Characteristics of selected wireless link

Chapter 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

standards
Background:
54 Mbps 802.11{a,g}
5-11 Mbps 802.11b .11 p-to-p link

ˆ # wireless (mobile) phone subscribers now 1 Mbps

802.15

exceeds # wired phone subscribers!

ˆ computer nets: laptops, palmtops, PDAs, 384 Kbps UMTS/WCDMA, CDMA2000
3G

Internet-enabled p
phone promise
p anytime
y 56 Kbps IS-95 CDMA, GSM
2G

untethered Internet access

ˆ two important (but different) challenges Indoor Outdoor Mid range Long range
outdoor outdoor
 communication over wireless link 10 – 30m 50 – 200m 200m – 4Km 5Km – 20Km
 handling mobile user who changes point of
attachment to network

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-1 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-2

Elements of a wireless network Elements of a wireless network

infrastructure mode Ad hoc mode
ˆ base station connects ˆ no base stations
mobiles into wired ˆ nodes can only
network transmit to other
ˆ handoff: mobile nodes within link
changes base station coverage
network providing
p g connection ˆ nodes organize
infrastructure into wired network themselves into a
network: route among
themselves

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-3 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-4

Wireless Link Characteristics Wireless network characteristics

Multiple wireless senders and receivers create
Differences from wired link ….
additional problems (beyond multiple access):
 decreased signal strength: radio signal A B
attenuates as it propagates through matter C
C
(path loss)
 interference from other sources: standardized A’s signal C’s signal
strength
wireless
l network
k frequencies
f ((e.g., 2.4
4 GH
GHz)) B strength
t th
A
shared by other devices (e.g., phone); devices
(motors) interfere as well space

 multipath propagation: radio signal reflects off

Hidden terminal problem
ˆ B, A hear each other Signal fading:
objects ground, arriving ad destination at
ˆ B, A hear each other
slightly different times ˆ B, C hear each other
ˆ A, C can not hear each other ˆ B, C hear each other
means A, C unaware of their ˆ A, C can not hear each other
…. make communication across (even a point to point) interferring at B
wireless link much more “difficult” interference at B

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-5 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-6

1
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Chapter 6 outline
ˆ used in several wireless broadcast channels 6.1 Introduction Mobility
(cellular, satellite, etc) standards ˆ 6.5 Principles:
ˆ unique “code” assigned to each user; i.e., code set addressing and routing
partitioning Wireless
ˆ 6.2 Wireless links,
to mobile users
ˆ all users share same frequency, but each user has
own “chipping”
chipping sequence (i.e.,
(i e code) to encode data characteristics ˆ 6.6 Mobile IP
ˆ encoded signal = (original data) X (chipping  CDMA ˆ 6.7 Handling mobility in
sequence) ˆ 6.3 IEEE 802.11 cellular networks
ˆ decoding: inner-product of encoded signal and wireless LANs (“wi-fi”) ˆ 6.8 Mobility and higher-
chipping sequence ˆ 6.4 Cellular Internet layer protocols
ˆ allows multiple users to “coexist” and transmit Access
simultaneously with minimal interference (if codes
are “orthogonal”)
 architecture 6.9 Summary
 standards (e.g., GSM)

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-7 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-8

IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN 802.11 LAN architecture

ˆ 802.11b ˆ 802.11a ˆ wireless host communicates
 2.4-5 GHz unlicensed  5-6 GHz range Internet with base station
radio spectrum  base station = access
 up to 54 Mbps
 up to 11 Mbps
point (AP)
ˆ 802.11g ˆ Basic Service Set (BSS)
 direct sequence spread
 2.4-5
2 4-5 GHz range (aka “cell”)
cell ) in infrastructure
spectrum (DSSS) in hub, switch
physical layer  up to 54 Mbps or router mode contains:
AP
ˆ All use CSMA/CA for  wireless hosts
• all hosts use same
chipping code multiple access  access point (AP): base
BSS 1
 widely deployed, using
station
ˆ All have base-station AP
base stations  ad hoc mode: hosts only
and ad-hoc network
versions

BSS 2
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-9 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-10

802.11: Channels, association IEEE 802.11: multiple access

ˆ avoid collisions: 2+ nodes transmitting at same time
ˆ 802.11b: 2.4GHz-2.485GHz spectrum divided into ˆ 802.11: CSMA - sense before transmitting
11 channels at different frequencies  don’t collide with ongoing transmission by other node
 AP admin chooses frequency for AP ˆ 802.11: no collision detection!
 interference possible: channel can be same as  difficult to receive (sense collisions) when transmitting due
that chosen byy neighboring
g g AP! to weak rece
received
ved ssignals
gnals (fading)
(fad ng)
ˆ host: must associate with an AP  can’t sense all collisions in any case: hidden terminal, fading

 scans channels, listening for beacon frames  goal: avoid collisions: CSMA/C(ollision)A(voidance)

containing AP’s name (SSID) and MAC address

 selects AP to associate with A B C
C
 may perform authentication [Chapter 8] C’s signal
A’s signal
 will typically run DHCP to get IP address in AP’s B strength strength
A
subnet
space
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-11 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-12

2
 IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol: CSMA/CA Avoiding collisions (more)
802.11 sender
1 if sense channel idle for (Distributed idea: allow sender to “reserve” channel rather than random
Inter-frame Space) DIFS then sender receiver access of data frames: avoid collisions of long data frames
transmit entire frame (no CD) ˆ sender first transmits small request-to-send (RTS) packets
2 if sense channel busy then DIFS to BS using CSMA
start random backoff time  RTSs may still collide with each other (but they’re short)
timer counts down while channel idle ˆ BS broadcasts
b d sts clear-to-send
l t s d CTS in i response
s s to
t RTS
data
transmit when timer expires
ˆ RTS heard by all nodes
if no ACK, increase random backoff
interval, repeat 2  sender transmits data frame
SIFS
802.11 receiver  other stations defer transmissions
- if frame received OK ACK
return ACK after (Short Inter-frame Avoid data frame collisions completely
Spacing) SIFS (ACK needed due to hidden
terminal problem) using small reservation packets!

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-13 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-14

Collision Avoidance: RTS-CTS exchange 802.11 frame: addressing

A B
AP

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4
frame address address address seq address
duration payload CRC
reservation collision control 1 2 3 control 4

Address 3: used only

in ad hoc mode
Address 1: MAC address
of wireless host or AP Address 3: MAC address
to receive this frame of router interface to
DATA (A) which AP is attached
defer Address 2: MAC address
of wireless host or AP
time transmitting this frame

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-15 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-16

802.11 frame: addressing 802.11: mobility within same subnet

ˆ H1 remains in same IP router

Internet subnet: IP address
H1 R1 router can remain same hub or
AP ˆ switch: which AP is switch

associated with H1? BBS 1

 self-learning (Ch. 5):
R1 MAC addr AP MAC addr switch will see frame AP 1

dest. address source address from H1 and AP 2

802.3 frame “remember” which
switch port can be H1 BBS 2
AP MAC addr H1 MAC addr R1 MAC addr used to reach H1
address 1 address 2 address 3

802.11 frame
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-17 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-18

3
802.15: personal area network Chapter 6 outline
ˆ less than 10 m diameter
6.1 Introduction Mobility
ˆ replacement for cables
ˆ 6.5 Principles:
(mouse, keyboard, S
P
addressing and routing
headphones) Wireless
P
radius of
ˆ 6.2 Wireless links,
to mobile users
ˆ ad hoc: no infrastructure
M
ˆ 6.6 Mobile IP
coverage
characteristics
ˆ master/slaves: S S P  CDMA ˆ 6.7 Handling mobility in
cellular networks
P
 slaves request permission to ˆ 6.3 IEEE 802.11
send (to master) wireless LANs (“wi-fi”) ˆ 6.8 Mobility and higher-
master grants requests layer protocols
ˆ 6.4 Cellular Internet


ˆ 802.15: evolved from M Master device

Access
Bluetooth specification S Slave device  architecture 6.9 Summary
 2.4-2.5 GHz radio band P Parked device (inactive)  standards (e.g., GSM)
 up to 721 kbps
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-19 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-20

Components of cellular network architecture

Cellular networks: the first hop
MSC
‰ connects cells to wide area net
‰ manages call setup (more later!) Two techniques for sharing
‰ handles mobility (more later!) mobile-to-BS radio
cell spectrum
‰ covers geographical
region ˆ combined FDMA/TDMA:
‰ base station (BS) Mobile
divide spectrum in time slots
analogous to 802
802.11
11 AP Switching
g
‰ mobile users attach
Center
Public telephone frequency channels, divide
to network through BS network, and each channel into time
air-interface: Internet
‰
slots frequency
physical and link layer Mobile
ˆ CDMA: code division
bands
protocol between Switching
mobile and BS Center
multiple access

wired network

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-21 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-22

Cellular standards: brief survey Cellular standards: brief survey

2G systems: voice channels 2.5 G systems: voice and data channels
ˆ IS-136 TDMA: combined FDMA/TDMA (north ˆ for those who can’t wait for 3G service: 2G extensions
america) ˆ general packet radio service (GPRS)
ˆ GSM (global system for mobile communications):  evolved from GSM
combined
bi d FDMA/TDMA  data
d sent on multiple
l l channels
h l (if
( f available)
l bl )
 most widely deployed ˆ enhanced data rates for global evolution (EDGE)
ˆ IS-95 CDMA: code division multiple access  also evolved from GSM, using enhanced modulation
 Date rates up to 384K

ˆ CDMA-2000 (phase 1)
 data rates up to 144K
Don’t drown in a bowl
GSM of alphabet soup: use this
for reference only  evolved from IS-95

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-23 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-24

4
Cellular standards: brief survey Chapter 6 outline
3G systems: voice/data 6.1 Introduction Mobility
ˆ 6.5 Principles:
ˆ Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS)
Wireless addressing and routing
GSM next step, but using CDMA
 to mobile users
ˆ 6.2 Wireless links,
ˆ CDMA-2000 characteristics ˆ 6.6 Mobile IP
 CDMA ˆ 6.7 Handling mobility in
ˆ 6.3 IEEE 802.11 cellular networks
wireless LANs (“wi-fi”) ˆ 6.8 Mobility and higher-
ˆ 6.4 Cellular Internet layer protocols
Access
….. more (and more interesting) cellular topics due to  architecture 6.9 Summary
mobility (stay tuned for details)  standards (e.g., GSM)

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-25 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-26

What is mobility? Mobility: Vocabulary

home network: permanent home agent: entity that will
ˆ spectrum of mobility, from the network perspective: “home” of mobile perform mobility functions on
(e.g., 128.119.40/24)
behalf of mobile, when mobile
is remote
no mobility high mobility

wide area
network
mobile wireless user, mobile user, mobile user, passing
using same access
Permanent address:
connecting/ through multiple
address in home
point disconnecting access point while
network, can always be
from network maintaining ongoing
used to reach mobile
using DHCP. connections (like cell e.g., 128.119.40.186 correspondent
phone)

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-27 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-28

Mobility: more vocabulary How do you contact a mobile friend:

Permanent address: remains
constant (e.g., 128.119.40.186)
Care-of-address: address
in visited network.
(e g 79,129.13.2)
(e.g., 79 129 13 2)
wide area
network
correspondent: wants
to communicate with
mobile 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks
visited network: network
in which mobile currently
Consider friend frequently changing I wonder where
resides (e.g., 79.129.13/24) Alice moved to?
addresses, how do you find her?
ˆ search all phone
books?
ˆ call her parents?
ˆ expect her to let you
know where he/she is?
home agent: entity in
visited network that
performs mobility
functions on behalf
of mobile.
6-29 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-30

5
Mobility: approaches Mobility: approaches
ˆ Let routing handle it: routers advertise permanent ˆ Let routing handle it: routers advertise permanent
address of mobile-nodes-in-residence via usual address of mobile-nodes-in-residence
not via usual
routing table exchange. scalable
routing table exchange.
to millions of
 routing tables indicate where each mobile located  routing tables indicate
mobiles where each mobile located
 no changes to end-systems  no changes to end-systems
ˆ Let end-systems handle it: ˆ let end-systems handle it:
 indirect routing: communication from  indirect routing: communication from
correspondent to mobile goes through home correspondent to mobile goes through home
agent, then forwarded to remote agent, then forwarded to remote
 direct routing: correspondent gets foreign  direct routing: correspondent gets foreign
address of mobile, sends directly to mobile address of mobile, sends directly to mobile

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-31 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-32

Mobility: registration Mobility via Indirect Routing

visited network foreign agent
home network receives packets,
home agent intercepts forwards to mobile
packets, forwards to visited
1 foreign agent network
2
wide area home
network
network
3
mobile contacts
foreign agent contacts home foreign agent on wide area
network
agent home: “this mobile is entering visited 2
resident in my network” network 1
correspondent 4
addresses packets
End result: using home address
mobile replies
directly to
ˆ Foreign agent knows about mobile of mobile
correspondent
ˆ Home agent knows location of mobile
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-33 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-34

Indirect Routing: comments Indirect Routing: moving between networks

ˆ Mobile uses two addresses: ˆ suppose mobile user moves to another
permanent address: used by correspondent (hence network
mobile location is transparent to correspondent)  registers with new foreign agent
 care-of-address: used by home agent to forward
 new foreign agent registers with home agent
datagrams to mobile
 home agent update care
care-of-address
of address for mobile
ˆ foreign agent functions may be done by mobile itself
 packets continue to be forwarded to mobile (but
ˆ triangle routing: correspondent-home-network- with new care-of-address)
mobile
ˆ mobility, changing foreign networks
 inefficient when
transparent: on going connections can be
correspondent, mobile
maintained!
are in same network

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-35 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-36

6
 Mobility via Direct Routing Mobility via Direct Routing: comments
foreign agent ˆ overcome triangle routing problem
receives packets,
correspondent forwards forwards to mobile ˆ non-transparent to correspondent:
to foreign agent visited
network correspondent must get care-of-address
home from home agent
network 4  what if mobile changes visited network?
wide area
2 network
3
correspondent 1 4
requests, receives
mobile replies
foreign address of
directly to
mobile
correspondent

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-37 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-38

Accommodating mobility with direct routing Chapter 6 outline

ˆ anchor foreign agent: FA in first visited network
ˆ data always routed first to anchor FA 6.1 Introduction Mobility
ˆ when mobile moves: new FA arranges to have data ˆ 6.5 Principles:
forwarded from old FA (chaining) Wireless addressing and routing
ˆ 6.2 Wireless links,
to mobile users
foreign net visited characteristics ˆ 6.6 Mobile IP
anchor
at session start
 CDMA ˆ 6.7 Handling mobility in
foreign
ˆ 6.3 IEEE 802.11 cellular networks
wide area agent
network
2 wireless LANs (“wi-fi”) ˆ 6.8 Mobility and higher-
1 4 ˆ 6.4 Cellular Internet layer protocols
5
3 Access
new  architecture 6.9 Summary
standards (e.g., GSM)
correspondent foreign
agent
new foreign
network 
correspondent agent

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-39 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-40

Mobile IP: indirect routing Components of cellular network architecture

foreign-agent-to-mobile packet
recall:
packet sent by home agent to foreign dest: 128.119.40.186 correspondent

agent: a packet within a packet wired public

telephone
network
dest: 79.129.13.2 dest: 128.119.40.186
MSC MSC

MSC
MSC
Permanent address: MSC
128.119.40.186

Care-of address:
79.129.13.2
dest: 128.119.40.186
packet sent by different cellular networks,
correspondent operated by different providers

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-41 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-42