GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, AMRAVATI.

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication

ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB

Name: Sayali Paunikar

ID: 20104008

Course Name: Analogue Communication Lab

Course Code: ETU426

Batch: 4th
INDEX:

Sr.no Name of The Experiment Page

No
1 To perform the function of Amplitude Modulation (under modulation, perfect 3
modulation and over modulation) and calculations of modulation Index.
2 To perform the function of Amplitude Demodulation (using Envelope detector 7
or any other technique).
3 To perform the function of DSB-SC Modulation and Demodulation (by using 11
any one of the technique).
4 To perform the function of SSB-SC modulation and Demodulation (by using any 18
one of the technique).
5 To perform the function of Frequency Modulation (Calculations of modulation 22
index).
6 To perform the function of frequency Demodulation (By using any one of the 24
method/technique).
7 To perform the function of Generation of Fm signal (By using Direct method 30
and Indirect method of Generating Fm signal).
8 To perform the function of Pre-emphasis & De-emphasis in Frequency 34
modulation.
9 To perform the function of Phase Modulation. 39
10 To perform the function of Phase Demodulation. 43
 EXPERIMENT NO. :- 01

Aim :- To perform the function of amplitude modulation .

Software:- Matlab

Theory:-
Amplitude modulation is a type of modulation where the amplitude (signal
strength) of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the amplitude (signal
strength) of the message signal.
Amplitude modulation is a type of modulation where the information (message
signal) is transmitted over a carrier wave by varying its amplitude in accordance
with the amplitude of the message signal.

Modulation index of amplitude modulation

Modulation index or modulation depth describes how the amplitude, frequency

or phase of the carrier signal and message signal affects the amplitude,
frequency or phase of the modulated signal.
Amplitude modulation index describes how the amplitude of the carrier signal
and message signal affects the amplitude of the amplitude modulated (AM)
signal.
or
Amplitude modulation index is defined as the ratio of the maximum amplitude
of message signal to the maximum amplitude of carrier signal.
Mi=Am/Ac
Where,
Am is the maximum amplitude of the message signal
Ac is the maximum amplitude of the carrier signal

Perfect-Modulation:
Perfect-modulation occurs when the maximum amplitude of the message signal
or modulating signal is exactly equal to the maximum amplitude of the carrier
signal (Am = Ac).
Under-Modulation:
Under-modulation occurs when the maximum amplitude of the message signal
or modulating signal is less than the maximum amplitude of the carrier signal
(Am < Ac).
Over-Modulation:
Over-modulation occurs when the maximum amplitude of the message signal or
modulating signal is greater than the maximum amplitude of the carrier signal
(Am > Ac).

Program :-
clc;
clear all;
close all;
t=[0:0.001:2];
f1=5;
m=sin(2*pi*f1*t);
subplot(6,2,[1,2]);
plot(t,m);
title("message");
f2=50;
c=sin(2*pi*f2*t);
subplot(6,2,[3,4]);
plot(t,c);
title("carrier");
m1=0.5;
s1=(1+(m1*m)).*c;
subplot(6,2,[5,6]);
plot(t,s1);
title("under modulation");
m2=1;
s2=(1+(m2*m)).*c;
subplot(6,2,[7,8]);
plot(t,s2);
title("100% modulation");
m3=1.5;
s3=(1+(m3*m)).*c;
subplot(6,2,[9,10]);
plot(t,s3);
title("over modulation");

Observation :-
F1 :- 5

F2 :- 50

For under modulation, M1 :- 0.5

For perfect modulation, M2 :-1

For over modulation, M3 :- 1.5

Output :-

Result :- Hence,we successfully perform the function of amplitude modulation

using matlab and observe their output waveforms
 EXPERIMENT NO. :- 02

Aim :- To perform the function of amplitude demodulation(using envelope

detector) (or any other technique).

Software :- Matlab

Theory:-
Amplitude Demodulation:

Demodulation is a key process in the reception of any amplitude modulated

signals whether used for broadcast or two way radio communication systems.

Demodulation is the process by which the original information bearing signal, i.e.
the modulation is extracted from the incoming overall received signal.

The process of demodulation for signals using amplitude modulation can be

achieved in a number of different techniques, each of which has its own
advantage.

The demodulator is the circuit, or for a software defined radio, the software that
is used to recover the information content from the overall incoming modulated
signal.

AM demodulators are found in many items of radio equipment: broadcast

receivers, professional radio communication equipment, walkie talkies - AM is
still used for air-band radio communications.

Detection or demodulation

The terms detection and demodulation are often used when referring to the
overall demodulation process. Essentially the terms describe the same process,
and the same circuits.

As the name indicates the demodulation process is the opposite of modulation,

where a signal such as an audio signal is applied to a carrier.

In the demodulation process the audio or other signal carried by amplitude

variations on the carrier is extracted from the overall signal to appear at the
output.

As the most common use for amplitude modulation is for audio applications, the
most common output is the audio. This may be broadcast entertainment for
broadcast reception, and for two way radio communications, it is often used for
land communications for aeronautical associated applications - often within
walkie talkies.

AM amplitude modulation demodulation principle

Terms like diode detector, synchronous detector and product detector are
widely used. But the term demodulation tends to be used more widely when
referring to the process of extracting the modulation from the signal.

The term detection is the older term dating back to the early days of radio. The
term demodulation is probably more accurate in that it refers to the process of
demodulation, i.e. extracting the modulation from the signal.

AM demodulation techniques

There are a number of techniques that can be used to demodulate AM signals.

Different types are used in different applications to suit their performance and
cost.

Diode rectifier envelope detector: This form of detector is the simplest form,
only requiring a single diode and a couple of other low cost components. The
performance is adequate for low cost AM broadcast radios, but it does not
meet the standards of other forms of demodulation. Circuit of an envelope
detector as used in an AM radio receiver. It has a high level of distortion, and
performs badly under conditions of selective fading such as those experienced
on the medium and short wave bands.
That said the diode detector has been in use for many years. It was widely
used for domestic and professional valve or tube radios, and when
semiconductors replaced valves, simple diode detectors were very easy to
implement. For more modern radios using integrated circuits, other forms of
AM detector or AM demodulator are easier to implement.

Program:

clc;

clear all
close all
t=0:.001:.5;
am = input('Enter the value of message signal Amplitude: ');
ac = input('Enter the value of carrier signal Amplitude: ');
fm = input('Enter the value of message signal frequency: ');
fc = input('Enter the value of carrier signal frequency: ');
wc1=2*pi*fm;
wc2=2*pi*fc;
m=am/ac;
ct=ac*cos(wc2*t);
mt=am*cos(wc1*t);
s=(1+m*mt).*ct;
subplot(4,1,1)
plot(t,mt)
title('Modulating Signal')
subplot(4,1,2)
plot(t,ct)
title('Carrier Signal')
subplot(4,1,3)
plot(t,s,t,ac+am,t,-ac-mt)
title('Modulating Signal With An Envelope')
subplot(4,1,4)
s2=(1/pi)*(mt);
%s2=(1+pi)*(mt);
plot(t,mt,t,s2)
title('Demodulating Signal')

Observation :-
Enter carrier signal amplitude - 1
Enter message signal amplitude -10
Enter carrier frequency -10
Enter message frequency -100

Output :-
Result :- Hence, we successfully perform the function of amplitude
demodulation using envelop detector and also observe the output waveforms .
 EXPERIMENT NO. :- 03

Aim :- To perform the function of DSB-SC modulation and demodulation

(by using any one of the technique)

Software :- Matlab

Theory:-
Double sideband suppressed carrier modulation .
If the amplitude of the carrier wave is simply changed and mathematised, it is as
follows. This modulation method is called DSB-SC (double sideband suppressed
carrier modulation). As the name suggests, there’s no wave carrier in the
modulated wave.

With DSB-SC, the amplitude of carrier wave Ac is shifted proportionally to the

modulating signal m(t).

When the modulating signal m(t) is a single sine wave, it’s as follows.

The first equation shows a spectrum where only the modulation signal frequency
Fm is separate on either side of the carrier frequency Fc. However note that with
DSB-SC, there’s no carrier wave. For this reason, DSB-SC is considered to have
good electrical efficiency. However, synchronous detection is necessary on the
receiving end, which involves a system with advanced technology and the
associated costs.

DSB-SC Modulation:
We explained the theory of amplitude modulation above, but what sort of circuit
is actually used?
The symbol for amplitude modulation is a multiplier, but actual circuits use the
nonlinearity of transistors or diodes, or switching operations.
For example, if a modulating signal is input to a circuit using non-linear
amplification, several higher harmonics are generated in the output due to the
amplification characteristics of the circuit. This higher harmonic contains a sum
(or difference) component of the information signal frequency and carrier
frequency, and if a suitable filter is used to eliminate the unwanted components,
the correct amplitude modulation waveform can be obtained.

DSB-SC Demodulation:
Demodulation (detection) methods for amplitude modulation on the receiving
side include synchronous detection and asynchronous detection. Synchronous
detection demodulates the received signal by multiplying it with a carrier
frequency which has the same frequency and phase as the transmission carrier
wave. Asynchronous detection includes envelope detection and rectification
detection. With asynchronous detection, the information signal m(t) must be
incorporated in the envelope of the receiving waveform.
With a modulation factor of 100% or more, demodulation is not possible with
asynchronous detection, but with synchronous detection, correct demodulation
is possible. However, synchronous detection requires complex, costly circuits.

Program :-
clear all;
clc;
t = 0:0.001:5; %time.
fm = 1;%frequency of message signal.
fc = 10;%frequency of carrier signal.
fs=100*fc;%sampling frequency.
Am = 5;%Amplitude of message signal.
Ac = 5;%Amplitude of carrier signal.
msg =Am.*cos(2*pi*fm*t);%message signal.
carrier = Ac.*cos(2*pi*fc*t);%carrier signal.
%% DSB SC MODULATION AND DEMODULATION.
%===========DSB SC IN TIME DOMAIN==================
dsb_sc = msg.*carrier; %dsb sc modulated wave
%=====DSB SC IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN============
ld=length(dsb_sc);
f=linspace(-fs/2,fs/2,ld);
DSB_SC=fftshift(fft(dsb_sc,ld)/ld); %frequency spectrum of dsb_sc modulated
signal.
%=====DSB SC DEMODULATION TIME DOMAIN============
pmo = 2*dsb_sc.*carrier; %product modulator output
pmo = pmo/Ac;
nf = fm/fs; %normalised frequency
[num, den] = butter(5,3*nf); %butter worth lpf of 5th order
msg_r = filter(num,den,pmo); %demodulated signal after passing through lpf
%=====DSB SC DEMODULATION FREQUENCY DOMAIN============
lr=length(msg_r);
fr=linspace(-fs/2,fs/2,lr); %frequency bins
MSG_R=fftshift(fft(msg_r,lr)/lr); %frequency spectrum of demodulated signal
%================ PLOTTING =========================
subplot(4,1,1);
plot(t, msg);
title("MESSAGE SIGNAL (TIME DOMAIN)");
xlabel('time (sec)');
ylabel('amplitude');
grid on;
subplot(4,1,2);
plot(t, carrier);
title("CARRIER SIGNAL (TIME DOMAIN)");
xlabel('time (sec)');
ylabel('amplitude');
grid on;
subplot(4,1,3);
plot(t, dsb_sc);
title("MODULATED DSB SC SIGNAL (TIME DOMAIN)");
xlabel('time (sec)');
ylabel('amplitude');
grid on;
subplot(4,1,4);
plot(t, msg_r);
title("DEMODULATED DSB SC SIGNAL (TIME DOMAIN)");
xlabel('time (sec)');
ylabel('amplitude');
grid on;
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(f, abs(DSB_SC));
xlim([-15 15]);
title('DSB SC MODULATION IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN');
xlabel('frequency(hz)');
ylabel('amplitude');
grid on;
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(fr, abs(MSG_R));
xlim([-6 6]);
title('DSB SC DE MODULATION IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN');
xlabel('frequency(hz)');
ylabel('amplitude');
grid on;

Observation :-
Frequency of Message Signal :- 1

Frequency of Carrier Signal :- 10

Sampling Frequency :-100

Amplitude of Message Signal :- 5

Amplitude of Carrier Signal :- 5

Result :- Hence, we successfully perform the Function of DSB-SC Modulation
and Demodulation and also observe the output waveform.
 EXPERIMENT NO :- 04

Aim :- To perform the function of SSB-SC modulation and demodulation

(by using any one of the technique).

Software:-Matlab

Theory:-

Single sideband suppressed carrier modulation (SSB-SC)

The modulation method where only a single band of double sideband
suppressed carrier modulation is transmitted is known simply as SSB. It offers
even better electrical efficiency and frequency band efficiency than DSB. In
addition, with digital modulation, modulation is performed at relatively low
frequency, and this method is also used to up-convert the signal to a radio
frequency. SSB-SC modulation can be achieved with various systems, but in
terms of hardware, USB or LSB can be used as a filter. As with DSB-SC, the
modulating signal spectrum is shifted directly to the carrier frequency band
without loss.

Modulation
The symbol for amplitude modulation is a multiplier, but actual circuits use the
nonlinearity of transistors or diodes, or switching operations.
For example, if a modulating signal is input to a circuit using non-linear
amplification, several higher harmonics are generated in the output due to the
amplification characteristics of the circuit. This higher harmonic contains a sum
(or difference) component of the information signal frequency and carrier
frequency, and if a suitable filter is used to eliminate the unwanted components,
the correct amplitude modulation waveform can be obtained.

Demodulation
Demodulation (detection) methods for amplitude modulation on the receiving
side include synchronous detection and asynchronous detection. Synchronous
detection demodulates the received signal by multiplying it with a carrier
frequency which has the same frequency and phase as the transmission carrier
wave. Asynchronous detection includes envelope detection and rectification
detection. With asynchronous detection, the information signal m(t) must be
incorporated in the envelope of the receiving waveform.
With a modulation factor of 100% or more, demodulation is not possible with
asynchronous detection, but with synchronous detection, correct demodulation
is possible. However, synchronous detection requires complex, costly circuits.
Program :-

fs = 270000;

t = (0:1/fs:0.01)';

signal = sin(2*pi*300.*t)+2*sin(2*pi*600.*t);

fc = 12000;

initialPhase = 0;

lowerSidebandSignal = ssbmod(signal,fc,fs,initialPhase);

upperSidebandSignal = ssbmod(signal,fc,fs,initialPhase,'upper');

s1 = ssbdemod(lowerSidebandSignal,fc,fs);

s2 = ssbdemod(upperSidebandSignal,fc,fs);

plot(t,signal,'k',t,s1,'r:',t,s2,'g-.');

legend('Original Signal','Demodulation of Lower Sideband','Demodulation of

Upper Sideband')

Observation :-

fs = 270000;

fc = 12000;

t = (0:1/fs:0.01)';
Output :-

Result :- Hence, we successfully perform the function of SSB-SC Modulation

and Demodulation and also observe the output waveform.
 EXPERIMENT NO.:- 05

Aim :- To perform the function of frequency modulation (calculation of

modulation index )

Software :- Matlab

Theory:-
Frequency Modulation
In frequency modulation, the carrier amplitude remains constant, but its
frequency is changed in accordance with the modulating signal. Specifically, the
higher the amplitude of the information signal, the greater the frequency
change. The actual carrier frequency deviates above and below the center
carrier frequency as the information signal amplitude varies. Fig. 7.9 shows
frequency modulation with a sine wave information signal. Note that the carrier
frequency gets higher on the positive peaks and lower on the negative peaks of
the information signal.
Like AM, FM also produces sidebands. But unlike AM, which produces a single
pair of sidebands for each frequency in the modulating signal, the FM process
produces an infinite number of pairs of sidebands for each frequency in the
information signal. As a result, the bandwidth occupied by an FM signal is
enormous. Luckily, the number of sidebands produced can be controlled
by properly selecting the amount of deviation permitted in the carrier. Small
deviations result in fewer sidebands. Further, some of the higher-order
sidebands are extremely low in amplitude and, therefore, contribute little to the
FM signal. But while the bandwidth of an FM signal can be controlled and
established to fit a desired frequency range, it does nevertheless usually take
more room in the spectrum than an AM signal.
The primary benefit of FM is that it is less sensitive to noise, which consists of
undesirable amplitude variations that get involuntarily added to a signal. Noise is
easily eliminated in an FM system where a constant carrier amplitude is used.
Some of the most common applications of FM include FM radio broadcasting,
and two-way mobile and marine radios.

Program :-
clc
clear all
close all
t = 0:0.001:1; %upto 1000 samples
vm = input('Enter Amplitude (Message) = ');
vc = input('Enter Amplitude (Carrier) = ');
fM = input('Enter Message frequency = ');
fc = input('Enter Carrier frequency = ');
m = input('Enter Modulation Index = ');
msg = vm*sin(2*pi*fM*t);
subplot(3,1,1); %plotting message signal
plot(t,msg);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Message ');
carrier = vc*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
subplot(3,1,2); %plotting carrier signal
plot(t,carrier);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Carrier Signal');

y = vc*sin(2*pi*fc*t+m.*cos(2*pi*fM*t));

subplot(3,1,3);

%plotting FM (Frequency Modulated) signal plot(t,y);

xlabel('Time');

ylabel('Amplitude');

title('FM Signal');
Observation :-

Enter Amplitude (Message)=10

Enter Amplitude (Carrier) = 10

Enter Message frequency = 8

Enter Carrier frequency = 100
Enter Modulation Index = 10

Output :-

Result :- Hence , we successfully perform the function of frequency

modulation and also observe the output waveforms.
 EXPERIMENT NO. :- 06

Aim:- To perform the function of frequency demodulation (By using any of the
method or technique)

Software :- Matlab
Theory :-
Frequency Demodulation =>
In any radio that is designed to receive frequency modulated signals there is
some form of FM demodulator or detector.
This circuit takes in frequency modulated RF signals and takes the modulation
from the signal to output only the modulation that had been applied at the
transmitter.
In order to be able to demodulate FM it is necessary for the radio receiver to
convert the frequency variations into voltage variations - it is a frequency to
voltage converter. When the carrier frequency deviates to the lower end of the
frequency range over which it deviates a lower voltage may be produced, then
as it deviates higher in frequency, a higher voltage is produced.
Although it is easier to think of lower frequencies producing lower voltages,
there is no need for this to be the case, it could be the other way around.
One of the chief requirements for the FM demodulator is that it should have a
response that is as linear as possible over the required bandwidth. In other
words a shift of a given frequency produces the same output change wherever
it may be found on the curve. If the response is not linear, then distortion will
be introduced.
A further requirement for the FM demodulator is that it should not be sensitive
to amplitude variations. As the modulation is carried by only the frequency
deviation, no amplitude sensitivity is wanted. Any amplitude signal is likely to be
noise, and by making the receiver insensitive to amplitude variations, the signal
to noise ratio can be improved.
Program :-
clc,

clear all,

close all;

% ******* Digital/Binary input information ********

x = input('Enter Digital Input Information = '); % Binary information as stream of

bits (binary signal 0 or 1)

N = length(x);

Tb = 0.0001; %Data rate = 1MHz i.e., bit period (second)

disp('Binary Input Information at Transmitter: ');

disp(x);

% ***** Represent input information as digital signal *****

nb = 100; % Digital signal per bit

digit = [];

for n = 1:1:N

if x(n) == 1;

sig = ones(1,nb);

else x(n) == 0;

sig = zeros(1,nb);

end

digit = [digit sig];

end

t1 = Tb/nb:Tb/nb:nb*N*(Tb/nb); % Time period

figure('Name','FSK Modulation and Demodulation','NumberTitle','off');

subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t1,digit,'LineWidth',2.5);

grid on;

axis([0 Tb*N -0.5 1.5]);

xlabel('Time(Sec)');

ylabel('Amplitude(Volts)');

title('Digital Input Signal');

% ********** FSK Modulation ***********

Ac = 10; % Carrier amplitude for binary input

br = 1/Tb; % Bit rate

Fc1 = br*10; % Carrier frequency for binary input '1'

Fc2 = br*5; % Carrier frequency for binary input '0'

t2 = Tb/nb:Tb/nb:Tb; % Signal time

mod = [];

for (i = 1:1:N)

if (x(i) == 1)

y = Ac*cos(2*pi*Fc1*t2); % Modulation signal with carrier signal 1

else

y = Ac*cos(2*pi*Fc2*t2); % Modulation signal with carrier signal 2

end

mod = [mod y];

end

t3 = Tb/nb:Tb/nb:Tb*N; % Time period

subplot(3,1,2);

plot(t3,mod);

xlabel('Time(Sec)');
ylabel('Amplitude(Volts)');

title('FSK Modulated Signal');

% ******* Transmitted signal x **********

x = mod;

% ******* Channel model h and w ***********

h = 1; % Signal fading

w = 0; % Noise

% ******* Received signal y ***********

y = h.*x + w; % Convolution

% ********* FSK Demodulation **********

s = length(t2);

demod = [];

for n = s:s:length(y)

t4 = Tb/nb:Tb/nb:Tb; % Time period

c1 = cos(2*pi*Fc1*t4); % carrier signal for binary value '1'

c2 = cos(2*pi*Fc2*t4); % carrier siignal for binary value '0'

mc1 = c1.*y((n-(s-1)):n); % Convolution

mc2 = c2.*y((n-(s-1)):n); % Convolution

t5 = Tb/nb:Tb/nb:Tb;

z1 = trapz(t5,mc1); % Intregation

z2 = trapz(t5,mc2); % Intregation

rz1 = round(2*z1/Tb);

rz2 = round(2*z2/Tb);

if(rz1 > Ac/2) % Logical condition

 a = 1;

else(rz2 > Ac/2)

a = 0;

end

demod = [demod a];

end

disp('Demodulated Binary Information at Receiver: ');

disp(demod);

% **** Represent demodulated information as digital signal ****

digit = [];

for n = 1:length(demod);

if demod(n) == 1;

sig = ones(1,nb);

else demod(n) == 0;

sig = zeros(1,nb);

end

digit = [digit sig];

end

t5 = Tb/nb:Tb/nb:nb*length(demod)*(Tb/nb); % Time period

subplot(3,1,3)

plot(t5,digit,'LineWidth',2.5);grid on;

axis([0 Tb*length(demod) -0.5 1.5]);

xlabel('Time(Sec)');

ylabel('Amplitude(Volts)');

title('FSK Demodulated Signal');

% ********* End of the program **********

Observation :-
Enter Digital Input Information: [1,1,0,0,1,0,1]

Binary Input Information at Transmitter: 1 1 0 0 1 0 1

Demodulated Binary Information at Receiver: 1 1 0 0 1 0 1

Output :-

Result :- Hence , we successfully perform the function of frequency

demodulation and also observe the output waveforms.
 EXPERIMENT NO. :- 07

Aim :- To perform the function of generation of FM signal (By using Direct

Method and Indirect Method of Generating Fm signal).

Software :- Matlab

Theory :-

Direct Method =>

This method is called as the Direct Method because we are generating a wide
band FM wave directly. In this method, Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) is
used to generate WBFM. VCO produces an output signal, whose frequency is
proportional to the input signal voltage. This is similar to the definition of FM
wave. The block diagram of the generation of WBFM wave is shown in the
following figure.

Indirect Method =>

This method is called as Indirect Method because we are generating a wide band
FM wave indirectly. This means, first we will generate NBFM wave and then with
the help of frequency multipliers we will get WBFM wave. The block diagram of
generation of WBFM wave is shown in the following figure.
Program :-
clc;

clear all;

close all;

t=0:.001:1;

fm=input('Enter the value of fm');

fc=input('Enter the value of fc');

m=sin(2*pi*fm*t);

subplot(311);

plot(m);

title('Message signal');

c=cos(2*pi*fc*t+5*sin(2*pi*fm*t));

subplot(313);

plot(c);

title('fm signal');

subplot(312);

plot(cos(2*pi*fc*t));

title('Carrier signal');
Observation :-
Enter the value of Fm:- 15

Enter the value of Fc:- 30

Output :-

Result :- Hence , we successfully perform the function of generation of Fm

signal and also observe the output waveforms.

EXPERIMENT NO. :- 08
Aim :- To perform the function of Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis in Frequency
Modulation.

Software :- Matlab

Theory :-

Pre-emphasis =>
As we already know that in FM, the noise has a greater effect on the higher
modulating frequencies. This effect can be reduced by increasing the value of
modulation index (mf ) for higher modulating frequencies (fm).

This can be done by increasing the deviation Δf and Δf can be increased by

increasing the amplitude of modulating signal at higher modulating frequencies.

Thus, if we boost the amplitude of higher frequency modulating signals

artificially then it will be possible to improve the noise immunity at higher
modulating frequencies.

: Pre-emphasis circuit and its characteristics

De-emphasis =>
The process that is used at the receiver end to nullify or compensate the artificial
boosting given to the higher modulating frequencies in the process of pre-
emphasis is called De-emphasis.

That means, the artificially boosted high frequency signals are brought to their
original amplitude using the de-emphasis circuit.
 : De-emphasis circuit and its characteristics \

Program :-
close all

clear all

clc

num_samples = 2^13;

fs=5000;

Ts=1/fs;

fm1=20;

fm2=30;

fc=200;

t=(0:num_samples-1)*Ts;

f=(-num_samples/2:num_samples/2-1)*fs/num_samples;

mt=sin(2*pi*fm1*t);

Mf=fftshift(abs(fft(mt)));

f_cutoff_pe=10;

Wn_pe=f_cutoff_pe/(fs/2);

[b_pe,a_pe]=butter(1,Wn_pe);

[H_pe,W]=freqz(a_pe,b_pe);
a_de=b_pe;

b_de=a_pe;

[H_de,W]=freqz(a_de,b_de);

mt_pe=filter(a_pe,b_pe,mt);

Mf_pe=fftshift(abs(fft(mt_pe)));

figure(1)

subplot(211);

plot(t,mt)

axis([0 .6 min(mt)-1 max(mt)+1])

grid on;title('Modulating Signal (Time Domain)')

subplot(212);

plot(f,Mf)

grid on;axis([-50 50 0 max(Mf)+100])

title('Modulating Signal (Frequency Domain)')

figure(2)

subplot(211)

semilogx(W*pi*(fs/2),abs(H_pe),'m','linewidth',2)

axis([0 fs/2 0 50])

grid on;

title('Pre-emphasisFilter Magnitude Response')

subplot(212)

semilogx(W*pi*(fs/2),abs(H_de),'m','linewidth',2)

axis([0 fs/2 0 1])

grid on;

title('De-emphasis Filter Magnitude Response')

Observation :-
num_samples = 2^13;

fs=5000;

Ts=1/fs;

fm1=20;

fm2=30;

fc=200;

Output :-
Result :- Hence , we successfully perform the function of Pre-emphasis & De-emphasis
Frequency Modulation and also observe the output waveforms.
 EXPERIMENT NO. :- 09

Aim :- To perform the function of Phase Modulation.

Software :- Matlab

Theory :-

Phase Modulation =>

The term PM or phase modulation definition is a type of modulation intended for
transmitting communication signals. It changes message signal in accordance with the carrier
signal due to differences in the immediate phase. This modulation is the combination of two
principal forms such as frequency modulation and angle modulation.

The carrier signal’s phase is modulated to follow the amplitude of the message signal. Both
pinnacle amplitude, as well as the carrier signal’s frequency, is maintained stable, although
when the message signal’s amplitude changes, then the carrier signals phase also
changes. Phase Modulation can be defined as the Phase of the carrier (Ø) signal is varied
proportional to (in accordance with) the Amplitude of the input modulating signal.

The phase modulation diagram is shown above. The carrier phase deviation will be more if
the input signal amplitude increases and vice versa. When the input amplitude increases (+ve
slope) the carrier undergoes phase lead. When the input amplitude decreases (-ve slope) the
carrier undergoes phase lag.

Therefore as the input amplitude increases, the magnitude of the phase lead also goes on
increasing from instant to instant. For example, if the phase lead was 30 degrees at t =1 sec,
the phase lead increases to 35 degrees at t = 1.1 sec and so on. Increase in phase lead is
equivalent to an increase in frequency.

Program:-
clc;

clear all;

t = 0:0.001:1;

vm = input('Enter the amplitude of message signal = ');

vc = input('Enter the amplitude of carrier signal = ');

fm = input('Enter the message frequency = ');

fc = input('Enter the carrier frequency = ');

m = input('Enter modulation index = ');

sm = vm*sin(2*pi*fm*t);

subplot(3,1,1);

plot(t,sm);

xlabel('Time ---->');

ylabel('Amplitude ---->');

title('Message Signal');

grid on;

sc = vc*sin(2*pi*fc*t);

subplot(3,1,2);

plot(t,sc);

xlabel('Time ---->');

ylabel('Amplitude ---->');

title('Carrier Signal');

grid on;

y = vc*sin(2*pi*fc*t+m.*sin(2*pi*fm*t));

subplot(3,1,3);

plot(t,y);

xlabel('Time ---->');

ylabel('Amplitude ---->');

title('PM Wave');

grid on;

Observation:-
Enter the amplitude of message signal :- 5

Enter the amplitude of carrier signal :- 5

Enter the message frequency :- 10

Enter the carrier frequency :- 100

Enter the Modulation index :- 4

Output :-

Result :- Hence,we successfully perform the function of Phase Modulation and also
observe the output waveform.
 EXPERIMENT NO. :- 10

Aim :- To perform the function of Phase Demodulation.

Software :- Matlab

Theory :-

Phase Demodulation =>

In phase demodulation (pm) the intelligence is contained in the amount and rate of phase
shift in a carrier wave. You should recall from your study of pm that there is an incidental
shift frequency as the phase of the carrier is shifted. Because of this incidental frequency
shift, fm demodulators, such as the Foster-Seeley discriminator ratio detector can also be
used to demodulate phase-shift signals.

Another circuit that may be used is the gated-beam (quadrature) detector. Remember that
the fm phase detector output was determined by the phase of the signals present at the
grids. A QUADRATURE DETECTOR FOR Phase demodulation works in the same manner.

A basic schematic is shown in figure 3-19. The quadrature-grid signal is excited by a

reference from the transmitter This may be a sample of the unmodulated master oscillator
providing a phase reference for the detector.

The modulated waveform is applied to the limiter grid. Gating action in the tube will occur
as the phase shifts between the input waveform and the reference. The combined output
current from the gated-beam tube will be a series of current pulses. These pulses will vary
in width as shown in figure 3-20. The width of these pulses will vary in accordance with the
phase difference between the carrier and the modulated wave.

Program :-
fs = 50;

t = (0:2*fs+1)'/fs;

x = sin(2*pi*t) + sin(4*pi*t);

fc = 10;

phasedev = pi/2;

tx = pmmod(x,fc,fs,phasedev);
rx = awgn(tx,10,'measured');

y = pmdemod(rx,fc,fs,phasedev);

figure; plot(t,[x y]);

legend('Original signal','Recovered signal');

xlabel('Time (s)')

ylabel('Amplitude (V)')

Observation :-
fs = 50;

t = (0:2*fs+1)'/fs;

x = sin(2*pi*t) + sin(4*pi*t);

fc = 10;

Output :-

Result :-Hence,we successfully perform the function of Phase Demodulation and also
observe the output waveform.