BLOCK DIAGRAM

Measurement of input power:

KLYSTRON
POWER SUPPLY

KLYSTRON VARIABLE FREQUENCY

TUBE ISOLATOR ATTENUATOR METER

WAVEGUIDE
CRO
DETECTOR MOUNT

Measurement of output power:

KLYSTRON
POWER SUPPLY

KLYSTRON VARIABLE FREQUENCY

TUBE ISOLATOR ATTENUATOR METER

WAVEGUIDE DIRECTIONAL
CRO
DETECTOR MOUNT COUPLER
EXPT. NO : ……………………..
DATE : ……./……./……..

COUPLING FACTOR AND DIRECTIVITY OF A

DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
AIM:
To determine the coupling factor and directivity of a directional coupler

APPARATUS:

1. Klystron Power supply

2. Klystron tube with mount
3. Isolator
4. Variable Attenuator
5. Frequency Meter
6. Directional coupler
7. Wave guide detector mount
8. CRO & CRO probes
9. Cooling Fan

THEORY:

It is a four port wave guide junction. It consists of a primary waveguide port 1 and 2
and secondary wave guide port 3 and 4. When all the ports are terminated in their
characteristic impedance, there is free transmission of power between port 1 and port 3 or
between port 2 and port 4 because there is no coupling between these two pair of ports. The
degree of coupling between port 1 and port 4 and between port 2 and port 3 depends on the
structure of coupler. The different types of directional couplers are namely 2 hole directional
coupler, 4 hole directional coupler, reverse coupling dc, Bethehole directional coupler.

FORMULA:

i. Coupling factor (dB) = 10 log(P1/P4)

ii. Directivity (dB) =10 log(P4 in forward direction/P4 in reverse direction)
iii. Transmission loss (dB) = 10 log(P1/P2)

Where P1 = Power input to port 1

P2 = Power input to port 2
P4 = Power output from port 4

Page |
OBSERVATION:

Beam Voltage =
Beam Current =
Reflector Voltage =
Input Power =
Frequency =

TABULATION :

INPUT PORT OUTPUT PORT TERMINATED OUTPUT POWER

PORT

CALCULATION :
EXPT. NO : ……………………..
DATE : ……./……./……..

PRECAUTIONS:

• Beam voltage should be minimum and repeller voltage should be normal before
switch ON/OFF the Klystron Power Supply Unit.

PROCEDURE:

1) Make connections as per the block diagram.

2) Keep beam voltage in minimum position. Reflector voltage in maximum
position. Amplitude and frequency of AM is maximum.
3) Switch ON the set up.
4) Set the beam voltage at 295 from minimum.
5) Note down beam current reading.
6) Adjust the reflector voltage as the wave form in the CRO reaches the maximum
level.
7) Adjust the frequency by moving frequency meter and adjust the wave form till it
drops to minimum from maximum level and note the frequency.
8) The amplitude of the wave form gives the input power value.
9) Disconnect the detector mount and connect the directional coupler and note the
output power values for different combinations of input, output and terminated
port.

RESULT:

Thus, coupling factor and directivity of a directional coupler is determined.

i. Coupling factor (dB) =

ii. Directivity (dB) =
iii. Transmission loss (dB) =

Page |
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Measurement of input power:

KLYSTRON
POWER SUPPLY

KLYSTRON VARIABLE FREQUENCY

TUBE ISOLATOR ATTENUATOR METER

WAVEGUIDE
CRO
DETECTOR MOUNT

Measurement of output power:

KLYSTRON
POWER SUPPLY

KLYSTRON VARIABLE FREQUENCY

TUBE ISOLATOR ATTENUATOR METER

WAVEGUIDE
CRO
DETECTOR MOUNT
EXPT. NO : ……………………..
DATE : ……./……./……..

RADIATION PATTERN OF HORN ANTENNA

AIM:
To plot the radiation characteristic of a horn antenna in a microwave system

APPARATUS:

1.Klystron Power supply

2. Klystron tube with mount
3. Isolator
4. Variable Attenuator
5. Frequency Meter
6. Horn antenna
7. Wave guide detector mount
8. CRO & CRO probes
9. Cooling Fan

THEORY:

Horn antenna is a flared out wave guide. A wave guide is capable of radiating
radiation into an open space provided the same is excited at one end and opened at the other
end. The radiation is much greater through wave guide than transmission line. In wave guide
a small portion of the incident wave is radiated and large portion is reflected back by the open
circuit.

PRECAUTIONS:

• Beam voltage should be minimum and repeller voltage should be normal before
switch ON/OFF the Klystron Power Supply Unit.

GRAPH:
A radiation pattern of horn antenna is plotted between angle ( in degree ) and output
power ( in dB) in polar sheet.

Page |
OBSERVATION:

Beam Voltage =
Beam Current =
Reflector Voltage =
Input Power =
Frequency =

TABULATION :

S.NO ANGLE OF ROTATION OUTPUT GAIN (dB)

AMPLITUDE (V)

CLOCKWISE

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

ANTICLOCKWISE

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
EXPT. NO : ……………………..
DATE : ……./……./……..

PROCEDURE:

1) Connections are made as per block diagram.

2) Keep beam voltage minimum, repeller voltage maximum. AM in maximum and
FM above middle level.
3) Switch ON the set up.
4) Increase beam voltage to 295V from minimum.
5) Note the beam current reading.
6) Adjust the repeller voltage at CRO, wave forms reaches the maximum level.
7) Adjust the frequency by moving the frequency meter and note the frequency at the
instant when the wave form reduces to minimum.
8) The amplitude of the wave gives input power.
9) Disconnect the detector mount and connect horn antenna at the transmitting and
receiving side.
10) Now rotate the receiving antenna in clockwise and anti-clockwise direction for
various angle and note down output power for each angle of rotation.
11) Switch OFF the set up
12) Plot the radiation pattern of horn antenna in polar graph using output power (dB).

RESULT:

Thus the gain of horn antenna in microwave system was determined and radiation
pattern is plotted.

Page |
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

GUNN POWER
SUPPLY

GUNN PIN ISOLATOR VARIABLE

OSCILLATOR MODULATOR ATTENUATOR

DETECTOR FREQUENCY METER

CRO
MOUNT

MODEL GRAPH:

120

100

80

I 60

40

20

0
0 5 10 15
V
EXPT. NO : ……………………..
DATE : ……./……./……..

V-I CHARACTERISTICS OF GUNN DIODE OSCILLATOR

AIM:

To obtain the V-I characteristics of gunn diode and find the following parameters
namely peak voltage, peak current, valley voltage, valley current and negative resistance.

APPARATUS:

1. Gunn oscillator
2. Gunn power supply
3. Pin modulator
4. Isolator
5. Frequency meter
6. Variable attenuator
7. Detector mount
8. Wave guide stands
9. CRO BNC cables

THEORY:

The Gunn oscillator is based on negative differential conductivity effect in bulk

semiconductor which has two conduction bands separated by energy gap. A disturbance at
the cathode gives rise to a high field region which travels towards the anode. When this high
field domain reaches the anode, it disappears and starts moving towards anode and so on. The
time required for domain to travel from cathode to anode gives oscillation frequency. From
Gunn’s observation the carrier drift velocity is linearly increased from zero to maximum
when the electric field is varied from zero to threshold value, where as beyond threshold
value of 3000V/cm for n-type GaAs the drift velocity is decreased and the diode exhibit
negative resistance.

GRAPH:

A graph is plotted between voltage and current in X and Y axis respectively.

Page |
TABULATION:

S.NO OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)

CALCULATION :

FORMULA:

Negative Resistance =(Vp - Vv) / (Ip – Iv)

EXPT. NO : ……………………..
DATE : ……./……./……..

PROCEDURE:

1) Set up the equipments as per block diagram.

2) Set the variable attenuator at the medium attenuation. The attenuator is used only
to reduce level of signal so that indicating instruments can accommodate it.
3) Place the knob of gunn power supply as given below:
▪ Gunn bias knob-fully anti clock wise
▪ Modulation amplitude-fully anti clock wise
▪ Modulation frequency-fully anti clock wise
4) Connect the CRO to the wave guide detector mount.
5) Set the micro meter of gunn oscillator for required frequency.
6) Now vary the gunn bias voltage from zero to maximum and note down the
corresponding current value in the tabular column.
7) Using reading from table plot the V-I characteristic of gunn diode in graph.
8) Note down the peak voltage, peak current, valley voltage and valley current
from the graph.

RESULT:

Thus V-I characteristics of gunn diode is obtained and graph is plotted and a negative
resistance is obtained.

Peak voltage Vp =

Peak current Ip =

Valley voltage Vv =

Valley current Iv =

Negative resistance =

Page |
BLOCK DIAGRAM

Measurement of input power:

KLYSTRON
POWER SUPPLY

KLYSTRON VARIABLE FREQUENCY

TUBE ISOLATOR ATTENUATOR METER

WAVEGUIDE
CRO
DETECTOR MOUNT

Measurement of output power:

KLYSTRON
POWER SUPPLY

KLYSTRON VARIABLE FREQUENCY

TUBE ISOLATOR ATTENUATOR METER

WAVEGUIDE SLOTTED LINE SECTION

CRO
DETECTOR MOUNT WITH TUNABLE PORT
EXPT. NO : ……………………..
DATE : ……./……./……..

MEASUREMENT OF WAVELENGTH AND FREQUENCY

AIM:

To determine the wavelength and frequency of the microwave signal.

APPARATUS:

1. Klystron power supply

2. Klystron mount
3. Isolator
4. Variable attenuator
5. Frequency meter
6. Slotted line section with tunable probe
7. CRO

THEORY:

Measurement of frequency and wavelength is one of the primary requirements is

most microwave systems. The wavelength λ can be calculated from the values of λg, λc
and λo is the waveguide wavelengths and λ is the cutoff wavelength

1/λo2 = 1/λg2 + 1/λc2

where λo = free space wavelength

λg= 2 (difference of two minima)

λc= 2a { a= width of the waveguide (a=2.286cm) }

The frequency of the microwave system is determined from the following formula.

Frequency = c/λo

PROCEDURE:

1) Make the connections as per block diagram.

2) Initial adjustments for klystron power supply.
i. Keep the modulation switch in AM mode.

Page |
OBSERVATION:

Beam Voltage =
Beam Current =
Reflector Voltage =
Input Power =
Frequency =
First mining =
Second mining =

CALCULATION :
EXPT. NO : ……………………..
DATE : ……./……./……..

ii. Set the 295 positive beam voltage and maximum +ve repeller voltage.
iii. Amplitude and frequency knobs of AM are kept at middle position.
3) Switch on the Klystron Power Supply Unit (PSU) and CRO
4) Move the slotted line section from the load.
5) Note down the values of first and second minima values.
6) Reduce the beam voltage and repeller voltage to minimum positions.
7) Switch OFF the equipments.

RESULT:

Thus the frequency and wavelength of microwave system is determined.

Wavelength( λo) =
Frequency (f) =

Page |
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Measurement of input power:

KLYSTRON
POWER SUPPLY

KLYSTRON VARIABLE FREQUENCY

TUBE ISOLATOR ATTENUATOR METER

WAVEGUIDE
CRO
DETECTOR MOUNT

Measurement of output power:

KLYSTRON
POWER SUPPLY

KLYSTRON VARIABLE FREQUENCY

TUBE ISOLATOR ATTENUATOR METER

WAVEGUIDE ISOLATOR OR
CRO
DETECTOR MOUNT CIRCULATOR
EXPT. NO : ……………………..
DATE : ……./……./……..

SCATTERING MATRIX OF ISOLATOR AND CIRCULATOR

AIM:
To measure the scattering parameters of Isolator and Circulator

APPARATUS:

1.Klystron Power supply

2. Klystron tube with mount
3. Isolator
4. Variable Attenuator
5. Frequency Meter
6. Isolator and Circulator
7. Wave guide detector mount
8. CRO & CRO probes
9. Cooling Fan

THEORY:

An isolator is a nonreciprocal transmission device that is used to isolate one

component from reflections of other components in the transmission line .An ideal
isolator completely absorbs the power for propagation in one direction and provides
lossless transmission in the opposite direction. Thus the isolator is usually called uniline.

A microwave circulator is a multiport wave guide junction in which the wave can
flow only from the n th port to the (n+1)th port in one direction .Although there is no
restriction on the number of ports, the four port microwave circulator is the most common
.On type of four port microwave circulator is a combination of two 3-dB side –hole
directional couplers and a rectangular waveguide with two nonreciprocal phase shifter.

PRECAUTIONS:

• Beam voltage should be minimum and repeller voltage should be normal before
switch ON/OFF the Klystron Power Supply Unit.

Page |
OBSERVATION:

Beam Voltage =
Beam Current =
Reflector Voltage =
Input Power =
Frequency =

TABULATION:

Circulator

INPUT PORT OUTPUT PORT TERMINATED OUTPUT

PORT AMPLITUDE (V)

Isolator :

CALCULATION :
EXPT. NO : ……………………..
DATE : ……./……./……..

PROCEDURE:

1) Connections are made as per block diagram.

2) Keep beam voltage minimum, repeller voltage maximum. AM in maximum and
FM above middle level.
3) Switch ON the set up.
4) Increase beam voltage to 295V from minimum.
5) Note the beam current reading.
6) Adjust the repeller voltage at CRO, wave forms reaches the maximum level.
7) Adjust the frequency by moving the frequency meter and note the frequency at the
instant when the wave form reduces to minimum.
8) The amplitude of the wave gives input power.
9) Disconnect the detector mount and connect H-plane tee and measure output power
for all possible combinations of input , output and terminated ports.

RESULT:

Thus the scattering parameter of Circulator and Isolator was determined

[S] =

Page |
 EXPERIMENT SETUP

KLYSTRON POWER SUPPLY

KLYSTRON MOUNT WITH TUBE

EXPT. NO : ……………………..
DATE : ……./……./……..

STUDY OF MICROWAVE INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES

AIM:

To study the basic details of the various microwave instruments and components

LIST OF EQUIPMENTS:

1) Klystron power supply

2) Gunn power supply
3) VSWR meter

LIST OF DEVICES:

1) Gunn oscillator
2) Pin modulator
3) Reflex klystron
4) Attenuator
5) Isolator
6) Circulator
7) Directional coupler
8) Tees
1) Klystron power supply:

The klystron power supply consists of regulated beam supply and square wave
modulation circuits. External modulation can also be provided through VHK connector. A
front panel meter is made to read beam voltage, beam current and repeller voltage.
Modulation frequency is variable from 800 to 1200HZ and its amplitude is also continuously
variable between from 0-120V.

Beam voltage:

230 to 20 volts ( -ve wrt gnd ) 500 MA max..+/- 0.2% regulation for ± 10% mains
change.

Repeller voltage: 0 to 240 volts ( -ve wrt cathode ) frequency 800 – 1200HZ, square
wave.

Power input: 230V, 50HZ

Page |
GUNN POWER SUPPLY

GUNN OSCILLATOR

PIN MODULATOR
EXPT. NO : ……………………..
DATE : ……./……./……..

2) Gunn power supply:

Gunn power supply comprises of an electronically regulated DC power supply and

a square wave generator designed to operate gunn oscillator and pin modulator
simultaneously. The power supply is designed to protect gunn diode from over voltage
transients and from low frequency oscillators.

Voltage range: 0-10V

Current range: 750MA

Stability:0.1% for ±10% mains variations

Modulations frequency: 900 to 1100HZ

3) VSWR meter:

VSWR meter is a calibrated high gain amplifier to be used. For measurements of

VSWR impedance and relative power levels. The meter which detect in proportion to the
input signal level, is calibrated directly in VSWR and decibels.

Amplifier type: High gain tuned at one frequency

Frequency: 1000HZ

Noise levels: less than 0.02MV

Range: 60dB min in 10dB steps

Band width: 25-30HZ

4) Gunn oscillator:

The oscillator has a gunn diode mounted in a wave guide cavity, which is tunable
over the range 8.5-11.5 GHZ (X-band) by a micro meter controlled tunning plugger
minimum output power is available in 5MW to 10 MW.

Frequency: 8.5-11.5GHZ

Page |
ATTENUATOR

ISOLATOR

CIRCULATOR
EXPT. NO : ……………………..
DATE : ……./……./……..

Frequency accuracy: ±0.1%

Load VSWR: 1.5 max

Output power: min 5 to 10MW over entire frequency range

Operating voltage: 8 to 10V

Operating current: 200 to 400MA

5)Pin modulator:

Pin modulator is a transmission line (i.e) waveguide shunted with a PIN diode. The
impedance of diode varies with the bias applied to it. At (-ve) or zero bias the diode presents
very low impedance. Thus rejecting the signal. At +ve bias the diode presents very high
impedance and therefore does not affect the signal propagating along the transmission line.

Frequency range: 8.2-12.4GHZ

Max.RF power: 1W

Range type: UG-39/V

W/g type:WR-90

6)Reflex klystron:

A reflex klystron is a low power, low Ƞ microwave oscillator. It has only one cavity.
It consists of an é gun, a filament surrounded by a cathode and a focusing electrode at the
cathode potential is suitably formed é beam is accelerated towards the cavity which has the
high +ve voltage applied to it and thus acts on the anode. After passing the gate in the cavity
the é beam travels repeller electrode, which is at high +ve potential. The é are repelled from
the midway of potential. The é are repelled from the mid way of the repeller space by repeller
grid towards the anode.

7)Isolator:

It is multi point wave function where wave can flow only from the nth point to
(n+1)th point in one direction. There are used to prove the frequency stability of µ wave
generator.

Page |
DIRECTIONAL COUPLER

E-PLANE TEE H-PLANE TEE

MAGIC TEE
EXPT. NO : ……………………..
DATE : ……./……./……..

8)Attenuator:

Attenuator can be divided into 2 types. One is fixed and otheris variable. They are
the instruments used to control wave power to a given point. They also be used to increase
the power range of sensitivity instruments to measure gain or loss due to its acts as buffer to
reduce interaction between instruments.

9)Circulator:

A µ wave circulator is a multipoint wave guide junction in which the wave can flow
only from nth to (n+1)th port in one direction. The junction circulator is an essential
component used to separate input and output in –ve resistance amplifier. Circulator are also
used to couple a transmitter and receiver to a common antenna.

10)Directional coupler:

The coupler is a port microwave device with one terminated in the factory itself
during fabrication. The power fed to the input ports divided between the main and the
auxillary lines, directional coupler are characterized by parameters like main line VSWR,
auxillary line VSWR, coupling coefficient, directivity and insertion loss.

11)Wave guide tees:

Wave guide tees are used for purpose of connecting section of wave guide for the
line. There are 3 types. E plane, H-plane tee and magic tee. H-plane tee is a wave guide in
which the axis of side arm is shunting E field or parallel to the H field of main guide. An E-
plane tee is a wave guide tee in which the axis of side arm is parallel to E-field of the main
guide. If collinear arms are symmetric above the side arm there are two different transmission
characteristics.

TUNABLE PROBE

Page |
 MOVABLE SHORT FIXED SHORT

MATCHED TERMINATION S.S TUNER

HORN ANTENNA BENDS

EXPT. NO : ……………………..
DATE : ……./……./……..

FREQUENCY METER

SLOTTED LINE SECTION

RESULT:

Thus various types of microwave instruments and devices are studied.

Page |