2020 Updated CS Manual-Sir Asif

Communication System (TE-336) SSUET/QR/114
LAB # 1
INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL OSCILLOSCOPE
OBJECTIVE:
Analyze an analog signal using features of digital oscilloscope and function gen-
erator.
APPARATUS:
 Digital oscilloscope with probes
 Function generator and its probes
THEORITICAL BACKGROUND:
FUNCTION GENERATOR:
It is electronic test equipment that is used to generate electrical waveform that
may be square waveform, sine wave or triangular waveform consists of variable
frequencies. For displaying the wave and to measure the amplitude, we use oscil-
loscope.
OSCILLOSCOPE:
An oscilloscope is a type of electronic test equipment that allows signal voltages
to be viewed. The oscilloscope that we are followingin our lab is digital storage
oscilloscope GDS-800 series with following features.
 Up to 250 MHz repetitive bandwidth.
 Up to 10ns peak detection.
 Two input channels.
 Auto setting for quick setup.
 FFT spectrum analysis.
GDS-800 series digital storage oscilloscope has been designed for a wide number
of applications in services and industry. Forsimplicity of operation the ‘Auto set’
function allows for signal related automatic setup of measuring parameters.
On screen, readout and cursor functions provide operational convenience for
measuring voltage, frequencies and other measurements.
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Some of Important functions of oscilloscope that we will use are as follows.

 AUTOSET
 MATH
 CURSOR
 MEASURE
 RUN/STOP
AUTOSET:
The “Autoset” function provides a stable triggering display of any input signal.
One can connect a signal to either the channel 1 or channel 2 input connectors
and press AUTOSET button. You will observe its default functions.
CURSORS:
Cursors are a powerful feature of oscilloscope which allows you to take accurate
measurements along horizontal and vertical axes.
1. Press “Cursors” hard key and you will see the waveform.
2. Use Vertical Cursors to measure the time period of the waveform.
3. Use Horizontal Cursors to measure the peak-to-peak value of the waveform
and note your readings is space provided below.
T1 = V1 =
T2 = V2 =
Time Period = Frequency = Vpp =
MEASURE:
Our Oscilloscope has another powerful feature ‘Measure‘allowing us to measure
the commonly used parameters of signals automatically. We just need to reach
that value on Menu and note down its value.
1. Press ‘Measure’hard key from the front panel.
2. In the soft menu for measure you will see something like
 Voltage (peak to peak),

 Frequency,
 Time Period
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Fill the following observation table using the function of “measure” for square
and sine wave of 2 KHz.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Parameters Sine wave Square wave

Vpp
Frequency
Time Period
Vrms
Vavg
Vmax
Vmin
+Width
-Width
Duty Cycle
MATH:
Math is another useful feature of our oscilloscope. With „Math‟ we can obtain:
a. The sum of two channels
b. The difference between two channels
c. FFT of the signal on any Channel
1. Give sine wave as input to Channel 1 and a DC signal at Channel 2
2. From Math soft menu select CH1 + CH2 and draw the waveform you see.
DRAW WAVEFORM
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RUN/STOP:
It is an important feature during analyses of signal, using this feature we can stop
or run the output wave. Observe this function and elaborate its advantage.
CONCLUSION:
Page 4
LAB # 2 (a) AMPLITUDE MODULATION
OBJECTIVE:
Recognize Amplitude Modulated waveform using Analog Modulation
(AM) Trainer IT-4101.
a) Over modulated.
b) Ideal modulated.
c) Under modulated.
THEORITICAL BACKGROUND
MODULATION:
Modulation is a process where a “carrier wave” is systematically altered (in am-
plitude or frequency or phase or any combination of them) in correspondence
with the variation of a modulating signal called the message signal to transmit
over a long distance. Now, the resulting modulated signal will carry the message
information in its amplitude or frequency or phase or any combination of them.
With the help of modulation, we can communicate over long distances without
increasing antenna size. We can send a radio frequency (RF) signal between two
antennas, one at the transmitting end and the other at the receiving end.
AMPLITUDE MODULATION:
Amplitude modulation is defined as the process in which the amplitude of the
carrier wave varied about a means values linearly with the base band signal. The
envelope of the modulating wave has the same shape as the base band signal. In
order to observe the amplitude modulated wave form, we are using the Analog
Trainer.
MODULATION INDEX:
Modulation index indicates how much the carrier's amplitude can change due to
modulation. It can be determine using following formula
Vmax  Vmin
Percent modulation index  100
Vmax  Vmin
Where Vmax = maximum peak-to-peak envelope amplitude, Volts

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Vmin = minimum peak-to-peak envelope amplitude, Volts

SIDE BANDS:
Amplitude modulation of a carrier wave normally results in two mirror-image
sidebands. The signal components above the carrier frequency constitute the up-
per sideband (USB), and those below the carrier frequency constitute the lower
sideband (LSB). In conventional AM transmission, the carrier and both side-
bands are present, sometimes called double sideband amplitude modulation
(DSB-AM).Using FFT you have to observe side bands of amplitude modulation.
HARDWARE REQUIRED:
1. IT-4101 AM Trainer Kit
2. Oscilloscope with probes
TRAINER DIAGRAM:
AM DSB Transmitter Trainer IT-4101
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PROCEDURE:
1. Turn on the power of IT-4101 module.
2. Make the select switch in Audio Generator output position.
3. Connect Oscilloscope probe to Audio output test point TP3 and examine a low
frequency waveform. Set the frequency to nearly 2 kHz. And set the amplitude of
audio signal to maximum.
4. Connect 455 kHz Carrier TP5 to Carrier I/P TP8 of Balanced Modulator. Car-
rier null potentiometer should be adjusted to get Carrier maximum amplitude.
5. Now connect the Audio output TP3 to the audio input TP7 of Balanced Modu-
lator-1.
6. Now connect the oscilloscope probe to “o/p” of Balanced Modulator-1 TP9,

and observe the amplitude modulation.
7. Vary the frequency and amplitude of Audio Generator and observe changing in
modulated waveform. Adjust these knobs, carrier adjust and carrier Null knob un-
til you observe the ideal 100% modulation.
OBSERVATION:
Audio & carrier parameters:
Em fm Ec fc
Under Modu-
lation
Ideal Modu-
lation
Over Modu-
lation
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AM Envelope:
Vmax Vmin fUSB fLSB
Under Modulation
Ideal Modulation
Over Modulation
A. Plot the respective envelopes of under, ideal and over modulation.
DRAW WAVEFORM:
a. b. c.
B. Now, find the percent modulation index of under, over and ideally modu-
lated signal.
CONCLUSION:
Page 8
LAB#2(b) AMPLITUDE MODULATION
OBJECTIVE:
1. To recognize amplitude modulated waveform using XR-2206.
2. To measure the modulation index of an AM signal.
d) Over modulated.
e) Ideal modulated.
f) Under modulated.
MODULATION:
Modulation is a process where a “carrier wave” is systematically altered (in am-
plitude or frequency or phase or any combination of them) in correspondence
with the variation of a modulating signal called the message signal to transmit
over a long distance. Now, the resulting modulated signal will carry the message
information in its amplitude or frequency or phase or any combination of them.
With the help of modulation, we can communicate over long distances without
increasing anntena size. We can send a radio frequency (RF) signal between two
antennas, one at the transmitting end and the other at the receiving end.
AMPLITUDE MODULATION:
Amplitude modulation is defined as the process in which the amplitude of the
carrier wave varied about a means values linearly with the base band signal. The
envelope of the modulating wave has the same shape as the base band signal.
In order to generate amplitude modulated wave form, we are using XR-2206IC.
MODULATION INDEX:
Modulation index indicates how much the carrier's amplitude can change due to
modulation. It can be determine using following formula
Vmax  Vmin
Percent modulation index  100
Vmax  Vmin
Where Vmax = maximum peak-to-peak envelope amplitude, Volts
Vmin = minimum peak-to-peak envelope amplitude, Volts
Page 9
SIDE BANDS:
Amplitude modulation of a carrier wave normally results in two mirror-image

sidebands. The signal components above the carrier frequency constitute the up-
per sideband (USB), and those below the carrier frequency constitute the lower
sideband (LSB). In conventional AM transmission, the carrier and both side-
bands are present, sometimes called double sideband amplitude modulation
(DSB-AM).
Using FFT you have to observe side bands of amplitude modulation.
HARDWARE REQUIRED:
 Oscilloscope with probes
 Function generator with probe
 Power supply with cables
 IC-XR2206
 Resistors
4.7kΩ (3) 10kΩ (2) 47kΩ (1) 1kΩ (1) (variable)
 Capacitors
0.001µf (2) 1µf (2) 10µ f (2)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
R2 1 K
+12 V dc
4 16 15 14 13
1 F 0.001 F
VCC 2 Vout
+1
VC
1 Multiplier/
Sine Shaper 4.7 K
10 F Mult.
5
3
10 K VCO
6 11 +12 V dc
C1
0.001 47 K
Signal F Current XR-2206 4.7 K
Gen. 9 Switches
Bypass GND
DC 7 8 10 12 4.7 K
Voltage 1 F 10 F
R1
10 K
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DESING PROCEDURE:
1. Construct the circuit shown in figure set the amplitude of the control Voltage
VC to 0 V.
2. Set the amplitude of the signal generator output (or message signal) Voltage to
0 V.
3. Check that the function generator free-running frequency has not changed.
4. Increase the control Voltage to +4 V dc.
5. Set the output of the signal generator output Voltage to 3 VP-P at 1 kHz.
6. Adjust the amplitude of the signal generator output Voltage until an AM enve-
lope with 100% modulation is observed at Vout.
7. Sketch the waveform envelope observed, indicating its amplitude and fre-
quency.
8. You have to observe the under modulation, over modulation and ideal modu-
lation and plot its respective envelopes.
DRAW WAVEFORM:
a. b. c.
9. Now, vary the voltage of message signal and observe the following parameters in modulat-
ed signal.
Message signal Vmax (modulated signal) Vmin(modulated signal)
1 Vp-p
1.5 Vp-p
3 Vp-p
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10. Now, find the percent modulation of modulated signal by setting signal gen-
erator output at 1Vp-p, 1.5Vp-p and 3Vp-p.
11. Using FFT function draws the frequency spectrum for under, over and ideal
modulation. At Fm=1 KHz.
DRAW WAVEFORM:
a. b. c.
CONCLUSION:
Page 12
LAB#3
AMPLITUDE DEMODULATION
OBJECTIVE:
1. To recognize amplitude demodulated waveform using AM DSB/SSB
transmitter trainer IT-4101 and AM DSB/SSB receiver trainer IT-4102.
2. To draw the modulation waveforms of an AM signal for:
g) Over modulated.
h) Ideal modulated.
i) Under modulated.
3. To perform the demodulation for:
a) Over modulated
b) Ideal modulated
c) Under modulated
4. To measure the parameters of AM demodulated waveform.
DEMODULATION:
Demodulation is the reverse process of modulation. The process of detection pro-
vides a means of recovering the modulating Signal from modulated signal. The
detector circuit is employed to separate the carrier wave and eliminate the side
bands. Since the envelope of an AM wave has the same shape as the message, in-
dependent of the carrier frequency.
If the input signal of the diode detector is the under modulated AM signal,as
shown in figure 3.1, Then we are able to recover the distorted signal to the audio
signal (or message signal) by the diode detector.
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If the input signal of the diode detector is the over modulated AM signal, as
shown in figure 3.2. Then we are unable to recover the distorted signal to the
audio signal (or message signal) by the diode detector.
Diode rectification is a simple way to demodulate an A.M. radio signal. How an

incoming radio wave is effectively cut in half wave, when it passes through a di-
ode as shown in figure 3.3. Since the current can only flow in one direction we
will only see positive voltages. The remaining signal is low pass filtered to re-
move the radio frequency, leaving only the low-frequency audio signal.
Page 14
HARDWARE REQUIRED:
1.IT-4101 Trainer Board
2.IT-4102 Trainer Board
3.2mm Patch Cord
DIAGRAM:
Page 15
PROCEDURE:
1.Turn on the power of IT-4101 module.
2.Make the select switch in Audio Generator output position.
3. Connect Oscilloscope probe to Audio output test point TP3 and examine a low
frequency waveform. Set the frequency to nearly 2KHz. And set the amplitude
of audio signal to maximum.
4.Connect 455KHz carrier TP5 to Carrier I/P TP8 of Balanced Modulator. Carrier
null potentiometer should be adjusted to get a carrier minimum amplitude
5.Now connect the Audio output TP3 to the audio input TP7 of Balanced Modu-
lator-1.
6.Now connect the oscilloscope probe to “O/P” of Balanced Modulator-1 TP9,
and observe the amplitude modulation.
7.Vary the frequency and amplitude of Audio Generator and observe changing in
modulated waveform.
8.Connect Balanced Modulator O/P TP9 to Ceramic filter I/P TP11 and observe
the waveform at the output of Ceramic filter TP12.The filter will completely re-
move the upper side band of amplitude modulated signal and observed signal will
be SSB signal.
9.Connect ground of IT-4101 TP19 to ground of IT-4102 TP18.
11.Connect output of Ceramic band pass filter TP12 of IT-4101 to the input of
Product Detector TP9 of IT-4102.
12.Connect 455KHzLocal Carrier O/P TP8 to Carrier I/P TP10of Product Detec-
tor of IT-4102.
13. Now observe the audio O/P of Product Detector TP11 of module IT-
4102.This will be noisy signal.Now vary the frequency of Audio generator of
module IT-4101 and observe the corresponding change in frequency at audio
output of module IT-4102.
14. Connect the audio O/P of Product Detector TP11 to Low Pass Filter TP13 of
module IT-4102.This filter will eliminate the noise from the signal.
15.In order to amplify this signal connect O/P LPF TP14to I/Pof audio amplifier
TP16 of IT-4102 and connect O/P of audio amplifier TP17 to I/P of speaker pro-
vided on IT-4102.
Page 16
16.Adjust the volume of audio generator to hear the tone transmitted by IT-4101.
OBSERVATIONS:
You have to observe the under modulation, over modulation and ideal modulation and plot its
respective envelopes.
DRAW WAVEFORM:
a. b. c.
You have to observe the demodulated waveforms for under,over and ideal transmitted AM sig-
nals and plot its respective envelopes.
DRAW WAVEFORM:
a. b. c.
Observe the carrier frequency and modulating frequency using cursors and calculate ampli-
tudes of carrier and information signal.
fc fm Em Ec
Over Modulation
Ideal Modulation
Under Modulation
Observe and calculate the amplitude of carrier and modulated wave.
Vmax Vmin FLSB FUSB
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Over Modulation
Ideal Modulation
Under Modulation
5. Draw the waveform of recovered message signal and also show some given
parameters for over, under and ideal conditions.
OVER MODULATION:
Message Recovered Mes- Frequency of

Difference Frequencyof Demodulated
Transmitted sage
∆V modulated signal
Vpp1 Vpp2 Signal
IDEAL MODULATION:
Message Recovered Mes- Frequency of

Difference Frequency of Demodulated
Transmitted sage
∆V modulated signal
Vpp1 Vpp2 Signal
Page 18
UNDER MODULATION
Message Recovered Frequency of Frequency Of-

Difference Demodulated
Transmitted Message modulated sig-
∆V
Vpp1 Vpp2 nal Signal
CONCLUSION:
Page 19
LAB#04(a)
AM DOUBLE SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER
OBJECTIVE:
1. To design a balanced bridge modulator in order to observe AMDSBSC.
2. Power comparison of AM-DSBSC and AM-DSBFC.
Double sideband suppressed carrier modulation:
In AM modulation two-thirds of the transmitted power appears in the carrier

which itself conveys no information. The real information is contained within the
sidebands. One way to overcome this problem is simply to suppress the carrier.
By suppressing the carrier the resulting signal is simply the upper and lower side-
bands. Such a signal is referred to as a double-sideband suppressed carrier (DSSC
or DSB) signal. Double sideband suppressed carrier modulation is simply a spe-
cial case of AM with no carrier.
A circuit called a balanced modulator generates double sideband suppressed car-
rier signals.
A Balanced Modulatoris a device in which the carrier and modulating signal are
introduced in such a way that the output contains the two sidebands without the
carrier.
This creates a balanced signal, as there is less noise because the carrier signal has
been removed.
Balanced Bridge Modulator:
The operation of the bridge modulator is completely dependent on the switching
action of diodes D1 through D4 under the influence of the carrier and modulating
signal voltages. The carrier voltage controls the on and off condition of the di-
odes and therefore must be larger than the modulating signal voltage.
We can calculate total power of DSBSC by using following formula:

Pt = (mEc)2
4RL
Where “m” is modulation index.
Ec is carrier amplitude
RL is load resistor
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The average power dissipated in a load by an unmodulated carrier is given by

Pc = (Ec)2
2RL
The upper and lower sideband powers, Pusb and Plsb respectively, are given as
PUSB = PLSB= (mEc/2)2
2RL
So PT for DSBFC is
PT = Pc + PUSB + PLSB
HARDWARE REQUIRED:
 Oscilloscope with probes
 2 Function generators with probes
 Diodes (4)
 Resistors10kΩ (2)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Page 21
PROCEDURE:
1. Make connections according to the given circuit.
2. Apply the modulating signal of 1 kHz (4Vp-p) and a carrier wave of 10 kHz
(14Vp-p) to the defined terminals.
1. Observe its output and plot the waveform.
2. Vary frequency and waveform of the modulating signal and check the corre-
sponding variations of the modulated signal.
3. Observe and calculate the carrier frequency and modulating frequency using
cursors and compare it with the given input frequency.
Fc fc(obs) ∆fc Fm fm(obs) ∆fm
4. Calculate PUSB, PLSB and the total power of DSBSC, keeping Ec fixed.
Em Ec RL(KΩ) m PUSB PLSB PT
10
10
Page 22
10
5. Using observations of lab#2 find the PUSB, PLSB and the total power of modu-
lated signal that is DSBFC.
EC RL( KΩ) m PUSB PLSB PC PT
10
10
10
6. Now compare your observation no 4 and 5 and state the difference of power in
DSBFC and BSBSC.
7. Why we used to suppress the carrier? Answer it on the bases of observation no

6.
CONCLUSION:
Page 23
LAB # 04(b)
AM DOUBLE SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER
OBJECTIVE:
Transmission of AM DSB-SC Modulated signal using Balanced Modulator and
Power Amplifier.
HARDWARE REQUIRED:
1. IT-4101 Trainer Board
2. 2mm Patch Cords
Experimental Setup
Refer to the following diagram to configure setup for the present experiment
Procedure:
1. Turn on the power ofIT-4101 module.
2. Connect Oscilloscope probe to Audio output TP3 and examine a low fre-
quency waveform. Set the frequency to nearly 2 KHz.
3. Connect the Audio output TP3 to the input of Balanced Modulator-2 TP 16.
4. Observe the carrier at TPI4.
Page 24
5. This carrier is internally connected to Carrier input TP 17 of Balanced

Modulator 2.
6. Frequency of this carrier must be tuned to 1MHz by varying Inductor “L”
using StarTuner, provided with the Trainer.
7. Now make the connections as shown in Figure.
8. Now connect the oscilloscope probe to “O/P” of Balanced Modulator-2
TP18, and observe the amplitude modulation at the output pin.
9. Vary the Frequency and Amplitude of Audio Generator and observe the
change in the modulated waveform.
10. This AM modulated signal is fed to Power Amplifier and then to Antenna.
11. This setup will transmit the 2 KHz tone using AIVI modulation.
12. In next section we will learn to receive this 2KHz tone using IT-4 102, su-
per heterodyne receiver tuned at 1 MHz
Page 25
LAB # 05(a) FREQUENCY MODULATION BY VARACTOR MODULATOR
OBJECTIVE:
Operation of Frequency Modulation by using Varactor Modulator
HARDWARE REQUIRED:
2. 2mm Patch Cords
Experimental Setup
Page 26
Procedure:
2. Connect the output of Audio Generator TP1 to CH 1 of oscilloscope. Check
the output by adjusting amplitude and frequency knob.
3. Connect output of Varactor Modulator TP9 to CH 2 of oscilloscope. Observe
the signal at output and calculate the frequency of carrier generated by this
section. It should around 420 KHz. If not so, then using a tuner, turn the
screw of the coil gently while observing the output at oscilloscope.
4. Connect the output of audio generator TP1 to the input of the Varactor modu-
lator TP8.
5. Observe the frequency modulation by connecting the output of Varactor
Modulator TP9 to the Channel 2 of the Oscilloscope.
6. Now vary the parameters of the Audio signal and observe the variation in fre-
quency of modulated output.
1. Observe its output and plot the waveform with parameter.
2. Observe and calculate the carrier frequency and modulating frequency pa-
rameter
Modulating Signal Carrier Signal Modulated Signal

S. No
Vm Fm Vc Fc Amplitude Fmin Fman
1.
2.
3.
Page 27
CONCLUSION:
Page 28
LAB # 05(b) FREQUENCY MODULATION BY REACTANCE MODULATOR
OBJECTIVE:
To study operation of Frequency Modulation by using Reactance Modulator.
HARDWARE REQUIRED:
2. 2mm Patch Cords
Experimental Setup
Page 29
Procedure:
3. Connect output of Reactance Modulator TP7 to CH 2 of oscilloscope. Ob-
serve the signal at output and calculate the frequency of carrier generated by
this section. It should around 370-390 KHz. If not so, then using a plastic
tuner, turn the screw of the Coil gently while observing the output at oscillo-
scope.
4. Connect the output of audio generator TP1 to the input of the Reactance
Modulator TP7.
5. Frequency modulation output will be similar to that of Varactor Modulator
with the exception that it will also contain AM part. This can be observed
when we set the Time base is Oscilloscope to ms scale.
Note:There will be an Amplitude Modulated part added in the Frequency Modu-

lated wave when using Reactance Modulator. To nullify it, Amplitude
6. Connect the output of the Reactance Modulator TP7 to the input of Amplitude
Limiter TP18.
7. Observe the output at TP19. The following wave must be formed on your os-
cilloscope after passing through amplitude Limiter. Now vary the amplitude
and the frequency of the Audio signal. Variation in frequency can be ob-
served.
2. Vary the potentiometer of the amplitude Limiter section so that the above
waveform could be obtained.Observe its output and plot the waveform with
parameter.
Page 30
rameter
Modulating Signal Carrier Signal Modulated Signal Amplitude Limiter

SNo
Vm Fm Vc Fc Vmax Vmin Frequency Vmax Vmin Frequency
1.
2.
3.
CONCLUSION:
Page 31
LAB # 06 FREQUENCY DEMODULATION BY QUADRATURE DETECTOR
OBJECTIVE:
Operation of quadrature detector by reactance modulator
This is another demodulator, again fairly simple but is an improvement over the
previous design. It causes less distortion and is also better, though not perfect
when it comes to removing any superimposed noise. The incoming signal is
passed through a place shifting circuit. The degree or phase shift that occurs is
determined by the exact frequency of the signal at any particular instant. The rule
of the degree of phase shift are:
1. If the carrier is un-modulated, the phase shift is 90˚.
2. If the carrier increase in frequency the phase shift is less than 90˚.
3. If the carrier decreases in frequency the phase shift is greater than 90˚.
We now only require a circuit able to detect the changes in the phase of the sig-
nal.
This circuit compare the phase of original input signal with the output of the
phase the comparison according to the following rules
1. It provide no change in output voltage if the signal phase has been shifted to
90˚.
2. Phase over 90˚ result in a decreased DC voltage level.
3. Phase less than 90˚ result is an increased DC voltage level.
Page 32
As the phase change the DC voltage level move up and down and re-create the
audio signals.
A low pass filter is include to reduce the amplitude of any high frequency ripple
and block the DC offset, consequently the signal at the output closely resemble
the original signal.
HARDWARE REQUIRED:
1. IT-4103 trainer board
2. 2mm patch cords
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
Refer to the following diagram to configure setup for the present experiment.
PROCEDURE
Upon completion of this experiment student will be able to understand the con-
cept of Detuned Circuit Resonator.
1. Concept O/P of audio generator TIP to CH 1 of oscilloscope. Check the O/P by
adjusting amplitude and frequency knobs.
2. Connect O/P of reactance modulator TP7 to CH 2 of oscilloscope. Observe the
signal at O/P and calculate the frequency of carrier generated by this section. It
should around 370-390 KHz .if not so, then using a plastic tuner, turn the screw
of the coil gently while observing the O/P at oscilloscope.
3. Connect audio O/P tp1 to reactance modulator audio i/p to tp6. Plot the wave-
form with parameters you observe on oscilloscope.
4. Now connect the output of reactance modulator TP7 to the input of amplitude
Limiter TP18.
5. Connect the output of amplitude limiter TP19 to CH 2 Oscilloscope. Plot the
waveform you observe, after Passing through Amplitude Limiter. Now vary the
amplitude of the audio signal. Variation in frequency can be observed.
Page 33
6. Now connect the output of amplitude limiter TP19 to the input of quadrature
Detector TP12. Plot the wave form with parameters. If the waveform is not ob-
served; tune the IF coils of reactance modulator.
7. Connect the demodulated signal to the input of AC amplifier TP16. Then con-
nect the output of AC amplifier to TP 17 to the input of Low pass filter TP
14.Vary the gain of AC amplifier to observe the transmitted message signal.
Plot the waveform with parameters.
8. Observe the parameters at different amplitudes of message signal.
Modulating Signal Carrier Signal Modulated Signal Amplitude Limiter

SNo
Vm Fm Vc Fc Vmax Vmin Frequency Vmax Vmin Frequency
1.
2.
3.
9. Observe the demodulated message signal parameters.
Modulating Signal Quadrature Signal Demodulated Signal

SNo.
Amplitude Frequency Amplitude Frequency Amplitude Frequency
1.
2.
3.
Page 34
CONCLUSION:
Page 35
LAB # 07(a) FREQUENCY DE-MODULATION BY PLL DETECTOR
OBJECTIVE:
Frequency demodulation using phase-locked loop detector by Varactor
Modulator.
This is another demodulator that employs a phase comparator circuit. It is a very
good demodulator and has the advantage that it is available, as a self-contained
integrated circuit so there is no setting up required. You plug it in and it works.
For these reasons, it is often used in commercial broadcast receivers. It has very
low levels of distortion and is almost immune from external noise and provides
very low levels of distortion.
The DC output voltage from the output if the low pass filter controls the frequen-
cy of this oscillator. Now this DC voltage keeps the oscillator running at the same
frequency as the original input signal and 90 degree out of phase. And if we did,
then why not just add a phase shifting circuit at the input to give the 90 degree
phase shift? The answer can be seen by imagining what happens when the input
frequency changes- as it would with a FM signal. If the input frequency increases
and decreases, the VCO frequency is made to follow it. These changes in the DC
voltage level from the demodulated signal. The signal then passes through a low
pass filter to smooth the output and then through an AC amplifier.
HARDWARE REQUIRED:
2. 2mm Patch Cords
Page 36
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
Refer to following diagram to configure setup for the present experiment.
PROCEDURE:
Upon completion of this experiment will be able to understand the concept or
phased lock loop detector by Varactor Modulator.
1. Connect O/P of audio generator TP1 to CH1 of Oscilloscope. Check the O/P
by adjusting amplitude and frequency knob.
2. Connect output of Varactor Modulator TP9 to CH 2 of oscilloscope. Observe

the signal at output and calculate the frequency of carrier generated by this
section. It should around 420 KHz. If not so, then using a tuner, turn the
screw of the coil gently while observing the output at oscilloscope.
3. Connect the output of audio generator TP1 to the input of the Varactor modu-
lator TP8.
4. Observe the frequency modulation by connecting the output of Varactor
Modulator TP9 to the Channel 2 of the Oscilloscope.
5. Now vary the parameters of the Audio signal and observe the variation in fre-
quency of modulated output. Plot the waveform with parameter.
6. Observe and calculate the carrier frequency and modulating frequency parame-
ter.

S. No
1.
2.
3.
Page 37
7. Now connect the output of Varactor Modulator TP9 to the input of Phase
Locked Loop TP12. Plot the output of the PLL Modulator.
8. Connect the output of a phase Loop TP13 to the Low Pass Filter and then to
AC amplifier.
9. Connect the O/P of AC amplifier TP17 to Ch2 of Oscilloscope. Note the effect
of change in amplitude of Audio signal on the Demodulated O/p signal.
10. If we increase the frequency the O/P signal will attenuate due limiting of Low
Pass filter.
11. Connect the audio O/P to CH1 and compare this signal with the demodulated
signal at O/P of AC Amplifier TP17.
Modulating Signal PLL Signal Demodulated Signal

SNo.
1.
2.
3.
CONCLUSION:
Page 38
LAB # 07(b) FREQUENCY DE-MODULATION BY PLL DETECTOR
OBJECTIVE:
To study operation of frequency demodulation using phase-locked loop de-
tector by Reactance Modulator.
HARDWARE REQUIRED:
2. 2mm Patch Cords
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
Refer to following diagram to configure setup for the present experiment.
PROCEDURE:
Upon completion of this experiment will be able to understand the concept or
phased lock loop detector by Reactance Modulator.
scope.
Modulator TP7.
Page 39
Limiter TP18.
8. Observe the output at TP19. Now vary the amplitude and the frequency of the
Audio signal. Variation in frequency can be observed.
9. Vary the potentiometer of the amplitude Limiter section so that the waveform
could be obtained.Observe its output and plot the waveform with parameter.
rameter.

S No.
1.
2.
3.
11. Now connect the output of Amplitude Limiter TP19 to the input of Phase
Locked Loop TP12. Plot the output of the PLL Modulator.
Page 40
12. Connect the output of a phase Loop TP13 to the Low Pass Filter and then to
AC amplifier.
13. Connect the O/P of AC amplifier TP17 to Ch2 of Oscilloscope. Note the ef-
fect of change in amplitude of Audio signal on the Demodulated O/P signal.
14.Connect the audio O/P to CH1 and compare this signal with the demodulated
signal at O/P of AC Amplifier TP17.
Modulating Signal PLL Signal Demodulated Signal

SNo.
1.
2.
3.
CONCLUSION:
Page 41
LAB # 08 FREQUENCY DEMODULATION BY FOSTER-SEELEY DETECTOR
OBJECTIVE:
Operation of Foster-Seeley Detector by Reactance Modulator.
To uses a double-tuned RF transformer to convert frequency variation in the re-
ceived FM signal to amplitude variation. These amplitude variations are then rec-
tified and filtered to provide a dc O/P voltage. This voltage varies in both ampli-
tude and polarity as the input signal varies in frequency. A typical discriminator
response curve is shown in Figure. The output voltage is 0 when the input fre-
quency is equal to the carrier frequency (fr). When the input frequency rises
above the center frequency, the output increases in the positive direction. When
the input frequency drops below the center frequency, the output increases in the
negative direction.
HARDWARE REQUIRED:
1) IT-4103 trainer board
2) 2mm patch cords
3) Oscilloscope with probes
EXPERIMENT SETUP:
PROCEDURE:
Upon completion of this experiment students will be able to understand the con-
cept of Foster Seeley Detector.
Page 42
scope.
Modulator TP7.
Limiter TP18.
8. Observe the output at TP19. Now vary the amplitude and the frequency of the
Audio signal. Variation in frequency can be observed.
9. Vary the potentiometer of the amplitude Limiter section so that the waveform
could be obtained.Observe its output and plot the waveform with parameter.
rameter.

S No.
1.
2.
3.
Page 43
11.Now connect the output of amplitude limiter TP19 to the input of Foster See-
ley/Ratio Detector TP4.Make sure that switch is in Foster Seeley Detector po-
sition.
12. Observe and plot the waveform with parameters. If not observed; tune the IF
coils of reactance modulator and Foster Seeley/Ratio Detector to acquire the
waveform.
13.Connect the output of Foster Seeley/Ratio Detector TP4 to the Low Pass Filter
and then to AC amplifier.
14.Connect the O/P of AC amplifier TP17 to CH2 of Oscilloscope. Note the ef-
fect of change in amplitude of Audio signal on the Demodulated O/P signal.
15. Connect the audio O/P to CH1 and compare this signal with the demodulated
signal at O/P of AC Amplifier TP17. Plot the wave form with parameters.
16.Observe the demodulated message signal parameters.
Modulating Signal Foster Seeley Detector Demodulated Signal

S No.
1.
2.
3.
Page 44
CONCLUSION:
LAB # 09(a) MULTIPLEXING
OBJECTIVE:
Perform Time Division Multiplexing through TDM Trainer IT-4202.
Observe the Time Division Multiplexing at different sampling rate.
THEORITICAL BACKGROUND:
Multiplexing:
Multiplexing is the process of combining signals from different information so
that they can be transmitted over a common channel. Multiplexing is advanta-
geous in cases where it is impracticable and uneconomical to provide separate
links for the different information sources. The price that has to be paid to acquire
this advantage is in the form of increased system complexity and bandwidth.
The most commonly used methods of multiplexing are:
1. Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)
2. Time division multiplexing (TDM)
Frequency division multiplexing:
Frequency division multiplexing is the process of combining several information
channels by shifting their signals to different frequency groups within the fre-
quency spectrum so that they can all be transmitted over a common transmitted
channel.
Time division multiplexing:
Time division multiplexing is the process of combining the samples from differ-
ent information signals, in time domain so that they can be transmitted over the
same channel. The fact utilized in (TDM) technique is that there are large inter-
vals between the messages samples. The samples from the other sources can be
placed within these time intervals. Thus every sample is separated from other in
time domain. The time division multiplexing system can be stimulated by two ro-
Page 45
tating switches, one at transmitter and other at receiver see figure. The two wipers
rotate and establish electrical contact with one channel at a time.
HARDWARE REQUIRED:
1. Time Division Multiplexing Transceiver Trainer IT-4202.
2. Oscilloscope with probes.
3. Probes with connections.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the power supply of the trainer.
2. Using the oscilloscope verify the required frequencies of the function gen-
erator block.
3. Make sure that the clock signal is observed at the clock o/p pin TP27 of
the clock Generator block.Plot the clock o/p wave form with parameters.
Page 46
4. Now connect the clock o/p TP27 to the Pulse o/p block at CLK I/P TP18.
5. Connect any output of Pulse O/P block TP19 to TP22 to the sampling rate
pin TP50 of Sampling block. Plot the sampling rate with parameters.
6. Adjust the amplitude of all the frequencies to maximum.Plot the wave-

forms before and after sampling block.
Input Output
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
7. Connect the waves of the Function Generator block to the input of sam-
pling block as shown in figure.
8. Connect all the outputs of sampling block to the inputs of multiplexing re-
spectively.
9. Connect the clock output TP27 to the clock input of 3-Bit Counter at
TP23.
10.Connect all the counter output A0, A1, A2 to the selection inputs of mul-
tiplexer at A0, A1, A2respectively as shown in Figure.
11.Plot the 3-Bit counter output with parameters respectfully.
1.
Page 47
2.
3.
12. Connect the oscilloscope to the output of multiplexer TP18. Plot the out-
put wave with parameters.
CONCLUSION:
Page 48
LAB # 9(b) DE-MULTIPLEXING
OBJECTIVE:
Perform Time Division De-Multiplexing through TDM Trainer IT-4202. Ob-
serve the Time Division De-Multiplexing at different sampling rate.
REQUIREMENTS:
1. Time Division Multiplexing Transceiver Trainer IT-4202.
2. Oscilloscope with probes.
3. Probes for connections.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
Page 49
PROCEDURE:
1. After obtaining multiplexing, now connect output of Multiplexer to the in-
put of De-multiplexer.
2. Now connect the clock o/p TP27 to the Pulse o/p block at CLK I/P TP38.
3. Plot the 3-Bit counter output with parameters respectfully.
1.
2.
3.
4. Now connect all the output A0, A1, A2 to the selection inputs of De-
multiplexer at A0, A1, A2 respectively as shown in Figure.
Page 50
5. Connect the output of De-Multiplexer to the input of Low Pass filter to

demodulate the respective signal. Plot the output at each filter.
1.
2.
3.
CONCLUSION:
LAB # 10 VOICE DEMODULATION USING PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION
OBJECTIVE:
Voice transmission using Pulse Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation.
DEMODULATION:
Demodulation is the process of recovering original signal from modulated signal
wave. It can be achieved by simply pass the modulated signal from a low pass fil-
ter.
After demodulation, the received signal’s amplitude became so weak. Audio am-
plifier is then use to make signal audible and processible.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Page 51
HARDWARE REQUIRED:
1. IT-4208 Trainer Board.

2. Oscilloscope with Probe
3. 2mm Patch Cords.
4. Microphone.
PROCEDURE:
Task # 1
1. Connect a microphone in the socket of Microphone Interface block.

2. Now connect the output of Microphone Interface to the modulation signal
input of PAM block.
3. Connect the 32-khz pulse output to the Pulse IN of PAM block.
4. Connect the natural sample output of PAM block to the input of Low Pass
Filter.
5. Connect the output of Low Pass Filter to the input of AC Amplifier. Adjust
the gain knob of AC amplifier in mid position.
6. Now connect the output of AC Amplifier to input of Audio Amplifier.
Page 52
7. Switch ON the power supply.

8. Say the words “as you like” using Microphone in a loud voice. Observe
Natural Sampling, Sample & Hold and Flat-Top technique by hearing its
demodulated voice from speaker.
9. Switch OFF the power supply.
Task # 2
1. Use built-in function generator and connect its output to PAM modulating
signal input.
2. Connect the 32-khz pulse output to the Pulse IN of PAM block.
3. Connect the natural sample output of PAM block to the input of Low Pass
Filter.
4. Connect the output of Low Pass Filter to the input of AC Amplifier. Adjust
the gain knob of AC amplifier in mid position.
5. Now connect the output of AC Amplifier to input of Audio Amplifier.
6. Switch ON the power supply.
Amplitude Frequency
SNO. Parameters
Voltsp-p Hz
1. Message signal
2. Sample Pulse
3. Modulated Signal
4. Demodulated Signal
5. Ac Gained Signal
 Why it is necessary to amplify your voice signal after demodulation?
Page 53
TASK # 3:
1. Change the sample pulse from 32 kHz to 8 kHz,

2. Made connections as in task 2.
3. Observe its modulated and recovered message signal outputs.
TASK # 4:
1. Use external function generator and give fm = 6 kHz and set sample pulse
at 8 kHz from board.
2. Made connections for Natural PAM modulation and demodulation.
3. Now, explain what you observe at modulator and demodulator output.
CONCLUSION:
Page 54
LAB # 11 PULSE POSITION MODULATION & PULSE WIDTH MODULATION
OBJECTIVE:
Pulse position modulation (PPM)&pulse width modulation (PWM)signal by us-
ing the PTM circuit block on the DIGITALCOMMUNICATIONS-1 circuit
board.
Pulse Position Modulation:
PPM signals are narrow, fixed amplitude pulses with a varying position propor-
tional to the message signal’s amplitude at the time of sampling. The position of
Page 55
the PPM pulse is relative to the SH signal, and the distance between PPM pulses
varies with the message signals amplitude.
Pulse Width Modulation:

Pulse width modulation is also often called PDM(pulse duration modulation) and
less often, PLM (pulse length modulation).we have fixed amplitude and starting
time of eachpulse, but the width of each pulse is made proportional to the ampli-
tude of the signalat that instant.
Output Waveforms:
Figure: Illustrates how we get the random signal having varying amplitude
through sinusoidal input signal (message signal).
Page 56
Figure: Illustration of Pulse width modulation and Pulseposition modulation for a

case of random amplitude signal.
HARDWARE REQUIRED:
1. Lab-Volt Trainer(Digital Communications-1 Board)

2. Oscilloscope with Probes
3. Connectors of digital board.
PROCEDURE:
1. On the PTM circuit block, insert two-post connector between M1 (message

signal) and Sample/Hold’s input. (M1 is a sine wave of about 1 kHz and
voltage at 5 Vp-p).
2. Observe the output waveform from Sample/Hold output side on oscillo-

scope. Plot the output waveform along with its parameters.
3. Observe output from the ramp generator forms a ramp signal synchronized
to the SH signal. Plot the waveform with parameters.
4. Observe the adder block’s output which is summing the ramp signal and
staircase signal. Plot the waveform with its parameter.
Page 57
5. The comparator compares the adder’s output to the reference voltage “0V”.
Now observe the output of comparator which isPWM signal. Plot the
waveform showing the different variations of widths of pulses.
6. Because the average value of the adder’s output has the message signals
waveform, the width of the PWM pulses from the comparator will vary in
proportion to what parameter?
a. SH signal’s amplitude.
b. Message signal’s amplitude.
c. Message signal’s frequency.
7. To observe the PPM signal take output from pulse length circuit block. It
forms the PPM signal from the inverted PWM output of the comparator.
Plot the waveform showing the different positions of pulses.
TASK: Change message frequency through function generator and observe its
waveforms for:
1. PWM 2. PPM
CONCLUSION:
Page 58
LAB # 12(a) AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING
OBJECTIVE:
Amplitude shift keying modulation of data using the 300 KHz oscillator on
Digital modulation techniques transmitter trainer IT4206.
HARDWARE REQUIRED:
 Digital modulation techniques transmitter trainer IT4206.
 Oscilloscope with Probes
 Connectors of digital board.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
Page 59
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect Oscilloscope probe to Carrier generator TP1 and set the Frequency, using
Frequency Adj. knob to 300 KHz. Plot carrier output with parameters.
2. Provide 2 KHz clock TP6 to the clock input of Data Generator TP11.
3. Now adjust the DIP Switches, starting from left, so that following data sequence is
achieved. 11001110.
4. After setting the DIP switches press ‘Load’ switch. Plot the data sequence.
5. Connect the Carrier 0/P TP1to TP13 and Serial Data 0/P TP11 to TP14 in ASK
Modulator Block.
6. Connect CH1 to Data 0/P test point TP11 and CH2 to ASK 0/P test point TPI5 and
plot the output of oscilloscope with parameters.
Page 60
CHANNEL 1
CHANNEL 2
7. Verify the ASK Modulation waveform with respect to Data 0/P.

8. Different Data Patterns can be obtained and experimented by changing DIPSwitches
and pressing Load switch.
CONCLUSION:
Page 61
LAB # 12(b) DEMODULATIONOFAMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING
OBJECTIVE:
To observe demodulation of amplitude shift keying modulation of data using the
300 KHz oscillator on Digital modulation techniques transmitter and receiver
trainer IT4206 & IT 4207.
HARDWARE REQUIRED:
 Oscilloscope with Probes
 Connectors of digital board.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
PROCEDURE:
1. Make connections using 2mm patch cords as shown in Figure using IT-4206.
2.Connect Oscilloscope probe to Carrier 0/P test point TP1 of Module IT-4206 and set
the Frequency, using Frequency Adj. knob to 300 KHz.
Page 62
3.Provide 2 KHz clock TP6 to the clock input of Data Generator TPI 0.
4.Now adjust the DIP Switches, starting from left, so that following data sequence is
achieved. 11111111
5.After setting the DIP switches press ‘Load’ switch.
6. Carrier can be observed at ASK 0/P test point TP 15 using CH 1 of Oscilloscope.
8.Connect GND terminal of IT-4206 and IT-4207 using 2mm patch cord.
9.Set the CH2 of Oscilloscope to DC Coupling.
10. Connect ASK 0/P TP15 of IT-4206 to ASK I/P TP1 of IT-4207, using 2mm Patch
cord, and observe the Data 0/P test point TP3 of IT-4207 using CH2 of Oscilloscope
as shown in Figure.
11.Data 0/P TP3 of IT-4207 should show DC Zero Level, if not then adjust the DATA
0/P to ‘Zero Level’ by adjusting the Carrier Frequency, using FrequencyAdj. knob of
IT-4206 and by adjusting the Gain Knob of IT-4207.
12. By achieving the ‘Zero Level’ at Data 0/P TP3 of IT-4207 we have correctly tune
the Tone Decoder to the Carrier Frequency of the ASK Modulator. Now we can re-
ceive the ASK Modulated Data correctly.
13. Now adjust the DIP Switches of IT-4206, starting from left, so that following data
sequence is achieved. 11001110.
14. After setting the DIP switches press ‘Load’ switch
15.Observe the change in ASK 0/P TP15 of IT-4206 using CII 1 of Oscilloscope
16.Now connect CH1 of Oscilloscope to Serial Data 0/P TP11 of IT-4206 and Data 0/P
test point TP3 of IT-4207 to CH2.
Channel 1: 1v
0v
Channel 2: 1v
0v
8. Verify that the Data Modulated, using ASK Modulation, and Data Received, using
ASK Dc-Modulation are same.
CONCLUSION:
Page 63
LAB # 13 (a) FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING
OBJECTIVE:
FSK modulation by generating FSK signal using IT-4206 Trainer Board.
FSK is a type of frequency modulation (FM). The FSK modulator generates a
carrier signalthat changes in frequency. The modulating signal controls the output
frequency. Unlike analog FM, FSK uses a digital modulating signal. The FSK
carrier signal is switched between two specific frequencies by the digital modu-
lating signal.
The carrier frequencies used to represent the digital states are selected to be com-
patible with the intended channel's pass band. Satellite transmissions typically
use microwave carrier signals at frequencies above 1 gigahertz. Phone transmis-
sion uses audio carrier signals at frequencies between 300 Hz and 3 kHz.
HARDWARE REQUIRED:
1. IT-4206 Trainer Board I Patch Cords

Page 64
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect 4 KHz clock TP7 to the clock input of Data Generator TP10.
(Frequency of the clock can be changed according to the requirement)
2. Now adjust the DIP Switches, starting from left, so that following data se-
quence is achieved. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.
3. After setting the DIP switches press ‘Load’ switch.
4. Connect the Serial Data Output TP11 to the input of Data input of FSK Mod-
ulator TP17.
5. Carrier can be observed at FSK 0/P test point TPI8 using CH 1 of Oscillo-
scope. Plot the waveform with parameters.
quence is achieved. 11111111.
7. After setting DIP switches press ‘Load’ switch.
Page 65
8. Low frequency carrier can be observed at FSK 0/P test point TP18 using CH1
of oscilloscope. Plot the waveform with parameters.
9.Now adjust the DIP Switches, starting from left, so that following data se-
quence is achieved. 11001110.
10.After setting DIP switches press ‘Load’ switch.
11. FSK Modulated waveform can be observed at FSK 0/P test point TPI8 using
CH1 of oscilloscope.
12.Now Connect CH 1 to Serial Data 0/P test point TP11 and CH2 to FSK 0/P
Test point TP18 and verify the FSK Modulation waveform with respect to
Data I/P. Now adjust the time/div knob and plot the waveform with parame-
ters.
13. Different Data Patterns can be obtained and experimented by changing DIP
switches and pressing Load switch.
14. Observe the relation between digital modulating signal and FSK signal by
displaying both at the same time on oscilloscope.
Modulating Signal FSK Signal

(Serial data) Vp-p Frequency
High level(1)
Low level(0)
CONCLUSION:
Page 66
LAB # 13(b) DEMODULATION OF FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING
OBJECTIVE:
FSK Demodulation using IT-4206and IT-4207Trainer Boards.
HARDWARE REQUIRED:

3. 2mm Patch Cords
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
Page 67
PROCEDURE:
1. Make connections as shown in Figure using 2mm patch cords.
2. Now adjust the DIP Switches on IT-4206, starting from left, so that following
data sequence is achieved. 1 1 0 0 11 1 0
3. Using IT-4206 Connect CH1 to Serial Data 0/P test point TP11 and CH2 to
FSK 0/P Test point TP18 and verify the FSK Modulation waveform with re-
spect to Data I/P. Plot the waveform with parameters.
4. Connect FSK 0/P TP18 of IT-4206 to the input of FSK Demodulator TP5 of
IT- 4207.
5. Connect the GND terminals of both modules using 2mm patch cord.
6. Now Connect CHI to Serial Data 0/P test point TP1 1 of IT-4206 and CH2 to
Data 0/P test point TP7 and verify that Transmitted Data is similar to that of
Data received after FSK De-Modulation. Plot the waveform with parameters.
7. Different Data Patterns can be verified by changing DIP switches and pressing
Load switch of IT-4206
CONCLUSION:
Page 68
LAB # 14(a) PHASE SHIFT KEYING
OBJECTIVE:
Phase shift Keyin (PSK) modulation by generating FSK signal using IT-4206
Trainer Board.
Phase shift keying (PSK) is a form of modulation in which the phase of the carri-
er signal shifts each time the digital intelligence signal changes state.
In PSK the amplitude of the carrier remains constant. To generate a binary PSK
signal, we have to represent the input binary sequence in polar form with symbols
1 and 0 represented by constant amplitude levels. This signal transmission encod-
ing is performed by a polar non return – to – zero (NRZ) level encoder. The re-
sulting binary wave and a sinusoidal carrier are applied to a product modulator,
The carrier and the pulses used to generate the binary wave (PSK) is at the modu-
lat
or
out
put
.
The above figure shows just after the NRZ signal switches from high to low, the
PSK signal at 0 and in phase with the carrier signal.
Page 69
This above figure shows how the intelligence signal is PSK-modulated on your
circuit board. The digital input signal has logic levels of 0V and +5V. A level
shifter changes the logic levels to - 5V and +5V. The dc-offset signal is then mul-
tiplied with the carrier signal in a balanced modulator to produce the PSK signal.
HARDWARE REQUIRED:
1. IT-4206 Trainer Board I Patch Cords

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect Clock Generator output TP7 to the clock input of Data Generate
TP11.
quence isachieved. 11001110
Page 70
3. After setting DIP switches press ‘Load’ switch.

4. Connect Carrier 0/P TP1 to Carrier 1/P of PSK Modulator TP2O.
5. Connect Serial Data output TP11 of Data Generator to the Data input of PSK
Modulator TP21.
6. ‘PSK’ Modulated waveform can be observed at PSK 0/P test point TP22 using
of DSO in Stop Mode
7. Now Connect CH1 to Serial Data 0/P test point TP11 and CH2 to PSK 0/P
Test TP22 and verify the PSK Modulation waveform with respect to Data I/P.
8. Different Data Patterns can be obtained and experimented by changing DIP

switches and pressing Load switch.
9. State the difference between FSK and PSK based on your previous knowledge
and present observations.
CONCLUSION:
Page 71
LAB # 14(b) DEMODULATION OF PHASE SHIFT KEYING
OBJECTIVE:
Demodulation of Phase shift Keying (PSK) modulation using IT-4206 and IT-
4207Trainer Boards.
HARDWARE REQUIRED:
1. 4206 Trainer Board.

2. 4207 Trainer Board mm Patch Cords.
3. 2mm patch cords
4. Digital Storage Oscilloscope
EXPREMENTA1 SETUP:
Page 72
Procedure:
1. Make connections as shown in Figure using 2mm patch cords.
2. Now adjust the DIP Switches on IT-4206, starting from left, so that following
data sequence is achieved. 11 0 0 111 0.
3. Turn on the power of IT-4207 module.
4. Connect Carrier 0/P TP1 of IT-4206 to Carrier I/P TP10 located in PSK De-
modulator Block of IT-4207.
5. Observe Data O/P test point TP11 of IT-4207 and adjust the Carrier Level to
minimum using “Carrier NULL Adj.” pot. This operation is vital for correct
Data O/P. Plot the waveform with parameters.
6. Connect PSK 0/P TP22 of IT-4206 to PSK I/P TP9 of IT-4207 and carrier at
TP2O to the carrier input TP10 of PSK Demodulator.
7. Connect the GND terminals of both modules using 2mm patch cord. Observe
Signal at Data 0/P test point TP11 of IT-4207 using CH2 of oscilloscope. This
will contain Carrier signal and Data signal mixed together.
8. Observe signal at data O/P test point TP11 of IT 4207 using CH2 of oscillo-
scope. Plot the waveform with parameters.
9. In order to eliminate this carrier and retrieve Data we need to pass the signal
through Low Pass Filter. This will attenuate the signal, so we pass the signal
through AC Amplifier. Eventually we will pass the signal through Comparator
in order to convert the signal into TTL Data.
10.Observe the signal at Comparator 0/P test point TP2I. Adjust the “Bias Ad-
just” Potentiometer in order to get the Data 0/P.
11.Now Connect CH1 to Serial Data 0/P test point TP11 of IT-4206 and CH2 to
Comparator 0/P test point TP21 and verify that Transmitted Data is similar to
that of Data received after PSK De-Modulation.
Page 73
12.Different Data Patterns can be verified by changing DIP switches and pressing
Load switch of IT-4206.
CONCLUSION:
Page 74

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Communication System (TE-336) SSUET/QR/114

Some of Important functions of oscilloscope that we will use are as follows.

 Voltage (peak to peak),

Parameters Sine wave Square wave

LAB # 2 (a) AMPLITUDE MODULATION

Where Vmax = maximum peak-to-peak envelope amplitude, Volts

Vmin = minimum peak-to-peak envelope amplitude, Volts

AM DSB Transmitter Trainer IT-4101

2. Make the select switch in Audio Generator output position.

6. Now connect the oscilloscope probe to “o/p” of Balanced Modulator-1 TP9,

A. Plot the respective envelopes of under, ideal and over modulation.

LAB#2(b) AMPLITUDE MODULATION

Amplitude modulation of a carrier wave normally results in two mirror-image

Diode rectification is a simple way to demodulate an A.M. radio signal. How an

Observe and calculate the amplitude of carrier and modulated wave.

Vmax Vmin FLSB FUSB

Message Recovered Mes- Frequency of

Message Recovered Mes- Frequency of

Message Recovered Frequency of Frequency Of-

AM DOUBLE SIDEBAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER

In AM modulation two-thirds of the transmitted power appears in the carrier

We can calculate total power of DSBSC by using following formula:

The average power dissipated in a load by an unmodulated carrier is given by

1. Observe its output and plot the waveform.

Fc fc(obs) ∆fc Fm fm(obs) ∆fm

Em Ec RL(KΩ) m PUSB PLSB PT

7. Why we used to suppress the carrier? Answer it on the bases of observation no

5. This carrier is internally connected to Carrier input TP 17 of Balanced

LAB # 05(a) FREQUENCY MODULATION BY VARACTOR MODULATOR

Modulating Signal Carrier Signal Modulated Signal

LAB # 05(b) FREQUENCY MODULATION BY REACTANCE MODULATOR

Note:There will be an Amplitude Modulated part added in the Frequency Modu-

Modulating Signal Carrier Signal Modulated Signal Amplitude Limiter

LAB # 06 FREQUENCY DEMODULATION BY QUADRATURE DETECTOR

8. Observe the parameters at different amplitudes of message signal.

Modulating Signal Carrier Signal Modulated Signal Amplitude Limiter

9. Observe the demodulated message signal parameters.

Modulating Signal Quadrature Signal Demodulated Signal

LAB # 07(a) FREQUENCY DE-MODULATION BY PLL DETECTOR

2. Connect output of Varactor Modulator TP9 to CH 2 of oscilloscope. Observe

Modulating Signal Carrier Signal Modulated Signal

12. Observe the demodulated message signal parameters.

Modulating Signal PLL Signal Demodulated Signal

LAB # 07(b) FREQUENCY DE-MODULATION BY PLL DETECTOR

Modulating Signal Carrier Signal Modulated Signal

15. Observe the demodulated message signal parameters.

Modulating Signal PLL Signal Demodulated Signal

LAB # 08 FREQUENCY DEMODULATION BY FOSTER-SEELEY DETECTOR

Modulating Signal Carrier Signal Modulated Signal

16.Observe the demodulated message signal parameters.

Modulating Signal Foster Seeley Detector Demodulated Signal

LAB # 09(a) MULTIPLEXING

6. Adjust the amplitude of all the frequencies to maximum.Plot the wave-

LAB # 9(b) DE-MULTIPLEXING

5. Connect the output of De-Multiplexer to the input of Low Pass filter to

LAB # 10 VOICE DEMODULATION USING PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION

1. IT-4208 Trainer Board.

1. Connect a microphone in the socket of Microphone Interface block.

7. Switch ON the power supply.

9. Switch OFF the power supply.

 Why it is necessary to amplify your voice signal after demodulation?

1. Change the sample pulse from 32 kHz to 8 kHz,