Principles of The WCDMA System: Internal

Internal
Principles of
the WCDMA System
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

Preface
 Now, the most popular term in the mobile

communication field is WCDMA!
 What is WCDMA? And what is its benefit?
 Today, let’s go to know about WCDMA!
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 2

Objectives
 After studying this course, you should be able to:
 Know the basic knowledge of the CDMA system.

 Master advantages of the CDMA technology
comparing with other multiple access technologies.
 Know technical features of WCDMA FDD.

Contents
Chapter 1 WCDMA Principle
Chapter 2 Technical Features of WCDMA

FDD

Overview of CDMA Principles
 Radio Propagation Environment
 Multiple Access Technology and

Duplex Technology
 CDMA Principles and Rake Receiver

Multipath Environment
Transmitted
signal
Strength of the
received signal
Time

Fading
Transmitted data
Received data
0
-5
-10
-15
dB
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40

Fading
Rx power (dBm)
-20 Fast fading

Slow fading
-40
-60
Distance (m)
10 20 30

Frequency-Selective Fading
P(f) P(f)
Fading
Narrowband
System
f f
Transmit Signal Received Signal
P(f) P(f)
Fading
Broadband
System f f
Transmit Signal Received Signal

Radio Channel Model
Transmitted signal
Current path weight
Current path weight

Guassian noise
Received signal
Current path weight
Channel analog
Current path weight

Channel analog
Channel analog
Channel analog

Classification of Typical Radio Mobile Channels
 Static channel
 Pedestrian channel in typical urban areas (TU3)
 Vehicle mounted channel in typical urban areas (TU30)
 Vehicle mounted channel in rural areas (RA50)
 Vehicle mounted channel on the highway (HT120)

Overview of CDMA Principles

Duplex Technology

Duplex Technology – Distinguish User’s UL and
DL Signal – FDD
 Frequency division duplex (FDD) : Distinguish the uplink and

downlink according to the frequencies.
 Adopted by the WCDMA, CDMA2000 and GSM
 Advantage: It can be easily implemented.
 Disadvantage: The spectrum utilization is low when the uplink and
downlink services (mainly the data services) are asymmetrical.

Duplex Technology – Distinguish User’s UL and
DL Signal – TDD
 Time division duplex (TDD) : Distinguish the uplink and downlink
according to the timeslots.
 Adopted by the TD-SCDMA
 Advantage: The uplink and downlink can be allocated with different numbers
of timeslots when the uplink and downlink services are asymmetrical.
Therefore, the spectrum utilization is high.
 Disadvantage:
− It cannot be easily implemented and needs precise synchronization. In the CDMA
system, GPS synchronization is needed.
− When it is used with the CDMA technology, it is difficult to control interference
between the uplink and the downlink.

Multiple Access Technology - Distinguish
Different Users
CDMA
Traffic channels: different
users are assigned unique
code and transmitted over
Power
the same frequency band,
for example, WCDMA and
CDMA2000
TDMA
Power
Traffic channels: different time slots
are allocated to different users, for
example, DAMPS and GSM
FDMA
Power
Traffic channels: different frequency bands
are allocated to different users,for example,
AMPS and TACS

Characteristics of CDMA System
 High Spectral Efficiency
 Frequency multiplex coefficient is 1.

 Soft capacity
 Quality
 Coverage
 Interference
 Self-interference system
 A UE transmission power is interference for another UE.

 Wideband system

Overview of WCDMA Principles

Duplex Technology

Questions
 Why does the WCDMA system have enhanced anti-interference

performance?
 Why is the WCDMA system more secure?
 Why are the WCDMA handsets more environment protective?

Common Terms
 Bit, symbol and chip
 Bit (bps): the data that is obtained upon source coding and contains
information.
 Symbol (sps): the data obtained upon channel coding and interleaving.
 Chip (cps): the data obtained upon final spreading.
− The spreading rate of WCDMA is: 3.84 Mcps
 Processing gain
 It refers to the ratio of the final spreading rate to the bit rate (cps/bps).
 In the WCDMA system, the processing gain depends on the specific
service.

Spreading Factor and Service Rate
 Chip rate = symbol rate  spreading factor
 For WCDMA, if the chip rate is 3.84 MHz and the spreading factor is 4, the
symbol rate is 960 Kbps.
 For CDMA2000-1x, if the chip rate is 1.2288 MHz and the spreading factor is
64, the symbol rate is 19.2 Kbps.
 Symbol rate = (service rate + check code) × channel code

×repetition or punching rate
 For WCDMA, if the service rate is 384 Kbps and the channel code is 1/3
Turbo, the symbol rate is 960 Kbps.
 For CDMA2000-1x, if the service rate is 9.6 Kbps and the channel code is
1/3 convolutional code, the symbol rate is 19.2 Kbps.

Basic Diagram of the WCDMA System
Channel RF
Source
coding and Spreading Scrambling Modulation transmission
coding
interleaving
Radio link
Channel
Source deinterleaving RF
decoding and De-spreading De-scrambling Demodulation
decoding reception
de-interleaving

Source Coding in WCDMA
 The WCDMA system adopts the adaptive multi-rate (AMR) speech coding.
 A total of eight coding modes are available. The coding rate ranges from 12.2
Kbps to 4.75 Kbps.
 Multiple voice rates are compatible with the coding modes used by current
mainstream mobile communication systems. This facilitates the design of multi-
mode terminals.
 The system automatically adjusts the voice rate according to the distance
between the user and the NodeB, thus reducing the number of handovers and
call drop.
 The system automatically decreases the voice rate of some users according to
the cell load, thus saving power and containing more users.
Channel
Source RF
Interleaving
coding and Spreading Scrambling Modulation
coding transmission
interleaving

Channel Coding in WCDMA
 Channel coding can enhance symbol correlation to recover
signals in the case of interference.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
 Code type
 Voice service: Convolutional code (1/2 and 1/3).
 Data service: Turbo code (1/3).
Channel
Source RF
Interleaving
coding Spreading Scrambling Modulation
coding transmission
interleaving

Interleaving
 Interleaving is used to damage symbol correlation and reduce the impact
caused by fast fading and interference of the channel.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ... ... 452 453 454 ……
Ist interleaving B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
. . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . .
....
. . . . . . . .
449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456
2nd interleaving
{A4,B0} {A5,B1} {A6,B2} {A7,B3} {B4,C0} {B5,C1} {B6,C2} {B7,C3}

Self Correlation and Mutual Correlation of
Code Words
 Different users adopt different spreading code words,
such as x1(t) , x2(t) ….
 Self correlation determines multipath interference.
 Mutual correlation determines multiple access

interference.
 Self-correlation function
 R(τ) =<x1(t) ，x1(t+τ) >
 Mutual-correlation function
 V(τ) =<x1(t) ，x2(t+τ) >
1, when x1=x2 , and x = y

Note: <x1(x)，x2(y)> =
0, others

Spreading Principle
 Users who need to send information: UE1, UE2 and UE3

 UE1 uses c1 for spreading: UE1 x c1
 c1, c2 and c3 are orthogonal to each other
 Information sent: UE1 x c1 + UE2 x c2 + UE3 x c3
Channel RF
Source Interleaving Scrambling
coding and Spreading Modulation transmission
coding
interleaving

De-spreading Principle
 UE1 uses c1 for de-spreading.

 (UE1 x c1 + UE2 x c2 + UE3 x c3) x c1
= UE1 x (c1 x c1) + UE2 x (c2 x c1) + UE3 x (c3 x c1)
= UE1 x 1 + UE2 x 0 + UE3 x 0
= UE1
 In the same way, UE2 uses c2 for de-spreading and UE3

uses c3 for de-spreading to get their own signals.

Spreading Principle
____________
UE1: +1 -1 1
_____________
UE2: -1 +1
c1: +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1
c2: +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
UE1xc1: +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1
UE2xc2: -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +1 +1 +1
UE1xc1＋ UE2xc2: 0 -2 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2

De-spreading Principle
UE1×c1＋ UE2×c2： 0 -2 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2
UE1 de-spreading with c1: +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1
De-spreading result: 0 +2 0 +2 0 -2 0 -2
Integral: +4 -4
Decision: +4/4 = +1 -4/4 = -1
UE2 de-spreading with c2: +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

De-spreading result: 0 -2 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2
Integral: -4 +4
Decision : -4/4 = -1 +4/4 = +1
Question: How to generate those orthogonal codes like c1 and c2?

OVSF & Walsh
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
OVSF codes (Walsh) are completely orthogonal

and their mutual correlation is zero.

Why CDMA system is a self interference system?
 Since all the users use orthogonal code, where does the self
interference come from?
 Comes from the code error during the transfer.
 If there are some code error on one user’s information, it
misses some orthogonal to others. Then interference comes.

Sample of code error
UE1xc1 + UE2xc2： 0 -2 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2
UE1xc1 + UE2xc2 error： 2 -2 0 -2 1 +2 0 +2
c1: +1 -1 +1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1
Result: 2 +2 0 +2 0 -2 0 -2
Integral: +6 -4
Decision: +6/4 = 1.5 -4/4=-1
C2 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
Result: 2 -2 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2
Integral: -2 +4
Decision: -2/4=-0.5 +4/4=1

Scrambling in the WCDMA System
 Downlink: Different cells (sector carrier frequencies) have
different downlink scrambles.
 Each cell is configured with a unique downlink scramble. The UE
identifies a cell based on the scramble.
 The OVSF code is used to differentiate different users in a cell.
 Uplink: Scrambles are used to differentiate different users.

 In a cell, each user is configured with a unique uplink scramble.
 The OVSF code is used to differentiate the services of a user.
Channel
Source RF
Interleaving
coding and Spreading Scrambling Modulation
coding transmission
interleaving

Code Generation Technologies in CDMA
 Random sequence (Bernoulli sequence)
 It consists of 0’s and 1’s only, with the number of 0’s equal to that of 1’s.
 The probability of continuous 1 or 0 is as follows: 1/2 for one continuous 0 or 1, 1/4
for two continuous 0 or 1, 1/8 for three continuous 0 or 1….
 One half of the shift sequence is the same as the original sequence and the other
half is different.
 m sequence - scrambling code used in the CDMA2000 system

 It is generated by the shift register.
 As the longest linear shift register sequence, its period is 2 n-1, where “n” stands for
the length of the shift register.
 When the delay is 0, the self-correlation function has a maximum value. In other
cases, the function value is always -1.
 It meets the Bernoulli sequence.
 Its disadvantages are: Only one sequence is available and different users are
distinguished by different phases. So it has a high requirement for synchronization.

Gold Sequence — Scrambling Code in the
WCDMA System
 Gold sequence
 It consists of two preferred m sequences on the Exclusive-OR basis.
 Its self-correlation function has multiple values, which is worse than the m
sequence.
 It exceeds the m sequence in quantity.
 The gold sequence is used to differentiate the cells and users in the
WCDMA system owing to its good self correlation.
 Good self correlation determines the weak mutual correlation among the
segmented sequences, and thus can be used to differentiate users and
realize the multiple access function.

Advantages and Disadvantages of the
Gold Sequence
 Advantages: The gold sequence needs no GPS synchronization
and features high system flexibility and security.
 The NodeB can work in asynchronous mode.
 It is easy to realize indoor coverage.
 Disadvantages: The Gold sequence has greater inter-code

interference than the m sequence.

Spreading/De-spreading Principle — Explanations
for Frequency Domain
Eb / No = Ec / Io  gain
Power spectrum
a2Tbit = Ebit
Demodulation
Allowed maximum interference threshold
level of the system
Gain Power that all the

users can share
Interference
signals from other
users
Echip

Spectrum Change in CDMA
Spreading code P(f)

P(f)
f
Broadband signal P (f)
f
Narrowband signal
f
Noise
Separation of
signals and noise
P (f)
Signal
combination Noise + broadband signal
P (f)
f
Spreading code f
The CDMA broadband spreading technology

effectively avoids frequency-selective fading of radio channels.

Rake Receiver
Correlator 1
The
Correlator 2 Combiner combined
signal
Receive set
Correlator 3
Searcher correlator Calculate the

time delay and
signal strength
s(t) s(t)
t t
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive
performance of the system

Summary - Advantages of CDMA
 RAKE receiver is adopted
 The time diversity effect generated by channel
coherence time is efficiently used.
 Frequency diversity
 Wideband frequency spectrum
 Higher interference tolerance and security performance
 Low signal transmission power
 Great flexibility in carrying multiple services with largely
different bit rate and QoS requirement.
 Different spreading factors for different services with
different data rates
 High spectral efficiency
 All users can share the same frequency spectrum
simultaneously.
 Supporting soft handover and softer handover.

Contents
Chapter 1 WCDMA Principle
Chapter 2 Technical Features of WCDMA

FDD

Characteristics of WCDMA FDD
 Channel bandwidth: 5MHz
 Chip rate: 3.84Mcps
 Frame length: 10ms
 Voice coding: AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate)
 Uplink and downlink modulation: QPSK/QPSK
 Coherence demodulation aided with pilot
 Fast closed loop power control: 1500Hz
 Handover: soft/hard handover
 Support synchronous and asynchronous NodeB

operation

Characteristics of WCDMA FDD
 Satisfy the minimum performance requirement of IMT2000
 Compatible with GSM-MAP core network
 Comparatively steady version R99 has been released
 Support open loop and closed loop transmit diversity mode
 Support Common Packet Channel(CPCH) and Downlink

Share Channel, adapt to Internet data access mode
 Support macro diversity, selection diversity of NodeB
location
 Support different fast power control algorithms and open
loop, out loop power control
 Fully support UE locating services

Differences Between the WCDMA and GSM on
the Air Interface
WCDMA GSM
Carrier spacing 5 MHz 200 KHz
Frequency reuse coefficient 1 1-18
Power control frequency 1500 Hz 2 Hz or lower
QoS control Through the RRM algorithm Through network planning

(frequency planning)
Frequency diversity The 3.84 MHz bandwidth enables Frequency hopping
the air interface to use the rake
receiver for multipath diversity.
Packet data Load-based packet scheduling Timeslot-based scheduling
in GPRS
Downlink transmit diversity Supported by the protocol to Not supported by the
improve downlink capacity standard but can be applied.

Voice Evolution in WCDMA
 Adopts AMR voice coding and supports the voice quality of 4.75
Kbps to 12.2 Kbps.
 Adopts soft handover and transmit diversity to improve capacity.
 Provides high-fidelity voice modes.
 Supports fast power control.

Data Evolution in WCDMA
 Supports up to 14.4 Mbps data services – HSDPA and HSUPA
 Supports packet switching.
 Can evolution to All-IP structure.
 Provides QoS control.
 Provides mobile IP services (dynamic assignment of IP addresses)
 Provides high quality support for symmetric uplink and downlink data
services, including the voice, videophone and video conference.

Conclusion
 This course describes the WCDMA system.
 This course first describes some key technologies. Then,

describes the basic principles of CDMA and the WCDMA
FDD mode.
 After studying this course, we can have a preliminary
understanding of WCDMA, thus laying a good foundation for
subsequent study.

Thank You !
www.huawei.com

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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

 Now, the most popular term in the mobile

 Today, let’s go to know about WCDMA!

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 2

 After studying this course, you should be able to:

 Know the basic knowledge of the CDMA system.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 3

Chapter 1 WCDMA Principle

Chapter 2 Technical Features of WCDMA

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 4

 Radio Propagation Environment

 Multiple Access Technology and

 CDMA Principles and Rake Receiver

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-20 Fast fading

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Current path weight

Current path weight

Current path weight

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 Pedestrian channel in typical urban areas (TU3)

 Vehicle mounted channel in typical urban areas (TU30)

 Vehicle mounted channel in rural areas (RA50)

 Vehicle mounted channel on the highway (HT120)

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 Radio Propagation Environment

 Multiple Access Technology and

 CDMA Principles and Rake Receiver

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 Frequency division duplex (FDD) : Distinguish the uplink and

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 High Spectral Efficiency

 Frequency multiplex coefficient is 1.

 A UE transmission power is interference for another UE.

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 Radio Propagation Environment

 Multiple Access Technology and

 CDMA Principles and Rake Receiver

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 17

 Why does the WCDMA system have enhanced anti-interference

 Why is the WCDMA system more secure?

 Why are the WCDMA handsets more environment protective?

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 Symbol rate = (service rate + check code) × channel code

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ... ... 452 453 454 ……

{A4,B0} {A5,B1} {A6,B2} {A7,B3} {B4,C0} {B5,C1} {B6,C2} {B7,C3}

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 Mutual correlation determines multiple access

1, when x1=x2 , and x = y

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 Users who need to send information: UE1, UE2 and UE3

 Information sent: UE1 x c1 + UE2 x c2 + UE3 x c3