limited wireless transmission range

2) Broadcast nature of the wireless medium

3) Hidden and exposed terminal problems

4) Packet losses due to transmission errors

5) Mobility-induced route changes

6) Mobility-induced packet losses

7) Ease of snooping on wireless transmissions (security hazard)

8) Battery constraints
9) Potentially frequent network partitions 16
Wireless Sensor Networks

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 What is sensor ?
 Sensor is a device that measures physical input from its
environment and converts it into data that can be interpreted by
either a human or a machine. 
 Most sensors are electronic (the data is converted into electronic
data) for example : Temperature Sensor , Proximity Sensors ,
Infrared Sensor (IR Sensor), Ultrasonic Sensor, Light Sensor,
Smoke and Gas Sensors.
 What is sensor networks : Sensor network connects numerous
sensor nodes that can detect information such as heat, pressure,
and motion and send it to center station.
 Sensor network comprises a group of small, powered devices,
and a wireless or wired networked infrastructure. They record
conditions in any number of environments including industrial
facilities, farms, and hospitals.
 The sensor network connects to the internet or computer
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networks to transfer data for analysis and use.
Wired & Wireless Sensor Networks
Sensor networks can be wired or wireless. Wired sensor
networks use Ethernet cables to connect sensors. Wireless
sensor networks (WSNs) use technologies such as Bluetooth,
mobile, wifi or near field communication (NFC) to connect
sensors.
Sensor networks typically include sensor nodes, actuator
nodes, gateways, and clients. Sensor nodes group inside the
sensor field and form networks of different topologies.  The
following process describes how sensor networks operate:
1. Sensor node monitors the data collected by the sensor and
transmits this to other sensor nodes.
2. During the transmission process, data may be handled by
multiple nodes as it reaches a gateway node.
3. The data is then transferred to the management node.
4. The management node is managed by the user and determines
the monitoring required and collects the monitored data. 19
 Sensor Nodes
There are many nodes in a sensor network. These nodes are the
detection stations. There is a sensor / transducer, transceiver,
microcontroller, and power source:
1) A sensor senses the physical condition, and if there is any
change, it generates electrical signals.
2) The signals go to the microcontroller for processing.
3) A central processor sends commands to the transceiver and
data is transmitted to a computer.

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 Structure of Wireless Sensor Network 
1) Star Network
2) Mesh Network 
3) Hybrid Star
1) Star Network
Sensor nodes communicate to a central hub/access point
(gateway). Technical design of the central hub is much more
sophisticated to handle huge amounts of data flowing to it.

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 Mesh Network: Mesh network allows transmitting data from
one node to another in the network that’s within its radio
transmission range.
 This enables what is called multi-hop communications, if a
node wants to send a message to a different node that is out
of radio communications range, it can use an intermediate
node to forward the message to the particular node.

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3. Hybrid star – Mesh network
A hybrid between the star and mesh network provides a robust
and versatile communications network, while maintaining the
ability to keep the wireless sensor nodes power consumption to
a minimum.

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Structure of a wireless sensor node
Sensor node is made up of four basic components such as
sensing unit, processing unit, transceiver unit and a power unit
which is shown below

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 Structure of a wireless sensor node Functions
It also has application dependent additional components such
as a location finding system, a power generator and a mobilizer.
Sensing units are usually composed of two subunits: sensors and
analogue to digital converters (ADCs).
The analogue signals produced by the sensors are converted to
digital signals by the ADC, and then fed into the processing unit.
The processing unit is generally associated with a small storage
unit and it can manage the procedures that make the sensor
node collaborate with the other nodes to carry out the assigned
sensing tasks. A transceiver unit connects the node to the
network.
One of the most important components of a sensor node is the
power unit. Power units can be supported by a power
scavenging unit such as solar cells. The other subunits, of the
node are application dependent.
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Protocol architectures of WSN

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 WSN Protocol architecture

ZigBee - Application Application

• Routing
• Address resolution
ZigBee - Network 6LowPAN • Packet fragmentation

• Channel acquirement
• Access control
• MAC addressing
• Error control
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
• Packet transmission
• Packet reception
IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.15.4 • Battery management
868/915 MHz 2400 MHz
PHY PHY

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 WSN Routing protocols
• Proactive
– DSDV: Destination Sequenced Distance Vector
– WRP: Wireless Routing Protocol
– CGSR: Cluster Switch Gateway Routing
• Reactive
– ABR: Associability Based Routing
– DSR: Dynamic Source Routing
– TORA: Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm
– AODV: Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing
– DYMO: Dynamic MANET On-demand – DYMO-low
– RDMAR: Relative Distance Microdiversity Routing
– SSR: Signal Stability Routing
– LAR: Location-Aided Routing
– PAR: Power-Aware Routing
• Hybrid
– ZRP: Zone Routing Protocol
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 Transport protocols

• Adapting TCP
• Specific protocols
– Sensor Transmission Control Protocol (STCP)
– Congestion Detection and Avoidance (CODA)

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 Wireless Sensor Networks

• ZigBee Wireless Communication

Protocol
– Defined by ZigBee Alliance
– Based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard
– Relatively Inexpensive
– Low Power Consumption
– Low Data Rate of Communication
– Self Organising, Self-Healing…multi-hop
nodes
– Integrated Sensors
– Ideal for Wireless Sensor Network
Applications
– Defines upper layers, up to application

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 Overview of available WSN
• Bluetooth Low
Energy (BT-LE):
– Defined by
Bluetooth SIG as an
extension of
Bluetooth
– Based on a
technology
proposed by Nokia

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 Technologies
• Radio
– ISM band
• 433 MHz
• 868 MHz
• 915 MHz
• 2,4 GHz
• 4,9 GHz 433 MHz sensor gateway
• 5 GHz
• UWB (3,6 – 10,1 GHz )
– Standards
• IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee)
• Bluetooth SIG: IEEE802.15.1
BTnode
• Bluetooth Low Energy
• IEEE 802.11
– Proprietary solutions

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 Technologies
Sensing part Processing part Transmission part

Processor

• Processor Sensor ADC

Memory
Transceiver

• Transceiver External
power
Power unit
• Memory
source

• Operating System
• Programming language
– NesC (for TinyOS)
–C
– Java, J2ME
– ...
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Node hardware

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 Sensor board components
• Example: TELOS mote

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 Operating systems
• TinyOS The “Linux” of
sensor node OS
• FreeRTOS
• RETOS
• mC/OS II
• AMBIENT RT Developed by ETRI

• Nano-Qplus
Developed for
• Android mobile phone

• Windows CE
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 Antennas
• Different types
– Mainly omni directional
– Especial requirement for sensor networks
• PCB

• Chip

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 Parts of a sensor

• A sensor is made of:

– Transducer
• Converts a physical magnitude to an electrical
parameter
– Signal conditioning circuit
• It adapts the electrical signal to something that can
be easily used, such a ADC
– Minimizes the noise
– Enhances the signal range
– Linearize the response
– Compensate the response in front of other variations such
voltage, temperature

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 Temperature

• Thermistor
– Resistance that varies with temperature

• Thermocouple
– Device for measuring temp. by
Means of a pair of different metals in
Contact at a point and generating
Thermoelectric voltage.

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 Air humidity (hydrometer)

• Measures the relative humidity on the air

• Uses a resistance that varies with
humidity
• Example
– Accuracy: 5%
– Signal collection period: 2 s

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 Soil moisture
• Measures the content of
water in the soil
• Based on capacity
variation at different
frequencies
• Example
– Accuracy 3%
– Output voltage from 0.375V
(dry soil) to 1V (saturated)
– Measurement time: 10 ms

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Applications of wireless sensor networks

• Industrial and Commercial Uses

– Inventory Tracking – RFID
– Automated Machinery Monitoring
• Smart Home or Smart Office
– Temperature measurement
– Automated Lighting
• Military Surveillance and Troop Support
– Chemical or Biological Weapons Detection
– Enemy Troop Tracking, Radar
• Traffic Management and Monitoring
Applications of USN

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Home automation/Ambient Intelligence

• Domestics or Home automation

– Application
• Security
– Accidents
– Intrusion detection
• Lightning control
• Living condition control
– Air conditioning
– Heater
• Electronic device control
– TV set
– Stereo

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Traffic Management & Monitoring

 Cars could use

wireless sensors to:
 Handle Accidents
 Handle Thefts

Sensors embedded in
the roads to:
– Monitor traffic flows
– Provide real-time
route updates
 WSN application examples…
• Disaster relief operations
– Drop sensor nodes from an aircraft over a
wildfire
– Each node measures temperature
– Derive a “temperature map”
• Biodiversity mapping
– Use sensor nodes to observe wildlife

• Intelligent buildings (or bridges)

– Needs measurements about room occupancy,
temperature, air flow, …
– Monitor mechanical stress after
earthquakes

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 Other Examples

• The ring sensor

– Monitors the physiological
status of the wearer and
transmits the information to
the medical professional over
the Internet

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 Application in Environment Monitoring

• Measuring pollutant
Pollutants monitored by sensors

concentration in the river

• Pass on information to
monitoring station
• Predict current ST

location of pollutant
volume based on Sensors report to the base
monitoring station

various parameters
• Take corrective action

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 More on WSN application scenarios
• Facility management
– Intrusion detection into industrial sites
– Control of leakages in chemical plants, …
• Machine surveillance and preventive maintenance
– Embed sensing/control functions into places no cable has gone
before
– E.g., tire pressure monitoring
• Precision agriculture
– Bring out fertilizer/pesticides/irrigation only where needed
• Medicine and health care
– Post-operative or intensive care
– Long-term surveillance of chronically ill patients or the elderly

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