Lab Report

Course Name- Communication Theory Laboratory

Course Code- EEE-316

Experiment No: 02

Experiment Name: Study and analysis amplitude modulation and

demodulation.

Submitted By
Md Rakibul Islam

ID-1932203035

Batch-22th [ Day]

Department of EEE

Submitted To
Md Abdur Rashid

Assistant Professor

Department of EEE

City University, Savar, Dhaka

Submission Date: 12/03/2023

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Objectives:
 By learning about AM, you can gain a deeper understanding of how radio
communication works, including how information is transmitted over
long distances and how different modulation techniques can affect signal
quality and interference.
 Learning about AM can be a good starting point. You can learn about the
principles of radio frequency (RF) engineering and how to design and
implement AM modulation and demodulation circuits.

Theory:
Modulation: In amplitude modulation (AM), are utilize the amplitude of audio
signal to modulation the amplitude of carrier. signal, which means that the
amplitude of carrier signal will be variable with amplitude of audio signal. The
wave form of AM modulation is shown below in figure,

Fig: Signal wave form of amplitude modulation

In figure I, we know that in order to generate the AM signal, we just need to add
a DC signal with the audio signal, and then malty the carrier signal.

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 Figure 2b: Block diagram of AM modulations

let the audio signal be AM cos (2π fmt) and carrier signal be Ac cos (2π fct)
then

the amplitude modulation can be expressed as

XAM (t) = [Adc + Am cos (2 π fmt)] Ac cos (2π fct)

= Adc Ac [1 + Adc + m cos (2 π fmt)] cos (2π fct)………………(i)

where,

Am = Audio signal amplitude.

Ac = Carrier signal amplitude.

fm = Audio signal factory.

fc = Carrier signal frequency.

M = Modulation index one depth of modulation

The first form represents double sideband signals; the second term represents
carrier signal. From equation, we can sketch the frequency spectrum of
amplitude modulation as show in figure 3. Since the audio signal is hidden in
the double

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 Figure 2c: Frequency spectrum of amplitude module signal.

Side bands and the carrier. signal does not contain any massage; therefore, the
power is consumed in carried during transmission of amplitude modulation
signal. For this reason, the trans mission efficiency of AM modulation is lower
than the double side bands suppressed currier (DSB - sc) modulation but it's
demodulation ardent is much simple. There is an important parameter "m" in
equation

(i) called depth of modulation. Normally it is represented so use also

modulation percentage. Modulation important parameter in equation

Generally. The magnitude of De signal is not easy to measure therefore we

empress the modulation index in another from

𝑀 = 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛

× 100% ………………………(iv)

Where Emax and Emin show in figure i are Emax = Ac + Am and Emin = Ac -
Am

Normally modulation index is smaller on equal to 1. If greater than 1, we call it

over modulation. Demodulations From amplitude modulation we know the
utilizes the amplitude of audio signal to modulated high frequency currier
signal. Therefore, signal we receive the amplitude modulation are need to

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restores the audio signal. From the figure the theory diagram of amplitude
modulation.

Procedure for modulation:

 Refer to circuit diagram in figure on experiment of GOTTAN modulation
and Demodulation node.
 At audio signal I/P, input 100 mv amplitude. 1kHz wave frequency at
carrier signal I/P input 300 mv amplitude 500 kHz sin wave frequency.
 By using an oscilloscope, observe on output signal wave form of AM op,
adjust VR, so that the modulated AM signal minimum without distortion.
 The record the measure table.
 By using spectrum analyzer, observe on the frequency spectrum of off
and
the and record data.
 By using oscilloscope, observe on output signal waveform TP1, TP2, TP3
and record data.
 According to input signals in table 2.7 and record data and record
modulation percentage and analysis.
 Result:

Observe on the variation of amplitude modulation by changing the amplitude of

audio signal. Modulation data table, (fm = 1kHz, fc=500kHz, Vc = 300mV)

Output signal ports Audio signal amplitudes

1 AM O/P 16.0

2 TP1 5.21

3 TP2 11.25

4 TP3 1.2

5 AM O/P output signal 13.5

Spectrums

6 TP₂ output Signal Spectrums 20.5

7 Modulation index Emax = 11.25-1.2 = 10.05

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 Emin = 11.25 +1.2 = 12.45

M = 80.72%

Fig: Audio signal

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 Fig: Carrier signal

Fig: Modulated signal

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 Fig: Demodulated signal

MATLAB Function:
%% Modulation index

h= 60;

%% Time Pereiod of Simulation :

t = linspace(0, 0.2, 100000);

%% Message Signal :

Am = 14;

fm = 200;

ym = Am*cos(2*pi*fm*t);

figure;

subplot(4, 1, 1);

plot(t(1:10000), ym(1:10000));

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title('Message Signal');

xlabel('time(t)');

ylabel('Amplitude');

%% Carrier Signal :

Ac = Am/h;

fc = 2000;

yc = Ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t);

subplot(4, 1, 2);

plot(t(1:10000), yc(1:10000));

title('Carrier Signal');

xlabel('time(t)');

ylabel('Amplitude');

%% Modulated Signal :

y = ammod(ym, fc, 100000, 0, Ac);

subplot(4, 1, 3);

plot(t(1:10000), y(1:10000));

title('Modulated Signal');

xlabel('time(t)');

ylabel('Amplitude');

%% Demodulated Signal :

z = amdemod(y, fc, 100000, 0, Ac);

subplot(4, 1, 4);

plot(t(1:10000), z(1:10000));

title('Demodulated Signal');

xlabel('time(t)');

ylabel('Amplitude');

ylim([-15, 15]);

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Output:

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Discussion:
In This experiment, we have to know about Amplitude Modulation. AM signal
is detected and demodulated to recover the original information signal. This is
typically done using an envelope detector, which removes the carrier wave and
leaves only the modulated information signal. After learning amplitude
modulation, you can use it to create and understand radio communication
systems that use this modulation technique. You can use this knowledge to
design and build your own AM radio transmitters and receivers, or to
troubleshoot and repair existing systems. Our course teacher help us when we
get some problem. So, we said that our experiment successfully done without
any harmful.

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