Name- Amit Kumar Choudhary

Enrollment No: A1004820075

Class: BCA – 5B
IOT PSDA-3

Q1 - Explain 5 infrastructure less solution of IOT

1. LPWANs :- The Internet of Things (IoT) is experiencing a recent phenomenon known as

LPWANs. This family of technologies is made specifically to handle massive IoT networks
stretching over enormous industrial and commercial campuses by offering long-range
communication on small, affordable batteries that endure for years.
All IoT sensor types can be connected by LPWANs, enabling a wide range of applications
such as asset tracking, environmental monitoring, facility management, occupancy
detection, and consumables monitoring. Yet LPWANs are better suited for use cases that
don't demand large bandwidth and are not time-sensitive because they can only transport
short blocks of data at a low pace.

2. Cellular (3G/4G/5G) :- Cellular networks, which are well-established in the consumer

mobile market and handle a variety of phone calls and video streaming applications, provide
dependable broadband connectivity. The drawback is that they have extremely high power
and running costs.
While cellular networks are not practical for the bulk of battery-operated sensor network
IoT applications, they are appropriate for some use cases, such as linked cars or fleet
management in logistics and transportation. For instance, the ubiquitous and high
bandwidth cellular connectivity can support fleet telemetry and tracking services, traffic
routing, advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), and in-car entertainment.

3. Zigbee and Other Mesh Protocols :- Zigbee, an IEEE 802.15.4 short-range, low-power
wireless standard, is frequently used in mesh topologies to increase coverage by
transmitting sensor data across numerous sensor nodes. Zigbee has better data rates than
LPWAN, but because of its mesh architecture, it also uses a lot less power.

Zigbee and comparable mesh protocols (such as Z-Wave, Thread, etc.) are best suited for
medium-range Internet of Things applications with an equitable distribution of nodes in
close vicinity because of their physical short-range ( 100m). For many home automation use
cases, such as smart lighting, HVAC controls, security and energy management, etc. -
utilising home sensor networks - Zigbee is typically a natural companion to Wi-Fi.

4. Bluetooth and BLE :- Bluetooth is a short-range communication technology that fits well
into the category of Wireless Personal Area Networks and is well-positioned in the
consumer market. The point-to-point or point-to-multipoint (up to seven slave nodes) data
exchange between consumer electronics products was the initial purpose of Bluetooth
Classic. In order to target small-scale Consumer IoT applications, Bluetooth Low-Energy was
later designed and optimised for power usage.

In order to communicate data to the cloud, BLE-enabled devices are often utilised in
conjunction with electronic devices, most commonly smartphones. These days, Bluetooth
Low Energy (BLE) is frequently incorporated into health and fitness wearables (such as
smartwatches, glucose metres, pulse oximeters, etc.) as well as Smart Home devices (such
as door locks), enabling data to be easily transmitted to and displayed on smartphones.

5. Wi-Fi :- Given Wi-crucial Fi's function in delivering high-throughput data transfer for both
workplace and household environments, it is essentially unnecessary to describe it. The
technology is far less common in the IoT arena due to significant limits in coverage,
scalability, and power consumption.
Wi-Fi is frequently not a practical choice for large networks of battery-operated IoT sensors
due to its high energy consumption, particularly in industrial IoT and smart building
situations. Instead, it focuses more on connecting electronics that can easily be plugged into
a power outlet, such as smart household appliances, digital billboards, and security cameras.

Q2. Write the names and the features of sensors and used in area of
agriculture medical and auto mobile industries.
Sensors in Agriculture field
pH Sensors in Agriculture :- The availability of nutrients is just as important for animal and
living organism growth as it is for plant growth. It is crucial to have a thorough
understanding of the soil conditions from which agricultural goods are derived in order to
maximise a plant's growth potential and produce highly productive harvests. The use of pH
sensors offers essential information about nutritional deficits in the soil or the presence of
undesirable substances. In order to continue educating the agricultural business, these
sensors support smart agriculture in monitoring daily, weekly, monthly, and annual
oscillations in soil pH and nutrient levels.

GPS Sensors:- The availability of nutrients is just as important for animal and living organism
growth as it is for plant growth. It is crucial to have a thorough understanding of the soil
conditions from which agricultural goods are derived in order to maximise a plant's growth
potential and produce highly productive harvests. The use of pH sensors offers essential
information about nutritional deficits in the soil or the presence of undesirable substances.
In order to continue educating the agricultural business, these sensors support smart
agriculture in monitoring daily, weekly, monthly, and annual oscillations in soil pH and
nutrient levels.

Sensors in Medical field

1. Temperature probes: Used for body temperature measurement. This helps in providing
better medication and treatment of patients. They are called as thermometers.
2. Force sensors: Used in kidney dialysis machines.
3. Airflow sensors: Used in anesthesia delivery systems, laparoscopy, heart pumps etc.
Pressure sensors: Used in infusion pumps and sleep apnea machines. Most of the pressure
sensors are integrated with embedded systems. They are used for medical diagnosis, blood
pressure monitoring, infusion pumps etc.

Sensors in Automobile field

1. Mass Air Flow Sensor :- The MAF or Mass airflow sensor is one of the essential sensor
used in automobiles. This sensor is used in an engine of the car. This sensor can be
controlled by a computer and can calculate the air density in the engine. If the working of
this sensor halts, then the running of the vehicle will be stopped. In addition, the usage of
petroleum will be high. These sensors are classified into two types namely vane meter & hot
wire.
2.Engine Speed Sensor :- The engine speed sensor in the automobile can be connected to
the crankshaft. The main purpose of this sensor is to monitor the crankshaft’s rotating
speed. So that fuel injection & the engine timing can be controlled. There are different ways
for the vehicle engine to stop unexpectedly. So this sensor will stop that for car drivers.
Q3. Write similarities and differences between MANET and VANET
MANET:- MANET stands for Mobile Adhoc Network also called a wireless Adhoc network or
Adhoc wireless network that usually has a routable networking environment on top of a Link
Layer ad hoc network.. They consist of a set of mobile nodes connected wirelessly in a self-
configured, self-healing network without having a fixed infrastructure. MANET nodes are
free to move randomly as the network topology changes frequently. Each node behaves as a
router as they forward traffic to other specified nodes in the network.
VANET:- VANET refers to a network created in an ad-hoc manner where different moving
vehicles and other connecting devices come in contact over a wireless medium and
exchange useful information to one another. A small network is created at the same
moment with the vehicles and other devices behaving as nodes in the network. Whatever
information the nodes possess is transferred to all other nodes. Similarly all the nodes after
transferring their set of data receive the data being transmitted by other nodes. After
accumulating all of such data, nodes then work to generate useful information out of the
data and then again transmit the information to other devices.

S.No. MANET VANET

Production cost of MANET is cheap

1 as compared to VANET Much Expensive

Mobility of MANET is low as it make

bit difficult for network enables the High Mobility, as serving
serving networks to locate a mobile networks to locate a mobile
2 subscriber’s point. subscriber’s point is easy.

Frequent and very fast

Change in network topology change of network
3 orientation is slow. topology,

Node density is frequent

4 Sparse node density. variables.

MANET HAVE 100 Kps bandwidth VANET bandwidth is 1000

5 available. Kps.
Q4. What are the applications of wireless sensor networks also explain current
challenges of IOT.
Applications:-
Military Applications: Possibly, WSNs is an essential fragment of military intelligence, facility,
control, communications, computing, frontline surveillance, investigation and targeting
systems.
Applications in Area Monitoring: In the aspect, the sensor nodes are positioned over an area
where some display is to be observed. When the sensors notice the occurrence being
observed (such as temperature, pressure etc), the occurrence is conveyed to one of the
base stations (BSs), which then takes action appropriately.
Transportation Applications: Instantaneous traffic statistics is being composed by WSNs to
later forage transportation models and keep the drivers on alert of possible congestion and
traffic difficulties.
Medical/Health Applications: Some of the medical/health benefits of WSNs are in the areas
of diagnostics, investigative, and drug administration as well as management, supporting
interfaces for the incapacitated, integrated patient monitoring and management, tele-
monitoring of human physiological information, and tracking and monitoring medical
practitioners or patients inside the medical facility. According to Nwankwo et al. [45]
nanoinformatics and nanomedicine are now beginning to advance in clinical applications via
the use of biosensors.

Challenges
Scalability:- Scales for SNs range from a few nodes to perhaps several numbers. Additionally,
the deployment density can be altered appropriately. The node density may get so high
throughout the high-resolution data collection procedure that each node has a large
number of neighbours within its transmission range. The protocols used in SNs should be
scalable to these levels and capable of successfully maintaining and preserving
performance.
Culpability Tolerance:- SNs frequently operate in hazardous environments and are
vulnerable. The nodes' failure is allegedly caused by hardware issues, physical impairment,
or by taxing their energy source. The node failure rates are obviously far larger than those
typically taken into account in WNs that have been fortified or have infrastructure installed.
The protocols used in an SN should be capable of quickly identifying these node failures and
should be extremely resilient in handling several node failures while maintaining and
retaining the full functioning of the network system. This is especially pertinent to the
routing protocol project, which makes sure that additional pathways are available for packet
redirection. However, different deployment scenarios call for different culpability tolerance
requirements.
Cost of Production: Only if the specific SNs could be produced affordably would sensor
networks be able to compete with conventional information collecting techniques since
some deployment models treat the SNs as disposable devices. A NS's targeted goal price
should ideally be extremely cheap.

Q5.Explain elements and use of manet and vanet

USES of MANET
1.Tactical Network
2.Sensor Network
3.Emergency Network
4. Home and enterprise networking
USES OF VANET:-
1. Traffic Service
2. Alarm
3. Warning Message
4. Audio/Video Streaming
USES of Wireless Sensor Network:-
1.Constant Sensing
2.Event ID
3.Event Detection
4. Local control of actuator.