CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, we first provide an overview of Wireless Sensor Networks, then we focus on
the Energy-efficient Algorithms. In addition, we describe the components of WSNs
and an energy efficient in Wireless Sensor networks.

1.0 Introduction

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) can be defined as a network of multiple devices that can
communicate the information gathered from a monitored field through wireless links. The data
is transferred through multiple nodes, and with a gateway, the data is connected to other
networks like wireless Ethernet.

WSN could be a wireless network that consists of base stations and numbers of nodes (wireless
sensors). These networks area unit want to monitor physical or environmental conditions like
sound, pressure, temperature and co-operatively pass information through the network to a
main location.

Telecommunication Engineering Department

Sir Syed University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Though fast interest and analysis in WSN fields have taken place solely recently however, use
of sensors for specialized services isn't new. throughout the conflict, quiet Soviet submarines
were detected by deploying the Sound closed-circuit television (SOSUS), that used acoustic
sensors. These systems area unit currently adopted by National Oceanographic and
atmospherical Administration (NOAA) for sensing the events within the oceans.
Simultaneously, defence radio detection and ranging networks were developed using aerostats
as sensors. The predecessor to the web, Advanced scientific research Agency (ARPANET )
shaped by US agency in 1969, served as a work for brand new networking technologies
connecting varied universities and analysis centers. A sensor network may be assumed to
possess several spatially distributed autonomous sensing devices that route the information to
a node which may create the simplest use of the acquired info. the particular WSN is also
derived back to the Distributed device Networks (DSN) program which started in 1980 at
Defense Advanced analysis Projects Agency (DARPA)

Recent advances in micro fabrication technologies have made it to produce tiny (small) nodes
which can house multiple sensors and have easy processing and communication capabilities.
In addition to this, development of wireless networking standards having security, stability and
minimum end to end delays have led to proliferation of WSN in to the field of control and
monitoring the area which was unheard of earlier. The usage of WSN is increasing
exponentially due to the features such as: Scalability, Adaptability, Convenience, Mobility,
Accessibility, low cost etc.

1.2 Motivation

The recent developments in engineering, communication and networking has diode (LED) to
new device styles, info technologies and wireless systems. Such advanced sensors may be used
as a bridge between the physical world with the digital world.

Telecommunication Engineering Department

Sir Syed University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Sensors area unit employed in varied devices, industries, machines and atmosphere and
facilitate in avoiding infrastructure failures, accidents, protective natural resources, conserving
life, increase productivity, give security etc.

The use of distributed device network or system has additionally been contributed by the
technological advances in VLSI, MEMS and Wireless Communication.

With the assistance of recent semiconductor technology, you'll develop a lot of powerful
microprocessors that area unit considerably smaller in size compared to the previous
generation merchandise. This shrinking of process, computing and sensing technologies has
diode to small, low-power and low-cost sensors, controllers and actuators.

1.3 Problem Statement

One of the foremost challenges faced by WSN’s is that of energy conservation. Researchers
are attempting their best create certain that WSN expeditiously make use of the energy
resources and increase their life. during this Chapter one such technique for energy
conservation known as ’Data Reduction'.

1.4 Project Objective

The main objectives of this project are given below:

Implementation of data prediction algorithm on the WSN nodes:

As the WSN nodes constantly perform transmission of data, they require a

large source of energy to make them work for longer period of time. The
battery of a node can provide limited amount of energy to run them until
they die out and needs to be replaced. One of the solution could be achieved
by implementing the data prediction algorithms which can save the

Telecommunication Engineering Department

Sir Syed University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

unnecessary transmission between WSN nodes so they can work for longer
period of time.

Controlled transmission based on error bound between sensed data and

predicted data:

As the sensor of the WSN nodes collect data, the algorithm calculates the
error between the sensed data and the predicted data and control the
transmission based on those calculations.

Energy conservation and increasing the life span of a WSN node:

In the literature on the WSN system (M.Arun raja, V. Malathi,“An LMS

Based Data Reduction Technique for Energy Conservation in Wireless
Sensor Network (WSN)”, Int.Journal Computer Technology &
Applications, Vol. 3, pp. 1569-1576, July-August 2012), energy is most
important factor of the transmission system, methods to conserve the energy
are also needed. Energy conservation by the help of data prediction
algorithms to increase the life of WSN node is one of the main objective of
this project.

1.5 Report Outline

Chapter one present the definition and background of the project, along with the motivation,
problem statements, research objectives and thesis outline of the project.

Telecommunication Engineering Department

Sir Syed University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi