DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER ENGINEERING

NORTH SOUTH UNIVERSITY

EEE 321, ETE 321 – Introduction to Communication Systems

Experiment No: 04
- Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation -
Prepared by: Mehrab Hossain Likhon

Modulation is the process of putting information onto a high frequency carrier for
transmission (frequency translation).

Once this information is received, the low frequency information must be removed from the
high frequency carrier. This process is known as Demodulation.
In analog signal transmission, there are basically three main types of modulation:

1. Amplitude modulation
2. Frequency modulation
3. Phase modulation

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

In this modulation technique, the amplitude of the carrier changes according to the amplitude
of the message or modulating signal.

EEE 321, ETE 321 Lab (NSU)

Lab Instructor: Mehrab Hossain Likhon
Email: mehrab.hossain@northsouth.edu
Equations:
Message signal: ( ) ( )

Carrier signal: ( ) ( )

Modulated signal: ( ) ( ) ( ) [without modulation index]

Or, ( ) [ ( )] ( ) [with modulation index]

( ) [ ( )] ( )

( ) [ ( )] ( )

Different form of AM:

 Conventional Amplitude Modulation (DSB-LC)

Alternatively known as Full AM or Double Sideband with Large carrier (DSB-LC) modulation
 Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC) modulation
 Single Sideband (SSB) modulation
 Vestigial Sideband (VSB) modulation

MATLAB code for AM:

clc; clear all; close all;

% declaring equations for Modulating Signal and Carrier Signal

t = 0:0.001:3;
fm = 1;
fc = 20;

mt = 3*cos(2*pi*fm*t); % Modulating signal

ct = 2*cos(2*pi*fc*t); % Carrier signal
st = mt.*ct;

subplot(3,1,1) % plotting modulating signal

plot(t,mt); grid on;
title('Modulating Signal')

subplot(3,1,2) % plotting carrier signal

plot(t,ct); grid on;
title('Carrier Signal')

subplot(3,1,3) % plotting AM signal

plot(t,st); grid on;
title('Amplitude Modulated Signal')

EEE 321, ETE 321 Lab (NSU)

Lab Instructor: Mehrab Hossain Likhon
Email: mehrab.hossain@northsouth.edu
 Modulating Signal
5

-5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Carrier Signal
2

-2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Amplitude Modulated Signal
10

-10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Modulation index (µ):

The modulation index (or modulation depth) of a modulation scheme describes by how much
the modulated variable of the carrier signal varies around its unmodulated level.
( )
For AM signal, modulation index ( )

Amplitude modulation index and modulation depth are key parameters for any AM
transmission as it is necessary to keep the index or depth within limits to reduce distortion
and interference. The nominal value of modulation index is: .

EEE 321, ETE 321 Lab (NSU)

Lab Instructor: Mehrab Hossain Likhon
Email: mehrab.hossain@northsouth.edu
MATLAB code for AM considering modulation index:
clc; clear all; close all;

t=0:0.001:3;
m_index = input('enter the value of modulation index >> ')

Am = 2;
Ac = Am/m_index;

fm=1;
fc=10;

mt = cos(2*pi*fm*t);
ct = cos(2*pi*fc*t);
st = (1+m_index*mt).*(Ac*ct);

subplot(3,1,1) % plotting modulating signal

plot(t,mt); grid on;
title('Modulating Signal')

subplot(3,1,2) % plotting carrier signal

plot(t,ct,'r'); grid on;
title('Carrier Signal')

subplot(3,1,3) % plotting AM signal

plot(t,st); grid on;
title(['AM Signal for Modulation Index = ', num2str(m_index)])

Modulating Signal
1

-1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Carrier Signal
1

-1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
AM Signal for Modulation Index = 0.7
5

-5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

EEE 321, ETE 321 Lab (NSU)

Lab Instructor: Mehrab Hossain Likhon
Email: mehrab.hossain@northsouth.edu
 AM demodulation:
Demodulation extracts the baseband message from the
modulated signal. There are 2 main methods of AM
demodulation:

1. Envelope or non-coherent detection or demodulation

2. Synchronized or coherent demodulation

MATLAB simulation:

In our MATLAB simulation, we will use several built in functions like ammod(),
ssbmod(), amdemod(), ssbdemod()

 y = ammod(x,Fc,Fs) uses the message signal x to modulate a carrier signal with

frequency Fc (Hz) using amplitude modulation. The carrier signal and x have sample
frequency Fs(Hz). The modulated signal has zero initial phase and zero carrier
amplitude, so the result is suppressed-carrier modulation.

Note: The x, Fc, and Fs input arguments must satisfy ( ) where BW is the
bandwidth of the modulating signal x.

 y = ssbmod(x,Fc,Fs) uses the message signal x to modulate a carrier signal

with frequency Fc (Hz) using single sideband amplitude modulation in which the
lower sideband is the desired sideband. The carrier signal and x have sample
frequency Fs (Hz). The modulated signal has zero initial phase.

 z = amdemod(y,Fc,Fs) demodulates the amplitude modulated signal y from a

carrier signal with frequency Fc (Hz). The carrier signal and y have sample frequency
Fs (Hz). The modulated signal y has zero initial phase and zero carrier amplitude, so it
represents suppressed carrier modulation. The demodulation process uses the low pass
filter specified by [num, den] = butter(5,Fc*2/Fs).

 z = ssbdemod(y,Fc,Fs) demodulates the single sideband amplitude modulated

signal y from the carrier signal having frequency Fc (Hz). The carrier signal and y
have sampling rate Fs (Hz). The modulated signal has zero initial phase, and can be
an upper-or lower-sideband signal. The demodulation process uses the low pass filter
specified by [num, den] = butter(5,Fc*2/Fs).

EEE 321, ETE 321 Lab (NSU)

Lab Instructor: Mehrab Hossain Likhon
Email: mehrab.hossain@northsouth.edu
DSB-SC & SSB Modulation and Demodulation of DSB-SC & SSB signal:
MATLAB code for DSB-SC & SSB Modulation:
% DSB-SC vs SSB Time Domain Signals

clc; clear all;

Fs= 8000; % Sampling rate: 8000 samples per second.

Fc = 300; % Carrier frequency in Hz
t = [0: 1: 0.2*Fs]/Fs; % Sampling times for .2 second

x = sin(2*pi*10*t) + 2*cos(2*pi*20*t); % message signal

y = ammod(x,Fc,Fs); % DSB-SC signal

z = ssbmod(x,Fc,Fs); % SSB signal

figure(1);

subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,x,'r')
title('Original or Message Signal');

subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,y)
title('DSB-SC Modulated Signal');

subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,z)
title('SSB Modulated Signal');
Original or Message Signal
5

-5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
DSB-SC Modulated Signal
5

-5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
SSB Modulated Signal
5

-5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

EEE 321, ETE 321 Lab (NSU)

Lab Instructor: Mehrab Hossain Likhon
Email: mehrab.hossain@northsouth.edu
MATLAB code for DSB-SC demodulation:
%DSB-SC vs SSB Time Domain Signals

clc; clear all;

Fs= 8000; % Sampling rate: 8000 samples per second.

Fc = 300; % Carrier frequency in Hz
t = [0: 1: 0.2*Fs]/Fs; % Sampling times for .2 second

x = sin(2*pi*10*t) + 2*cos(2*pi*20*t);

y = ammod(x,Fc,Fs); % DSB-SC signal

s1 = amdemod(y,Fc,Fs); % Demodulation of DSB-SC AM signal

figure(2);

subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,y);
title('DSB-SC Modulated Signal');

subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,x,'r');
title('Original or Message Signal');

subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,s1);
title('DSB-SC Demodulated Signal');

DSB-SC Modulated Signal

5

-5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Original or Message Signal
5

-5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
DSB-SC Demodulated Signal
5

-5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

EEE 321, ETE 321 Lab (NSU)

Lab Instructor: Mehrab Hossain Likhon
Email: mehrab.hossain@northsouth.edu
MATLAB code for SSB demodulation:
%DSB-SC vs SSB Time Domain Signals

clc; clear all;

Fs= 8000; % Sampling rate: 8000 samples per second.

Fc = 300; % Carrier frequency in Hz
t = [0: 1: 0.2*Fs]/Fs; % Sampling times for .2 second

x = sin(2*pi*10*t) + 2*cos(2*pi*20*t);

z = ssbmod(x,Fc,Fs); % SSB signal

s2 = ssbdemod(z,Fc,Fs); % Demodulation of SSB AM signal

figure(3);

subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,z);
title('SSB Modulated Signal');

subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,x,'r');
title('Original or Message Signal');

subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,s2);
title('SSB Demodulated Signal');

SSB Modulated Signal

5

-5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Original or Message Signal
5

-5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
SSB Demodulated Signal
5

-5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

EEE 321, ETE 321 Lab (NSU)

Lab Instructor: Mehrab Hossain Likhon
Email: mehrab.hossain@northsouth.edu
 Full System Using SIMULINK

Build this model on SIMULINK model file. You’ll find all the blocks in the corresponding
library

 signal generator → sources  product → math operations

 constant → sources  LPF (transfer function) → continuous
 sum → math operations  scope → sinks
For signal generator (message signal): amplitude = 1, frequency = 1.
For signal generator 1 (carrier signal): amplitude = 1, frequency = 20.
Scopes should show output graphs like these-

EEE 321, ETE 321 Lab (NSU)

Lab Instructor: Mehrab Hossain Likhon
Email: mehrab.hossain@northsouth.edu