ADC LAB MANUAL Name Ghaznooq Ahmad Ghulam Shabbir

Reg. No 2017-EE-352 2017-EE-362

Marks / Grade

Experiment # 6

Frequency Modulation Analysis

Objectives:
To study frequency modulation and demodulation its implementations in MATLAB.
Frequency Modulation:
Frequency modulation is a type of modulation where the frequency of the carrier is varied in
accordance with the modulating signal. The amplitude of the carrier remains constant.

Figure 1

The information-bearing signal (the modulating signal) changes the instantaneous frequency of
the carrier. Since the amplitude is kept constant, FM modulation is a low-noise process and
provides a high quality modulation technique which is used for music and speech in hi-fidelity
broadcasts.

In addition to hi-fidelity radio transmission, FM techniques are used for other important
consumer applications such as audio synthesis and recording the luminance portion of a video
signal with less distortion. There are several devices that are capable of generating FM signals,
such as a VCO or a reactance modulator.

The FM can be described mathematically as follows:

𝑡
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos⁡(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 2𝜋𝑓∇ ∫ 𝑚(𝜏)𝑑𝜏⁡)
0
For Sinusoidal message signal:

𝑓∇
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos⁡[2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)]
𝑓𝑚
ADC LAB MANUAL

Demodulation of FM signal using phase lock loop (PLL):

The basic concept of the operation of the PLL is relatively simple, although the mathematical
analysis and many elements of its operation are quite complicated

The diagram for a basic phase locked loop shows the three main element of the PLL: phase
detector, voltage controlled oscillator and the loop filter.

In the basic PLL, reference signal and the signal from the voltage controlled oscillator are
connected to the two input ports of the phase detector. The output from the phase detector is
passed to the loop filter and then filtered signal is applied to the voltage controlled oscillator.

Figure 2

The Voltage Controlled Oscillator, VCO, within the PLL produces a signal which enters the
phase detector. Here the phase of the signals from the VCO and the incoming reference signal
are compared and a resulting difference or error voltage is produced. This corresponds to the
phase difference between the two signals.

The error signal from the phase detector passes through a low pass filter which governs many of
the properties of the loop and removes any high frequency elements on the signal. Once through
the filter the error signal is applied to the control terminal of the VCO as its tuning voltage. The
sense of any change in this voltage is such that it tries to reduce the phase difference and hence
the frequency between the two signals. Initially the loop will be out of lock, and the error voltage
will pull the frequency of the VCO towards that of the reference, until it cannot reduce the error
any further and the loop is locked.
ADC LAB MANUAL

Exercise 1:

Generate a MATLAB code and implement frequency modulation. Show the code and the
waveforms in your lab report.

MATLAB Code

Ac = 1;
fm = 10;
fc = 100;
fd = 50;

t = 0:0.001:10;

m = sin(2*pi*fm*t);
y = Ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t + (fd/fm)*sin(2*pi*fm*t));

subplot(2,1,1)
plot(m,'LineWidth' , 1.5);title('message'); axis([0 500 -2 2])

subplot(2,1,2)
plot(y,'LineWidth' , 1.5); title('FM Modulated Signal'); axis([0 500 -2 2])

Result

Figure 3. Output of MATLAB Code

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Exercise 2:

Create a Simulink model in MATLAB and implement the FM signal. Show the block diagram
and the FM waveform.

SIMULINK Model

Figure 4 . SIMULINK model for generating FM signal

Result

Figure 5. Waveforms of message and FM signal

ADC LAB MANUAL

Exercise 3:

Create a Simulink model in MATLAB and implement the demodulation of FM signal generated
in the last exercise. Show the block diagram and the message waveform.

SIMULINK Model

Figure 6. SIMULINK model for demodulating the FM signal

Results

Figure 7. Waveforms of message, FM signal, Demodulated Signal and filtered message

Conclusion:
In this lab we studied Frequency Modulation. In first task we wrote MATLAB script
which generates FM signal. Then in SIMULINK, we made a model to simulate FM signal and
then we also demodulated the FM signal and reproduced the original message using VCO and
low pass filter.