MST LAB 1

Student Name: Pritish Polley UID: 20BEC1075

Section/Group: B Subject code: 20ECY-269_20BEC-1_B
Date of Performance: 17 - 03 - 2022
Branch: Electronics and Communication
Semester: 4th
Subject Name: Analog & Digital Communication Lab

G eneration & Detection of a FM Signal

AIM/OVERVIEW OF THE PRACTICAL:

Analyze the Generation & Detection of a FM Signal using Varactor Diode modulator &
foster Seely respectively using MATLAB

APPLICATION:

https://matlab.mathworks.com/
 THEORY:

Frequency Modulation:

An alternative system to Amplitude Modulation is Frequency Modulation (FM). In the modulation

scheme the frequency of the carrier signal changes linearly with respect to the change in the
amplitude of the information/message signal. The larger the amplitude of the information signal,
the further the frequency of the carrier signal is changed from its starting value. The amplitude of
the information signal determines how many times in a second the change in the frequency of the
carrier occurs. Notice in Figure 1 that the modulation process does not affect the amplitude of the

carrier.

Applications of Frequency Modulation

 The applications of frequency modulation, it is mostly used in radio broadcasting. It offers a

great advantage in radio transmission as it has a larger signal-to-noise ratio. Meaning, it
results in low radio frequency interference. This is the main reason that many radio stations
use FM to broadcast music over the radio.

 It has a larger signal-to-noise ratio meaning it will reject radio frequency interferences
much better than an equal power amplitude modulation (AM) signal. For this major reason,
most music is broadcasted over FM radio.
 FM Modulators:
There are several methods that can be used to generate either direct or indirect frequency-
modulated signals.

 A voltage-controlled oscillator or Varactor diode oscillator: A voltage-controlled oscillator

can be used to form Direct FM modulation by directly feeding the message into the input of
the oscillator. In the case of the varactor diode, we place this device within the tuned circuit
of an oscillator circuit.
 Crystal oscillator circuit: Varactor diode can also be used within a crystal oscillator circuit
wherein the signal needs to be multiplied in frequency, and only narrowband FM is attained.
 Phase-locked loop: This is an excellent method to generate frequency modulation signals.
However, the constraints within the loop should be checked carefully and once everything is
stable it offers an excellent solution.

Frequency Modulation Equations

Frequency modulation equations mainly consist of a sinusoidal expression with the integral of the
baseband signal that can be either a sine or cosine function.
It can be represented mathematically as;

m(t) = Am cos (ωmt + Ɵ) ……………… 1

m(t) → modulating signal Where,
Am → Amplitude of the modulating signal.
ωm → Angular frequency of the modulating signal.
Ɵ → is the phase of the modulating signal.
Such as amplitude modulation, when we try to modulate an input signal (information), we need a
carrier wave, we will experience

C(t) = Ac cos (ωct + Ɵ) ...................2

Angular modulation, which means ωc (or) Ɵ of the carrier wave starts varying linearly with respect
to the modulating signal like amplitude modulation.
SAMPLE CODE

STEP 1: Write your code on editor file

STEP 2:
GRAPH:
OUTPUT-
Learning outcomes

(What I have learnt):

1. Understand the basic concepts of transmission and reception of analog and digital

communication techniques.

2. Assess and evaluate different modulation and demodulation techniques.

3. I have implemented the basic concepts of transmission and reception of analog

and digital communication techniques.

4. Plot three graph in a row.

5. Check the code outcome with different values.

Evaluation Grid (To be filled by the faculty):

Sr. No. Parameters Marks Obtained Maximum Marks

1. Worksheet completion including writing 10
learning objectives/Outcomes.(To be
submitted at the end of the day
2. Post Lab Quiz Result 5
3. Student Engagement in 5
Simulation/Demonstration/Performance
and Controls/Pre-Lab Questions.
Signature of Faculty : Total Marks Obtained: 20