MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, PUNE

Program Name and Code: - Diploma in Electronics &

Telecommunication Engineering.
Course Name and Code: - Mobile & Wireless Communication
(ET4108)
Academic Year: - 2023- 2024
semester:-6

MICROPROJECT TITLE
Prepare a report on Wireless Sensor Network
Submitted in April 2023 by the group of 3 students
1. Sai Bhosale-2103095

2. Triveni Shelke-2103110

3. Pratiksha Shinde-2103112

Project Guide
MR.N.D. TORADMAL
(Lecturer in Electronics)
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, PUNE
 Rationale:
In this world of connectivity and collaborative work environment, it is necessary to
connect to the network from anywhere, with anybody, at any time. Wireless
communication provides connectivity with mobility, flexibility, and convenience.
Wireless devices are used across various industries like Healthcare, Education,
Automation, Automobile, etc.. Effective use of social networking has become
possible due to high-end wireless devices. This course will help the students to
develop skills to handle wireless and mobile communication systems.

 Aim:
Prepare a report on the wireless sensor network

 Introduction:
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are an emerging technology comprising small,
autonomous devices equipped with sensors, microprocessors, and wireless
communication capabilities. These networks are designed to monitor physical or
environmental conditions, such as temperature, humidity, pressure, sound, and
motion, and transmit the collected data to a central location for analysis.

 Theory:
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an infrastructure-less wireless network that is
deployed in a large number of wireless sensors in an ad-hoc manner that is used to
monitor the system, physical, or environmental conditions. Sensor nodes are used
in WSN with the onboard processor that manages and monitors the environment
in a particular area. They are connected to the Base Station which acts as a
processing unit in the WSN System. The base Station in a WSN System is connected
through the Internet to share data.
 Components of WSN:
1. Sensors: Sensors in WSN are used to capture the environmental variables and
which is used for data acquisition. Sensor signals are converted into electrical
signals.
2. Radio Nodes: It is used to receive the data produced by the Sensors and sends
it to the WLAN access point. It consists of a microcontroller, transceiver,
external memory, and power source.
3. WLAN Access Point: It receives the data which is sent by the Radio nodes
wirelessly, generally through the internet.
4. Evaluation Software: The data received by the WLAN Access Point is processed
by a software called as Evaluation Software for presenting the report to the
users for further processing of the data which can be used for processing,
analysis, storage, and mining of the data.

 Characteristics of WSN:

• Autonomous operation:- Sensor nodes in WSNs are typically autonomous and

self-contained, capable of sensing, processing, and communicating data
without external intervention.
• Distributed deployment:- This decentralized architecture facilitates scalable
and adaptable solutions for monitoring large areas or complex systems.
• Energy efficiency:- Energy efficiency is a critical consideration in WSNs due to
the limited battery life of sensor nodes.
 • Resource constraints:- Sensor nodes in WSNs are often resource-constrained
in terms of processing power, memory, energy, and communication
bandwidth.
• Application Diversity:- The flexibility and adaptability of WSNs enable
customized solutions tailored to specific application requirements.

 Challenges and Limitations:

• Energy Efficiency: Sensor nodes have limited battery life, requiring energy-
efficient protocols to prolong network lifetime.
• Security: WSNs are vulnerable to attacks due to their distributed nature and
resource constraints, necessitating robust security mechanisms.
• Scalability: Managing large-scale WSNs with thousands of nodes poses
challenges in terms of data aggregation, routing, and network management.
• Reliability: Wireless communication is susceptible to interference, signal
attenuation, and environmental factors, affecting the reliability of data
transmission.
• Data Processing: Processing data locally on resource-constrained sensor
nodes and transmitting only relevant information is crucial to reduce
bandwidth usage and energy consumption.

 Applications of WSNs:

• Environmental Monitoring: WSNs are used to monitor air and water quality,
soil conditions, and weather patterns.
• Industrial Automation: WSNs facilitate condition monitoring, predictive
maintenance, and asset tracking in industries.
• Healthcare: WSNs enable remote patient monitoring, fall detection, and
ambient assisted living for the elderly.
• Agriculture: WSNs aid in precision agriculture, monitoring crop conditions,
soil moisture, and pest infestations.
• Smart Cities: WSNs play a crucial role in smart grid management, traffic
monitoring, waste management, and urban planning.
 Recent Developments and Future Trends:

• Integration with IoT: WSNs are increasingly being integrated into the Internet
of Things (IoT) ecosystem, enabling seamless connectivity and interoperability
with other devices and systems.
• Edge Computing: Utilizing edge computing techniques allows for data
processing and analysis at the network's edge, reducing latency and
bandwidth requirements.
• Energy Harvesting: Advances in energy harvesting technologies such as solar,
kinetic, and thermal harvesting help extend the lifespan of WSNs by providing
alternative power sources.
• Machine Learning: Integration of machine learning algorithms enables WSNs
to perform advanced data analytics, anomaly detection, and predictive
maintenance.
• Standardization: Efforts towards standardizing protocols and communication
interfaces enhance interoperability and facilitate the deployment of WSNs
across diverse applications.

 Conclusion:
Wireless Sensor Networks represent a transformative technology with
numerous applications across various domains. Despite facing challenges such
as energy efficiency, security, and scalability, ongoing research and
technological advancements continue to drive innovation in WSNs. With the
integration of emerging technologies like IoT, edge computing, and machine
learning, WSNs are poised to play a pivotal role in shaping the future of smart
environments, enabling efficient resource management, improved decision-
making, and enhanced quality of life.

 References:
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/wireless-sensor-network
• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/wireless-sensor-network-wsn/
• https://www.slideshare.net/JawharAli/seminar-report-on-wireless-sensor-
network