detector output, Which is taken from the slotted-Iine waveg

17.2 REFLEX KLYSTRON CHARACTERISTICS

and to observe the mode characteristics of the Reie
Aim: To determine the frequency tuning range
K stron ube using the
microwave bench setup.
required: Klystron power supply, Klystron tube with mount, isolator. frequency metel.
Equipment oscilloscope. micro ammeter. BNC cable, waveguidc
nable attenuator, detector mount, VSWR meter.
ands. andaccessories.

Kystron Power
Supply

VSWR meter/
Klystron tube Variable Frequency Detector Micro ammeter/
Isolator meter mount
with mount Attenuator CRO

Figure 17.1 (a) Block diagram of microwave bench setup for Reflex Kh'stron characterisrics
 Source 2imimg com

Figure 17.1 (b) Schematicof micmwve bench setup wih Rejlex Klyston as
micrpe
Initial settings of the experiment:
1 Klvstron power
supply:
Beam voltage OFF. Beam voltage knob fully anti clockwise
Repcller voltage fully clockwise
Mod-switch - AM
Amplitude knob - fully
clockwise
2
Frequency knob -mid position
VSWR meter:
Range dB - 40dB / 50 dB, Input switch - low impedance
Meter switch - normal, Gain (coarse and fine) - mid position
approximately
Note: In the following experimental procedure, steps I to 5
are
Reflex Klystron tube (the procedure differs in the Gunn diode common in all experiments that use the
can useeither VSWR or Micro Ammeter for finding the characteristics experiment). In addition
frequency of Reflex Klystron/Gunn diode oscillat
Experimentalprocedure:
1. Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 17.1 (a).
2. The variable attenuator and the reflector voltage should be kept at their maximum positions anu
Klystron power supply to its minimum.
3. Rotate the knob of the frequency meter to one
side fully.
4. Switch on the Klystron power supply and
5. Rotate the beam voltage knob slowly
cooling fan.
clockwise up to 300 V.
6. Vary the repeller voltage slowly and watch the micro
mum deflection in the meter.
ammeter. Set the repeller voltage for muN
7. Tune the plunger of the Klystron mount to get the
maximum output if necessary.
8. Slowly turn the knob of the frequency meter until a dip is observed in the micro ammeter VS*
meter. The frequency reading between two horizontal lines and the vertical marker in a dirett
reading-type wave meter gives the corresponding frequency.
9. Change the reflector voltage and read the current and frequency for each reflector
voltuge
Klystron mode observations on CRO:
1. Set the mode selector switch of Klystron power supply unit to FM-MOD position. Keep the
amplitude, and FM frequency knobs at mid position. Let the remaining knobs are the sur
pos1tion.
2. Switch on the power supplies to both Klystronpower supply unit and oscilloseopc.
setthe
3. Set the Klystron power supply unit meler selector switch to bcam voltage position and
anode beam voltage to approximately 300 Vusing the beam voltage control knob.
 Result: The attenuation of the test attenuator is deternined.

17.5 MEASUREMENT OF FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH

Aim: To determine the frequency and wavelength of a rectangular waveguide operating in th
mode using the microwave bench setup.
Equipment required: Klystron power supply, Klystron tube with mount, isolator, frequency m
variable attenuator, slotted-line section, crystal detector, VSWR meter, matched load, BNC cable.
guide stands, and accessories.

Crystal SWR/
Klystron micro ammeter/
detector
power DC Voltmeter

Klystron tube Isolator

Variable Frequency Slotted Device under Matched
with mount attenuator meter line test !1load

Figure 17.6 (a) Block diagram for measurement offrequency and wavelengh
Initialsettings of the experiment: (same as in Section 17.2)
Experimental procedure (Cavity wave-meter method):
1. The frequency meter cavity should be of resonance at an unknown frequency.
2. The attenuator should be adjusted to provide about 6-10 dB loss.
3. The IKHzsquare-modulated wave should be applied.
4. Amp/Freq for peak reading in the VSWR meter (0° mark on RHS) should be varied.
5. The size of the cavity should be adjusted until resonance occurs. When a small amount of micro
wave energy enters the cavity, a considerable dip in VSWR meter is shown.
6. The unknown frequency can be read on a frequency meter.
 Microwave Experiments 17.7

csperimentalprocedure (Slotted-line method):

The slotted line is terminated by a short circuit.
2. Positions of two adjacent nulls are accurately located by moving the probe along the slotted line.
The position of nulls in the vernicr scale of the slotted line (d, and d)) are read.
ASince two nulls are separated by A,/2, find the ,. using formula 4, 2(d,- d,).
s Caleulate thefrequency bythe following equation f

Vmin |Vmin

d cm dh cm

Figure 17.6 (b) SWR pattern

nhservations: Beam voltage = 300 V, Beam current = 20 mA
d, = 10.5 cm, and d, =8.6 cm
= 2(d - d,) =2(10.5 8.6) = 3.8 cm
Eorthe TEjo mode, a =2.3cm, and the cutoff wavelength 2, = 2a =2 x 2.3 =4.6 cm

1 1 1 1
C =3x108
(4.6)² = 10.2GHz
-+

Result: The frequency and wavelength of a rectangular waveguide in the TE0 mode are determined.

17.6 DIRECTIONAL COUPLER CHARACTERISTICS

Aim: To measure the coupling factor, directivity, isolation, and insertion loss of a multi-hole directional
oupler using the microwave bench setup.
Equipment required: Klystron power supply, Klystron tube with mount, isolator, frequency meter,
variable attenuator, MHD coupler, crystal detector, micro ammeter, matched load, BNC cable, wave
guide stands, and accessories.

Crystal Micro
Klystron power Termination
detector ammeter
supply
3, 3,
0
Klystron tube Variable Frequency Directional Matched
with mount Isolator attenuator meter coupler 2 Load

Figure 17.7 Block diagram for measuring the characteristics of directionalcoupler

 Port 4 JPort 3

Port 1
Port 2

Figure 17.8 Directional coupler

Initial settings of the experiment: (sanme as in Section 17.2)
Experimental procedure:
1. Measure 1,by connecting the crystal detector/micro ammeter at port 1.
2. Insert the directional coupler between the frequency meter
and crystal detector.
3. Connect matched load at port 2 and measure 0/P at
port 3 (3).
4. Connect matched load at port 1 and input at port 2;
measure O/P at port 3 (3).
5. Connect matched load at port 3 and input at port l;
measure O/P at port 2 ().
Observations: Beam Voltage= 300 V, Beam Current =20 mA,
I|=420 A, Ih =400 uA, by=70 A,,= 1uA.
420
Coupling factor in dB= 20log =20log=1556dB
70

420
Isolation in dB =-20log =20log=52.46 dB and
420
Insertion Loss in dB= 20log
-201 400
=0.42 dB

Directivity in dB = 20 log =20log =36.9 dB

Note: These characteristics are also measured in terms of voltage using the
voltmeter instead ofammeter.
Result: The coupling factor, directivity, and insertion loss of the directional coupler are measured.

17.7 HORN ANTENNA RADIATION PATTERN

A im: To nlot the rodiotion
 MiC

VSWR MEASUREMENT
1.9 0
ratio for VSWR
.ia) To determine the voltage standing-wave VSWR 10
b)To determine the voltage standing-wave ratio for
mount, isolator, frequency meter,
inment required: Klystron power supply, Klystron tube with movahle short/termination, S-S
eattenuator, slotted-linc section, crystal detecto, VSWR meter,
BNC'cable, waveguide sands, and accessories.

Crystal VSWR
Klystron power detector meter
supply

Klystron tube Variable Frequency Slotted Unit under Matched

Isolator meter line test
with mount attenuator Load

(a)

Crystal VSWR
Klystron detector meter
power

Klystron tube Variable Slotted Movabie short/

with mount
Isolator Frequency Unit under
SS tuner with
attenuator meter line test
load
(b)
Figure 17.12 (a) Block diagram for measurement of low VSWR (< 10): (b)
Block diagrum for
measurement of high VSWR (> 10)
Initial settings of the experiment: (same as in Section
17.2)
Experimental procedure for measurement of low VSWR < 10:
1. Adjust the attenuator to give an
2. Adjust the probe carriage on the
adequate reading on the maximum reading of the VSWR meter.
slotted line to get a maximum reading on the meter. This
scale reading is noted down (Vmax). full
3. Adjust the probe carriage on the
4. Note slotted line to get the minimum reading on the meter (V
down the readings and compute VSWR from the
following equation:
ax
VSWR =

Vnax
V.min

Tme

Figure 17.13 VSWR pattern

 Experimental procedure measurement of high VSWR >10 (double
minimum method)
I. Insert the probe to a depth, and then move it to apoint where the minimum can be read
2. Then. move
the probe to a point where the power is twicc the minimum. Let
denoted by d,. this
3. Next, move the probc to twice power point on the other side or the minimum. Let
this
postion be
denoted by d,.
4. Replace the S-S tuner and termination by movable short. position be
5. Measure the distance between two successive mininmum positions of the probe. The
length (44=2d, - d,)) is twice this distance. guide wave-
6. Compute the VSWR from the equation below:
VSWR=
n(d, - d,)
Observation table for low VSWR:
Repeller voltage()Vmia() Vmax() VSWR
80 0.1 0.2 2
110 0.4 0.8 2
150 0.6 1.0 1.66
175 0.4 0.6 1.5
200 0.2 0.6 3

Observations for high VSWR: Beam Voltage = 300 V, Beam Current = 20 mA,
d, = 10.8 cm and d, =8.4 cm, , = 2(d, - d) = 2(10.8 - 7.4) = 6.8 cm The
6.8
d, = 8.5 cm, and d, = 7.9 cm (Using S-S tuner) VSWR= =3.6
n(d -d,) n(8.5-7.9)
Result: Low VSWR and high VSWR of a microwave bench setup are measured.

17.10 IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT USING REFLEX KLYSTRON