NFC Institute of Engineering & Technology,

Multan Department of Electrical Engineering

Lab Manual
Communication System
COURSE CODE: EE-
324

Submitted By:
Muhammad Abdullah Yasin
Submitted to:
Professor Abid Hussain Chohan
Roll Number:
2k19-ELE-121
Section:
P-2
Batch:
2k19-23
Communication System (EE-324) List of Experiments

Sr No. Activity plan for Group A and B CLO’s

CLO-1,2,3,4
1 Introduction of Communication System and basics
of Oscilloscope and Spectrum Analyzer.
AM Modulator and AM Demodulator CLO-1,2,3,4
2

3 DSB-SC and SSB Modulator and DSB-SC and CLO-1,2,3,4

SSB Demodulator
4 VSB-SC Modulator and VSB-SC Demodulator CLO-1,2,3,4

5 FM Modulator and FM Demodulator CLO-1,2,3,4

6 PM Modulator and PM Demodulator CLO-1,2,3,4

7 PAM Modulator and PAM Receiver CLO-1,2,3,4

8 PWM Modulator and PWM Receiver CLO-1,2,3,4

9 PPM Modulator and PPM Receiver CLO-1,2,3,4

CLO-1,2,3,4
10 ASK modulation and ASK demodulation
CLO-1,2,3,4
11 FSK modulation and FSK demodulation

CLO-1,2,3,4
12 PSK modulation and PSK Demodulation
13 TDM Multiplexer and TDM De multiplexer CLO-1,2,3,4

FDM Multiplexer and FDM De multiplexer CLO-1,2,3,4

14

To Transmit and receive three separate signals

15 CLO-1,2,3,4
(Audio, Video and Tone) simultaneously through
satellite link.
To Transmit and receive function generator CLO-1,2,3,4
16 waveform through satellite link.

To change different combination of uplink and CLO-1,2,3,4

17 down link frequencies and to check the
communication link satellite Communication
 Experiment No 1

Objective:
Introduction of Communication System lab and basics of
Oscilloscope and Spectrum Analyzer.

Theory:
Program Learning Outcomes (PLO):

PLO 1: Engineering Knowledge:

An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals and an
engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.

PLO 5: Modern Tool Usage:

An ability to create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools, including prediction and modeling, to complex engineering
activities, with an understanding of the limitations.

PLO 9: Individual and Team Work:

An ability to work effectively, as an individual or in a team, on multifaceted and /or
multidisciplinary settings.

PLO 10: Communication:

An ability to communicate effectively, orally as well as in writing, on complex engineering
activities with the engineering community and with society at large, such as being able to
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.

Cognitive (Bloom’s Taxonomy Action Verbs):

1. Remembering
2. Understanding
3. Applying
4. Analyzing
5. Evaluating
6. Creating

Psychomotor:
Mechanism:
This is the intermediate stage in learning a computer skill, learned responses have
become habitual and the movement can be performed with some confidence and
proficiency.

Bloom Taxonomy (Affective Domain):

Receiving Phenomena:
Awareness, willingness to hear, selected attention.
Internalizing values (characterization):
Has a value system that controls their behavior. The behavior is pervasive, consistent,
predictable, and most importantly, characteristic of the learner. Instructional objectives are
concerned with the student's general patterns of adjustment (personal, social, emotional).

Main Instrument Used in LAB:

 Oscilloscope
 Spectrum Analyzer

Oscilloscope:
An oscilloscope is a laboratory instrument commonly used to display and analyze
the waveform of electronic signals. In effect, the device draws a graph of the instantaneous
signal voltage as a function of time.

Usage:
A typical oscilloscope can display alternating current (AC) or pulsating direct current (DC)
waveforms having a frequency as low as approximately 1 hertz (Hz) or as high as several
megahertz (MHz). High-end oscilloscopes can display signals having frequencies up to
several hundred gigahertz (GHz). The display is broken up into so-called horizontal divisions
and vertical divisions (vert div). Time is displayed from left to right on the horizontal scale.
Instantaneous voltage appears on the vertical scale, with positive values going upward and
negative values going downward.
Spectrum Analyzer:
A spectrum analyzer is a device that measures and displays signal amplitude (strength) as it
varies by frequency within its frequency range (spectrum). The frequency appears on the
horizontal (X) axis, and the amplitude is displayed on the vertical (Y) axis. It looks like an
oscilloscope, and in fact, some devices can function as either oscilloscopes or spectrum
analyzers.

Usage:
Setting the frequency: To set the frequency of a spectrum analyzer, there are two selections
that can be made. These selections are independent of each other and on different controls or
entered via a keypad separately:

 Centre frequency: The Centre frequency selection sets the frequency of the Centre of
the scale to the chosen value. It is normally where the signal to be monitored would
be located. In this way the main signal is in the Centre of the display and the
frequencies either side can be monitored.
 Span: The span selection is the extent of the frequency coverage that is to be viewed
or monitored when using the spectrum analyzer. The span may be given as a
bandwidth per division on the graticule, or the total span that is seen on the calibrated
part of the screen, i.e. within the maximum extents of the calibrations on the graticule.
Another option that is often available is to set the start and stop frequencies of the
scan. This is another way of expressing the span as the difference between the start
and stop frequencies is equal to the span. Reducing the span will allow better
resolution of the signal, allowing close in components of the signal to be seen.
 Top and bottom frequencies: As an alternative to setting the span and the Centre
frequency, many analyzers offer the capability to enter the start and stop or top and
bottom frequencies for the sweep.
 Gain and attenuation adjustments: There are other controls to use on a spectrum
analyzer. Most of these falls into one of two categories. The first is associated with
the gain or attenuation of sections within the spectrum analyzer.

Conclusion
This lab is the Introduction of Communication System lab and basics of Oscilloscope
and Spectrum Analyzer.
 Experiment No 2

Objective:

To verify and analyze Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation in

time and frequency Domain.

Apparatus:
1) Modulator (model ETEK ACS-3000-02)
2) Demodulator (model ETEK ACS-3000-02)
3) Wires
4) Oscilloscope
5) Probes

Theory:
In amplitude modulation (AM), we utilize the amplitude of audio signal to modulate the
amplitude of carrier signal, which means that the amplitude of carrier signal will be varied
with amplitude of audio signal. The waveform of AM modulation is shown in figure 1-1 and
its block diagram is shown in figure 1-2. In figure 1-2, we know that in order to generate the
AM signal, we just need to add a DC signal with the audio signal, and then multiply the
added signal with the carrier signal.

Figure 1.1

Figure 1.2
fc= carrier signal frequency

fm= audio signal frequency

m=modulation index=Am/Vm

Adc/Vdc= DC signal

magnitude VC/AC= carrier

signal amplitude

Figure 1.3

Procedure
1. Refer to the Signal waveform of the amplitude modulation (Figure 1.1)
and Block diagram of AM modulator (Figure 1.2). Circuit diagram of
transmitter AM modulator (ACS3-1 on ETEK ACS-3000-02 module).

2. By using oscilloscope, observe on output signal waveforms of the pin 1 (TP3), pin
4 (TP4), pin 8 (TPl), and pin 10 (TP2) of the balanced. Modulator. Then record
the measured results in table.

3. By using oscilloscope, observe on output signal waveforms of AM output ports

(AM O/P). Adjust VR1 so that the signal at AM O/Pl is maximum without
distortion. Adjust VR\ so that the modulation indexes of the AM signal reach50 %.
Then records the measured results in table 1.1.

4. By using oscilloscope, observe on output signal waveforms of the mixing (TP5

and TP6) of the balanced modulator and the bias operation point (TP7). Then
record the measured results in table.

5. By using spectrum analyzer, observe on the frequency spectrum of AM O/PI, AM

O/P2, TP5 and TP6. Then record the measured results in table.
Measured Results (Table 1.1)

OUTPUT Signal ports mV

AM O/P (oscilloscope)
f=21.678kHz

TP1
fm=1.36kHz
Vm=1.86v
Pk-pk=5.04v

tp3
fc=20.92kHz
Vc=3.64v

AM O/ P Spectrums
(Spectrum Analyzer)
Amplitude Demodulation
The amplitude modulation signal utilizes audio signal to modulate carrier signal. Therefore,
we receive the amplitude modulation signal, we need to restore the audio signal figure 1.4.
Normally detector can be classified as synchronous detector and asynchronous detector.
We will discuss product detector which is synchronous detector in this lab.

(Figure 1.4)
Procedure
1. Refer to the circuit diagram in figure ACS3-2 on ETEKACS-3000-02 module. Let J1
be short circuit and J2 be open circuit top produce the modulated AM signal as the
signal source in this experiment.
2. At audio signal input port (Audio /I/P), input mV amplitude,3 kHz sine wave
frequency; at carrier signal input port (Carrier I/P), input 300 mVamplitude,500kHz
sine wave frequency.
3. Adjust VR1so that the modulation index of the AM signal is 50 %.
4. By using oscilloscope,' observes on the output signal waveforms of product
detector (Audio O/P). Adjust VR1and VR2so that the signal at Audio O/P
is optimum without distortion. Adjust VR3so that the signal at Audio O/P
is maximum without distortion.
5. By using oscilloscope, observe on the output signal waveforms of AMI/P,
Carrier I/P and Audio O/P. Then record the measured results in table 1.2.
 Measured Results (Table 1.2)
OUTPUT Signal ports 100mV

AM I/P (oscilloscope)
fAM=135.3kHz
pk-pk=28.8V
Vrms=12.2v

TP1
fc=89.9kHz
pk-pk=12.6v
Vrms=4.15v

TP3
fm=2.2kHz
pk-pk=7.36v
Vrms=2.4v

AM O/ P Spectrums
(Spectrum Analyzer)

Conclusion
In this experiment, we learn about the modulation and demodulation of a signal.
And we perform it on oscilloscope and spectrum analyzer to see the results.
Advantages & Disadvantages of Amplitude Modulation
Advantages:
 The advantages of amplitude modulation include the following.
 Amplitude modulation is economical as well as easily obtainable
 It is so simple to implement, and by using a circuit with fewer components it
can be demodulated.
 The receivers of AM are inexpensive because it doesn’t require any specialized
components.

Disadvantages:
The disadvantages of amplitude modulation include the following.
 The efficiency of this modulation is very low because it uses a lot of power
 This modulation uses amplitude frequency several times to modulate the signal by
a carrier signal.
 This declines the original signal quality on the receiving end & causes troubles
in the signal quality.
 AM systems are susceptible toward the generation of noise generation.
 The applications of amplitude modulation limits to VHF, radios, & applicable one
to one communication only.
 Experiment No 3

Objective:

To verify and analyze DSB-SC and SSB Modulator and DSB-SC and SSB
Demodulator

Apparatus:
1) Modulator (model ETEK ACS-3000-03)
2) Demodulator (model ETEK ACS-3000-03)
3) Wires
4) Oscilloscope
5) Probes

DSB-SC & SSB MODULATOR

Theory:
The double side band suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) modulation mean the term Adc Ac cos
equal to zero, therefore, it can suppress the carrier signal and only left the double sideband.
We can use the DSB-SC modulation to obtain the SSB modulation. We utilize two DSB-SC
modulators and let to phase difference between the audio signal and carrier signals be 90
degree.
Measured Results:
Measured result of phase adjustment

TP1& TP2

f=1.31KHz
pk-pk=4.4v
Vrms=1.53v

TP3& TP4

f=101.2KHz
pk-pk=2.56v
Vrms=857mv
 Oscilloscope

Spectrum
Analyzer

DSB-SC & SSB DEMODULATOR

Theory
When the modulated signal is recovered to the original audio signal, the procedure is known
as demodulation. In this chapter we will discuss the operation theory of DSB-SC & SSB
demodulator.

Block Diagram of Synchronous Demodulator.

Measurement
Measured result of DSB-SC Demodulator:
(J1 be short circuit, j2 be open circuit & vice versa)
Measured result of SSB Demodulator:
(J1 be short circuit, j2 be open circuit & vice versa)
TP1

TP2

Audio O/P
 Procedure
 First, we need require instruments as shown in apparatus.
 Now we first perform modulation through given module then we use oscilloscope to see the waveform
in time domain and also we will use spectrum analyzer to see the waveform in frequency domain. So
can also see the figures given above.
 From function generator we set values of low frequency signal and high frequency signal then give it
to the circuit.
 First we check waveform on oscilloscope and then on spectrumanalyzer.
 We will get the result as you can see in the figures.

Conclusion
In this experiment, we learn about DSBSC and SSB withmodulation and demodulation.