Ex.

No: MEASUREMENT OF COUPLING FACTOR AND

Date: DIRECTIVITY OF THE DIRECTIONAL COUPLER

Aim:
To study the function of multihole directional coupler by measuring the
coupling factor and directivity of the coupler.
Apparatus Required:

Klystron or Gunn Diode, Isolator, Frequency Meter, Variable attenuator,

Slotted line, tunable probe, detector mount, matched terminator, MHD
coupler, waveguide stand, cables and accessories VSWR meter.
Theory:
A directional coupler is a device with which it is possible to measure the
incident and reflected wave separately. It consists of two transmission line,
the mine arm and auxiliary arm, electromagnetically coupled to each other.
Refer to the fig. The power entering port 1 in the main- arm divides between
port 2 and 3, and almost no power comes out in port 4. Power entering port 2
is divided between port 1 and 4.
The coupling factor is defined as
Coupling factor (db) =10logP1/P3 where port 4 is terminated
With built in termination and power is entering at port 1.
The directivities of the coupler is a measure of separation between incident
wave and the reflected wave. It is measured as the ratio of the two power
outputs from the auxiliary line when a given amount of power is
successively applied to each terminal of the main lines with other port
terminated by material loads.
Hence Directivity D (db) =10log P3F/P3R.
Where P3F and P3R is the power measured at port 3 with equal amount of
power fed to port 1 and port 2 respectively. Main line VSWR is SWR

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measured. Looking into the main line input terminal when the matched
loads are placed at all other parts. Auxiliary line VSWR is SWR measured in
the auxiliary line looking into the output terminal when the matched loads
are placed on other three terminals. Main line insertion loss is the attenuation
introduced in transmission line by insertion of coupler. It is defined as
insertion loss = 10 log P1/P2 when power is entering at port 1.
Procedure:
1. Set up the equipments as shown in the fig.
2. Energize the microwave source for particular operation of frequency.
3. Remove the multihole directional coupler and connect the detector
mount to the frequency meter. Tune the detector for the maximum
output.Set any reference level of power on VSWR meter with the help
of variable attenuator, gain control knob of VSWR meter, and note
down the reading (reference level let X).
4. Insert the directional coupler as shown in second fig. with detector to
the auxiliary port 3 and matched termination to port 2, without
changing the position of variable attenuator and gain control knob of
VSWR meter.
5. Note down the reading on VSWR meter on the scale with the help of
range –db switch if required, let it is Y.
6. Calculate coupling factor which will be X-Y in db.
7. Now carefully disconnect the detector from the auxiliary port 3 and
match termination from port 2 without disturbing the set up.
8. Connect the matched termination to the auxiliary port 3 and detector
to port 2 and measure the reading on VSWR meter suppose it is Z.
10. Compute insertion loss =X-Z in db.
11. Repeat the steps from 1 to 4.

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 12. Connect the directional coupler in the reverse direction, i.e. port 2 to
frequency meter side, matched termination to port 1 and detector mount to
port 3, without disturbing the position of the variable attenuator and gain
control knob of VSWR meter.
13. Measure and note down the reading on VSWR meter: let it be YD.
14. Compute the directivity as Y-Yd.
15. Repeat the same for other frequencies

Block diagram:

Matched
Termination

Circulator Frequency
Klystron with matched Meter Directional
source termination Coupler
source

CRO Waveguide
detector
mount

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Tabulation

Input voltage:

Frequency:

Input port Output port Output voltage

Coupling Factor= 20log (v1/v3)

Directivity=20log (v3/v4)

Insertion loss=20 log (v1/v2)

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Result:

Inference:

MAX. MARKS MARKS

CATEGORY
ALLOTED AWARDED
PREPARATION 30

PERFORMANCE 30

RESULT 10

VIVA-VOCE 20

RECORD 10

TOTAL 100

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