Professional Documents
Culture Documents
© HUST 2012
Trường Đại học Bách Khoa Hà Nội
Hanoi University of Science and Technology
Chương 3
Phân mạng HF
© HUST 2012
Teminologies
3
Introduction
4
Introduction
Airline
Host System
Satcom
ARINC Aviation
Ground Communication
Network Services
(AviNet®)
HFDL
FAA/CAA
ARINC Central Tower Systems
Processing
System (CPS)
ACARS/AOA
VHF
Air Traffic
Service
ATN Provider
GLOBALinkSM by ARINC Air/Ground
Router
http://www.arinc.com/products/globalink/index.html
5
GLOBALink/HF Flight Tracks (9/00)
6
GLOBALink/HF Flight Tracks (2003)
7
HF Range
8
GLOBALink/HFDL Global Coverage @2000
HF Ground
Stations (12)
Alaska
Bolivia
California
+ Guam (12/5)
Hawaii
Iceland
Ireland
New York
New Zealand
Russia
South Africa
Thailand
Legend
HFDL ground station
Areas of
Primary coverage
Areas of
Secondary coverage
9
GLOBALink/HFDL Global Coverage @2001
HF Ground
Stations (14)
Alaska
+ Bahrain
Bolivia
California
+ Canary Islands
Guam
Hawaii
Iceland
Ireland
New York
New Zealand
Russia
South Africa
Thailand
Legend
HFDL ground station
Areas of
Primary coverage
Areas of
Secondary coverage
10
GLOBALink/HFDL Global Coverage @2003
HFDL Ground
Stations
Alaska
Bahrain
Bolivia
California
Canary Islands
Guam
Hawaii
Iceland
Ireland
New York
New Zealand
Russia
South Africa
Thailand
Legend
HFDL ground
station
Areas of
Primary coverage
Areas of
Secondary coverage
11
ARINC GLOBALink World Wide VHF Coverage
12
GLOBALink/HFDL Global Coverage
13
High Frequency Data Link: HFDL
15
LINE OF SIGHT, GROUND WAVE, SKY WAVE
16
KNOWLEDGE CHECK
17
IONOSPHERE REGIONS
19
IONOSPHERE REGIONS
The F layer: or region, is 120 km to 400 km above the surface of the Earth. It is the top
most layer of the ionosphere. Here extreme ultraviolet (UV) (10-100 nm) solar radiation
ionizes atomic oxygen (O). The F region is the most important part of the ionosphere in terms
of HF communications. The F layer combines into one layer at night, and in the presence
of sunlight (during daytime), it divides into two layers, the F1 and F2. The F layers are
responsible for most skywave propagation of radio waves, and are thickest and most
reflective of radio on the side of the Earth facing the sun.
The E layer: is the middle layer, 90 km to 120 km above the surface of the Earth. This layer
can only reflect radio waves having frequencies less than about 10 MHz. It has a negative
effect on frequencies above 10 MHz due to its partial absorption of these waves. At night the
E layer begins to disappear because the primary source of ionization is no longer
present. The increase in the height of the E layer maximum increases the range to which
radio waves can travel by reflection from the layer
The D layer: is the innermost layer, 50 km to 90 km above the surface of the Earth. when
the sun is active with 50 or more sunspots, During the night cosmic rays produce a residual
amount of ionization as a result high-frequency (HF) radio waves aren't reflected by the D
layer. The D layer is mainly responsible for absorption of HF radio waves, particularly at
10 MHz and below, with progressively smaller absorption as the frequency gets higher. The
absorption is small at night and greatest about midday. The layer reduces greatly after
sunset. A common example of the D layer in action is the disappearance of distant AM
broadcast band stations in the daytime.
20
HF Propagation
22
HF Propagation
23
HF Modulation: SSB modulation
24
KNOWLEDGE CHECK
25
Selective calling (SELCAL)
26
Selective calling (SELCAL)
27
Selective calling (SELCAL)
28
HF data link
The radio path from one of the aircraft (LH8409) - Shannon HGS
Log-on requests and the maximum bit rate is specified in the header.
In each log-on request, the aircraft is identified by its unique 24-bit ICAO
address.
Once logged on, the aircraft is allocated an 8-bit address code (AF hex in
the case of the third message and AD hex in the case of the fourth message).
Each aircraft also transmits its current location data (longitude and latitude).
31
HF data link
The system used for HFDL data exchange is specified in ARINC 635.
Each Ground Station transmits a frame called a ‘squitter’ every 32
seconds.
The squitter frame informs aircraft of the system status, provides a timing
reference and provides protocol control.
Each Ground Station has a time offset for its squitters. This allows
aircraft to jump between ground stations finding the best one before logging
on. When passing traffic, dedicated TDM time slots are used. This prevents
two aircraft transmitting at the same time causing data collisions
32
A simple SSB transmitter/receiver
33
HF radio equipment
Aircraft HF radio specifications
HF antenna location
34
Trường Đại học Bách Khoa Hà Nội
Hanoi University of Science and Technology