Wireless and Mobile Networks

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 Outline

• Introduction
• Wireless communication technologies
• Components of wireless networks
• Wireless networks: mode of operations
• Wireless networks characteristics
• Wireless technologies overview
– IRDA,RFID, Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, Cellular networks
– Multiplexing
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 Introduction
 Wireless Communication is a method of transmitting information from one point
to other, without using any connection like wires, cables or any physical medium.
 Some of these terms may be familiar to you: radio and television broadcasting,
radar communication, cellular communication, global position systems (GPS),
WiFi, Bluetooth and radio frequency identification are all examples of “wireless”,
with wildly different uses in some cases.
• Number of wireless (mobile) phone subscribers now exceeds number of wired
phone subscribers!
• Computer networks: laptops, PDAs, Internet-enabled phone promise
“anytime/anywhere” Internet access.
• two important (but different) challenges:
– wireless: communication over wireless link
– mobility: handling the mobile user who changes point of attachment to
network

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Introduction… communication system

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 Introduction…
Definition
 Wireless
- Refers to the transmission of voice and data over radio wave
- Allows communication without requiring physical connection to the network
- Wireless devices include anything that use wireless network to either send or
receive data.
- Wireless network can be accessed from mobile or fixed devices
 Mobile
- The ability to be on the move
- Mobile device is any thing that can be used on the move, ranging from laptops to
mobile phones
 Wireless does not always mean Mobile!

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 Wireless Networks
• Wireless networks and communication links have
become pervasive for both personal and
organizational communications.

• A wide variety of technologies and network types

have been adopted, including:
– Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
– WiMAX, ZigBee, and
– cellular technologies.

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 Wireless Technologies
• Wireless communication technologies provide powerful
building blocks for next-generation applications
– WPAN (RFID, IRDA, Bluetooth)
– WLAN (IEEE 802.11 “Wi-Fi”) hot-spots for broadband access
• Smart phones, PDAs, and laptops with integrated WLANs
– Broadband Wireless access technology- WMAN
• IEEE 802.16 10-30 Km 40 Mbps WiMax
– Wide area wireless data also growing
• GSM, GPRS, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (2.4 Mbps data optimized)

• Networking of ubiquitous and embedded devices

– Smart spaces, sensor networks (IEEE 802.15.4a- ZigBee)
– Context-aware mobile data services
– Wireless sensor networks for monitoring and control
– VOIP for integrated voice services over wireless data networks
– MANET, VANET,…

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Components of a wireless networks

network
infrastructure

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Components of a wireless network

wireless hosts
 laptop, smartphone
 run applications
 may be stationary (non-mobile)
or mobile
network  wireless does not
infrastructure always mean mobility

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Components of a wireless network

base station
 typically connected to wired
network
 relay - responsible for
sending packets between
network wired network and wireless
infrastructure host(s) in its “ area”
 e.g., cell towers, 802.11
access points

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Components of a wireless network
wireless link
 typically used to connect
mobile(s) to base station
 also used as backbone link
 multiple access control (MAC)
protocol coordinates link
access (DCF, PCF)
network
infrastructure  various data rates, transmission
distance

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 Characteristics of selected wireless link standards

200 802.11n

54 802.11a,g
Data rate (Mbps)

802.11a,g point-to-point data

5-11 802.11b 802.16 (WiMAX)

4 UMTS/CDMA-HSPDA, CDMA2000-1xEVDO 3G cellular

enhanced
1 802.15

.384 UMTS/CDMA, CDMA2000 3G

.056 IS-95, CDMA, GSM 2G

Indoor Outdoor Mid-range Long-range

10-30m 50-200m outdoor outdoor
200m – 4 Km 5Km – 20 Km

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 Wireless communication…
The electromagnetic spectrum and its uses for communication

Official ITU names: low, medium, high, very high, ultra high, super
13 high, extremely high, tremendously high frequency
Wireless network: Mode of operation

infrastructure mode
 base station connects
mobiles into wired
network
 handoff: mobile changes
network base station providing
infrastructure connection into wired
network

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Wireless network: mode of operation

ad hoc mode
 no base stations
 nodes can only
transmit to other
nodes within link
coverage
 nodes organize
themselves into a
network: route
among themselves

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 Wireless network classification
 Single hop versus multi hop

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 Wireless network classification

single hop multiple hops

host connects to host may have to
infrastructure base station (WiFi, relay through several
(e.g., APs) WiMAX, cellular) wireless nodes to
which connects to connect to larger
larger Internet Internet: mesh net
no base station, no
connection to larger
no no base station, no
connection to larger Internet.
infrastructure May have to
Internet (Bluetooth,
ad hoc nets) relay to reach other
wireless nodes:
MANET, VANET

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 Wireless Link Characteristics
Differences from wired link ….

 decreased signal strength: radio signal attenuates as it

propagates through matter (path loss)
 interference from other sources: standardized wireless
network frequencies (e.g., 2.4 GHz) shared by other
devices (e.g., phone); devices (motors) interfere as
well
 multipath propagation: radio signal reflects off objects
ground, arriving at destination at slightly different
times

…. make communication across wireless link much more

“difficult”

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 Wireless network characteristics…
Multiple wireless senders and receivers create additional
problems (beyond multiple access):

A B C
C

A’s signal C’s signal

B strength strength
A

Hidden terminal problem
 B, A hear each other
 B, C hear each other
 A, C can not hear each other
means A, C unaware of their
interference at B
space
Signal attenuation:
 B, A hear each other
 B, C hear each other
 A, C can not hear each other
interfering at B

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Wireless Technologies overview

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IrDA: P2P wireless

 Infra-red Data Association

 Based on Half Duplex Point-to-Point concept
 Very low bit error rate (BER) that makes it very
efficient.
 Eliminate the need for cables
 Requires clear line-of-sight
 Short-range (few meters)

 Simplest, most prevailing wireless standard

 No fixed speed 9.6 Kbps - 4Mbps
 Token based transmission
 IrDA ports on PDA, Laptops, printers
 Remote Control in TV, Air-conditioner

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 RFID: Radio Frequency Identification
• RFID is a method of remotely storing and retrieving data
using devices called RFID tags.

– An RFID tag is a small object, such as an adhesive sticker, that

can be attached to or incorporated into a product.
– RFID tags contain antennas to enable them to receive and
respond to radio-frequency queries from an RFID transceiver.
– No line-of sight required.
– Withstand difficult environmental conditions (cold, frost etc.)

• Categories:
– Active RFID: battery powered, distances > 100 m
– Passive RFID: operating power comes from the reader over the
air, distances < 100 m

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 The RFID: Radio Frequency Identification…

RFID TAGS

 Contact-less radio technology

 Tags contain electronically stored information
 Tags can be placed on objects and read by
electronic devices
 Short-range communication

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The RFID: Radio Frequency Identification…

Applications

RFID TAGS

 Track and Locate Smart objects

 Identify Smart objects
 Tracking of animals
 Smart places implementation
 Indoor navigation
 Transportation systems
 …

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 Bluetooth: Wireless PAN…
•Bluetooth is used to connect and exchange information
between devices like PDAs, mobile phones, laptops, PCs,
printers and digital cameras wirelessly.
•Created by telecom vendor Ericsson in 1994
•low power consumption, license-free 2.45 GHz band.
•Using the same frequency range, Bluetooth differs from
Wi-Fi in that
– Different bandwidth wi-fi (High (11 Mbps )), Bluetooth (Low ( 800
Kbps )).
– Wi-Fi with higher throughput, greater distances, more
expensive hardware, and higher power consumption.
•Applications:
– Mobile phones, laptops, PDA, mouse, keyboards, office and industrial
automation devices

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 Bluetooth: Wireless PAN…

 Bluetooth (Named after Danish King

Harold Bluetooth)
 Based on Master-Slave concept
 Short-range (5-30 meters)
 Eliminate the need for cables M1
 S2
Operates in 2.4 GHz ISM band S1
 720 Kbps S1
M 1/S1 S2

 Piconet & Scatternet (master+7 slaves)

 Master is responsible for:
 Polling nodes
Piconet 1 Piconet 2
 Allocating new connection
 Communication establishment
 Harmonize frequencies and channels

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 Bluetooth…

Piconet
Master/Slave

Scatternet 27
 Wireless Technologies…
 WLAN (Wi-Fi)
• Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) are implemented
as an extension to wired LANs based on the IEEE 802.11
standard
• New protocols such as Wireless Application Protocol
(WAP) are introduced
• Requires Access Point

• An access point/base station connects to a LAN by

means of Ethernet cable
• Access point usually installed in the ceilings
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 WLAN (Wi-Fi) – Standards
 Wi-Fi standard exists as IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n
 The number "11" indicates the IEEE working group assigned to 802
standards, and the a/b/g/n refers to a special Task Group within this
body, known as TGa, TGb, TGg and TGn.
 The 802.11n is a newer standard of Wi-Fi LAN. It operates on the 2.4
gigahertz (GHz) band, like 802.11b and 802.11g.
 802.11n uses MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) technology and
incorporate OFDM (orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing) that splits
signal frequencies up into several modulated channels for increased
throughput.

Standard Frequency Speed

802.11b 2.4 GHz 5-11 mbps
802.11g 2.4 GHz 25-54 mbps
802.11a 5.0 GHz 25-54 mbps
802.11n 2.4/5.0 GHz 100-200+ mbps 29
 IEEE 802.11n
• 2009 amendment to 802.11 intended to improve PHY
and MAC transmission rate
– Backwards compatible

• Uses both 2.4 and 5GHz ISM bands( industrial, scientific,

and medical radio band )

• Up to 600 Mbps!

• New techniques:
– MIMO and SDM (Spatial Data multiplexing)
– Channel bonding
– Frame aggregation Similar to 802.11e
– Block ACK

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 IEEE 802.11n PHY improvements
• Modified OFDM (orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing )
– From 48 to 52 data sub-carriers
• 54  58.5 Mbps
– Guard Interval (GI) reduced from 800 to 400ns (i.e. symbol duration 4
 3.6s, 10% data rate improvement)
• 58.5  65 Mbps

• Improved Forward Error Correction (FEC)

– Convolutional coding rate increased from 3/4 to 5/6
• 65  72.2 Mbps

• Channel bonding
– Doubling channel bandwidth from 20 to 40MHz
• 72.2  150 Mbps
• Spatial Multiplexing
– Up to four simultaneous spatial streams (using MIMO)
• 150  600 Mbps

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 IEEE-802.11 Nomenclature and Design
• Access Point (AP): wireless switches/routers
• Basic Service Set (BSS): nodes and AP in the same range
• Distribution System (DS): network that connects the Aps
• Extended Service Set (ESS): various adjacent BSS

Mobility. Several types of

mobility can take place: BSS1

A local mobility within the

same BSS AP
DS
A mobility intra-ESS
between two different BSSs AP AP

A mobility inter-ESS
between two BSSs BSS3
BSS2

belonging to two different ESS

ESSs.
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 IEEE 802.11 LAN architecture

 wireless host communicates

Internet
with base station
• base station = access
point (AP)
hub, switch
AP
or router  Basic Service Set (BSS) in
infrastructure mode
BSS 1 contains:
AP • wireless hosts
• access point (AP): base
station
• ad hoc mode: hosts only
BSS 2
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 802.11: Channels, association
 802.11b: 2.4GHz-2.485GHz spectrum divided into 11
channels at different frequencies
 AP admin chooses frequency for AP
 interference possible: channel can be same as that
chosen by neighboring AP!
 host: must associate with an AP
 scans channels, listening for beacon frames containing
AP’s name SSID (Service Set ID) and MAC address
 selects AP to associate with
 may perform authentication for security
 will typically run DHCP to get IP address in AP’s subnet

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 802.11: passive/active scanning
BBS 1 BBS 2 BBS 1 BBS 2

AP 1 AP 1 1 AP 2
1 1
AP 2 2
2
2 3
3 4

H1 H1

Passive Scanning:
(1)beacon frames sent from APs
(2)association Request frame sent: H1
to selected AP
(3)association Response frame sent:
selected AP to H1 (AP2 to H1 in
this case)
Active Scanning:
(1)Probe Request frame broadcast from
H1
(2)Probes response frame sent from APs
(3)Association Request frame sent: H1 to
selected AP
(4)Association Response frame sent:
selected AP to H1 (AP2 to H1 in this
case)

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 IEE 802.11(Wi-Fi)…
 Access points receive, buffer, and transmit data between the
WLAN and the wired network infrastructure.
 A single access point supports on average of twenty users at a
time
 Has a coverage varying from:
- 20 meters in areas with obstacles (walls, stairways, elevators) and
- up to 100 meters in areas with clear line of sight.

 A building may require several access points to provide

complete coverage and allow users to roam seamlessly
between access points.

 Wireless Client Adapter - A wireless adapter connects users via

an access point to the rest of the LAN.
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 Access Points

• 54 Mbps 802.11g • Wireless AP 808.11a,b,g

• NETGEAR • Linksys

• Instant Wireless WAP11, • WA840G 802.11g

802.11b • Motorola
• Linksys

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 Wi-Max (IEEE 802.16)
• Wi-Max is a superset of Wi-Fi
• Designed for wide area networking
• Designed specifically for mobile and sensor networks
• Promises high speed (40-70 Mbps)
• Mid-range (30 Kmeters)
• Operates in 2.4 GHz ISM band
• Encryption algorithms used DES3 and AES
• Relatively new standard; thus, WiMax products are
expensive

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IEEE 802.16: Wi-MAX…
point-to-point
• like 802.11 & cellular:
base station model
– transmissions to/from
base station by hosts
with omnidirectional
antenna
– base station-to-base point-to-multipoint
station with point-to-
point antenna
• unlike 802.11:
– range ~ 30 kms (“city
rather than coffee
shop”)
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 Cellular Communication
(Cellular Wireless Network)

• Cellular Network description

• Multiplexing (FDMA, TDMA,

CDMA)
• Cellular and Mobile
Generations

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 Data Communication Multiplexing
 In addition to being represented by an analog signal, information
can also be represented by a digital signal.
 For example, example, a 1 can be encoded as a positive voltage
and a 0 as zero voltage. A digital signal can have more than two
levels. In this case, we can send more than 1 bit for each level.
 Two digital signals: one with two signal levels and the other with
four signal levels.

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 For Example: A digital signal has eight levels. How many bits are
needed per level? We calculate the number of bits from the formula
Each signal level is represented by 3 bits:
 Assume we need to download text documents at the rate of 100
pages per sec. What is the required bit rate of the channel?
 Solution: A page is an average of 24 lines with 80 characters in
each line. If we assume that one character requires 8 bits, the
bit rate is
 A digitized voice channel is made by digitizing a 4-kHz bandwidth
analog voice signal. We need to sample the signal at twice the
highest frequency (two samples per hertz). We assume that each
sample requires 8 bits. What is the required bit rate?
 Solution : The bit rate can be calculated as

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 What is the bit rate for high-definition TV (HDTV)?
 Solution
 HDTV uses digital signals to broadcast high quality video signals.
The HDTV screen is normally a ratio of 16 : 9. There are 1920 by
1080 pixels per screen, and the screen is renewed 30 times per
second. Twenty-four bits represents one color pixel.

 The TV stations reduce this rate to 20 to 40 Mbps through

compression

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 The time and frequency domains of periodic and non periodic
digital signals

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 Baseband transmission

 A channel is a communication medium, the path that data takes

from source to destination. A channel can be comprised of so
many different things: wires, free space, and entire networks.
 Signals can be routed from one type of network to another
network with completely different characteristics.
 The channel in Wireless Communication indicates the medium of
transmission of the signal i.e. open space. A channel may be
subject to interference, distortion, noise, scattering etc. and the
result is that the received signal may be filled with errors.
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 Multiplexing
 Multiple access techniques are used to allow a large number of
mobile users to share the allocated spectrum in the most efficient
manner.
 Spectrum relates to the radio frequencies allocated to the mobile
industry and other sectors for communication over the airwaves.

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 Multiplexing…
 The multiplexing refers to a method which aims at combining multiple signals into
one signal such that each user would be able to extract its desired data upon
receiving the multiplexed signal we can use with multiplexing and without
multiplexing.
 Multiplexing brings the following advantages to wireless communication systems.
1) Reducing the communication cost. 2) Enhancing the connectivity. 3)
Saving valuable communication resources.

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 Multiplexing…
 In wireless communication systems it is often desirable to allow the
subscriber to send simultaneously information to the base station
while receiving information from the base station.
 A cellular system divides any given area into cells where a mobile
unit in each cell communicates with a base station.
 The main aim in the cellular system design is to be able to increase
the capacity of the channel i.e. to handle as many calls as possible
in a given bandwidth with a sufficient level of quality of service.
 There are several different ways to allow access to the channel.
These includes mainly the following:
 1. Frequency division multiple-access (FDMA)
 2. Time division multiple-access (TDMA)
 3. Code division multiple-access (CDMA)

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 Time division multiple-access (TDMA)
 In digital systems, continuous transmission is not required because
users do not use the allotted bandwidth all the time.
 In such cases, TDMA is a complimentary access technique to FDMA.
Global Systems for Mobile communications (GSM) uses the TDMA
technique.
 In TDMA, the entire bandwidth is available to the user but only for a
finite period of time. In most cases the available bandwidth is
divided into fewer channels compared to FDMA.
 The users are allotted time slots during which they have the entire
channel bandwidth at their disposal.

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 Time division multiple-access (TDMA)…
 The simplest TDM can be modeled as a switch that periodically moves between
multiple sources, and the transition time equals to the slot allocated to a single
source.
 The messages of all sources are combined into a frame and sent over the
medium. Based on flexibility of the allocation mechanism,
 TDM can be implemented in two ways such as
1) synchronous mode
2) asynchronous mode.

 TDM and its variants have been embedded in plethora of recent technologies,
such as WiMAX, Tactical data link (TDL), Bluetooth, HIPERLAN , to name but a few.

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 Synchronous time division multiplexing
 Synchronous TDM follows a strict approach in time slot allocation.
It periodically assigns subsequent time slots to different sources in a
predefined order.
 The switch circularly moves between different states and remains in
different states for equal amount of time, i.e., a time slot. In a cycle,
the switch passes through all states and shares the cycle time
between all sources fairly.

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 Statistical / Asynchronous time division multiplexing
 Asynchronous TDM, also known as statistical TDM, pursues a more
dynamic approach by giving the airtime to sources that have data for
transmission. In this manner, the messages of different sources
occupy all subsequent time slots,
 In each cycle, the switch passes through all sources and transfers the existing
messages to frame assembler. The frame assembler tags a preamble to each
message.
 The preambles include an ID or address field to notify the origin or intended
destination of the message attached to the preamble. Then, the frame
assembler aggregates the tagged messages and disregards the idle time
intervals related to silent sources.
 The tagged messages occupy subsequent time slots and are transmitted
sequentially.

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 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
 In Frequency Division Multiplexing, the different message signals are
modulated at the different carrier frequencies. In this way, the
modulated signals are separate from each other in the frequency
domain.
 The modulated signals are combined together to form the composite
signal and this signal is sent over the shared medium or channel. To
avoid the interference between the two message signal, some guard
band is also kept between the two message signals.

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 Applications of Frequency Division Multiplexing
Technique
AM and FM radio Broadcast
Cable TV
Satellite Communication
Telemetry
Telephony Systems
Early Generation
Cellular Networks

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 Code Division Multiple Access 
 In CDMA, the same bandwidth is occupied by all the users, however
they are all assigned separate codes, which differentiates them from
each other.
 Code division multiple access technique is an example of multiple
access where several transmitters use a single channel to send
information simultaneously.

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CDMA encoding

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 Chip sequences

Data representation in CDMA

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Sharing channel in CDMA

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Digital signal created by four stations in CDMA

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 CDMA Encode/Decode
channel output Zi,m
Zi,m= di.cm
data d0 = 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
d1 = -1
bits -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
sender
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 slot 1 slot 0
code channel
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 channel
output output
slot 1 slot 0

M
Di = Z
m=1 i,m
.
cm
M
received 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
d0 = 1
input -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 d1 = -1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 slot 1 slot 0
code channel
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 channel
receiver output output
slot 1 slot 0

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 CDMA: two-sender interference

Sender 1

Sender 2

Receiver 2??

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CDMA established the foundation for 3G
technologies

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 Multiple access schemes (Summary)

Frequency Division Time Division Multiple Code Division Multiple

Multiple Access Access Access
-when the subscriber -each subscriber is - each subscriber is
enters another cell a assigned a time slot to assigned a code which is
unique frequency is send/receive a data; used to multiply the
assigned to him; signal sent or received by
-used in digital systems
- used in analog systems the subscriber
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 Cellular systems generations
• 1G (first generation) – voice-oriented systems
based on analog technology;

– ex.: Advanced Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS) and

cordless systems (uses FDMA)

• 2G (second generation) - voice-oriented systems

based on digital technology;
– more efficient than 1G;
– ex.: Global System for Mobile (GSM) and Time Division
Multiple Access (TDMA)

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 Cellular systems generations

2G systems: voice channels…

• IS-136 TDMA: combined FDMA/TDMA
• GSM (global system for mobile communications):
combined FDMA/TDMA
– most widely deployed
• IS-95 CDMA: code division multiple access

TDMA/FDMA
CDMA-2000
GPRS EDGE UMTS
IS-136
GSM IS-95

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 Cellular systems generations…
• 3G (third generation) – high-speed voice-oriented systems
integrated with data services;
- Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS)
• data service: High Speed Uplink/Downlink packet Access
(HSDPA/HSUPA): 3 Mbps
– Increase the quality of the voice, capacity of the network, and data
rate (384 kbps - 2 Mbps ).
– eg.: General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Code Division Multiple
Access (CDMA)
– W-CDMA (GSM) and CDMA2000 …
• data service: 1xEvolution Data Optimized (1xEVDO) up to 14 Mbps

• 4G (fourth generation) – LTE (Long Term Evolution)

– Designed to provide IP-based voice, data and multimedia services at a
speed of up to 1Gbps.
– Designed to provide up to 10x the speed of 3G networks for mobile
devices such as smart phones, tablets,...
• 5G (fifth generation) – coming soon with data rate up to
5gbps
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Mobile Technologies

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Mobile Technologies

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Mobile Technologies

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