2018 재외동포를 위한한국어 어휘집 수정본

재외동포를 위한
한국어
어 휘집
주관 후원
한국어
어 휘집
주관
후원
목 차
.
.
발간사 3
재외동포를 위한 한국어 - 초급 4
[1-1, 1-2, 2-1, 2-2]
. 재외동포를 위한 한국어 - 중급
[3-1, 3-2, 4-1, 4-2]
42
. 재외동포를 위한 한국어 - 고급
[5-1, 5-2, 6-1, 6-2]
96
. 보충자료
- 관용어 [목록, 연습문제, 정답] 159
- 속담 [목록, 연습문제, 정답] 178
.
- 사자성어 [목록, 연습문제, 정답] 192
집필진 소개 203
발 간 사
1446년 9월, 백성을 사랑하는 세종대왕의 마음이 담긴 ‘훈민정음’이 반포됩니다. 2018년은 훈민정음 반포 572돌입니다. 이번
572돌을 맞은 한글날을 기념하여 미주한국학교총연합회 에서 10월13일날 도전 어휘왕 골든벨 대회를 개최했습니다.
가장 최근에 제작되어 한국학교에서 사용하고 있는 교과서인 ‘재외동포를 위한 한국어’(국립국제 교육원)에 나오는 어휘를 기초로
우리 학생들은 어휘왕을 가리기 위해 선의의 경쟁을 하였습니다. 도전 골든벨 어휘왕대회를 준비하면서, 우리 선생님들에게
조금이라도 도움을 드리고자 어휘왕을 출간하게 되었습니다.
미주한국학교총연합회가 한국학교를 위해서, 교사를 위해서, 학생을 위해서 열심히 준비한 어휘집입니다. ‘재외동포를 위한 한국어
어휘집’은 ‘재외동포를 위한 한국어’ 1-1부터 6-2, 관용어, ,속담, 사자성어가 들어 있습니다. 초급반부터 고급반 그리고 성인반까지
사용할수있는 어휘집입니다.
재외동포를위한 한국어 어휘집은 책자로 발간도 하지만, 선생님들 편의를 위해

저희 웹사이트 www.kosaa.org 에도 올려 놓고 편안하게 사용할 수 있도록 준비하겠습니다.
이번 어휘집 발간을 계기로 미국을 포함한 전세계의 영어권 나라에서 유용하게 사용할 수 있으리라 기대합니다. 특히 영어권 나라에
있는 한국학교에서 편안하고 부담없이 사용할 수 있어 선생님들에게는 부교재 이상으로 사용하실 수 있으리라 생각합니다.
‘재외동포를 위한 한국어 어휘집’을 통해 수업을 준비하실 선생님들에게도 많은 도움이 되실거라 감히 말씀드립니다. 미주한국학교
총연합회는 어휘집을 시작으로 계속해서 선생님께 도움을 드리기 위해 노력하며, 한국학교의 발전을 위해 열심히 가교 역할을
하겠습니다.
이번 ‘재외동포를 위한 한국어 어휘집’을 발간을 위해 수고해 주신 임난희 선생님 (미주한국학교총연합회 부회장), 감수를 맡아주신
이지선 교수님(UCSD), 어휘집을 준비해 주신 이유선 선생님, 김명희 선생님, 전순란 선생님, 김미영 선생님께 다시 한번 감사 말씀
올립니다.
2018년 12월
미주한국학교총연합회
회장김 응호
한국어
-초급-
࢟࠶ѭૣծ࡟ଛଛ˯ߪߪ୾ओࠏߪ˽
Ȼࢆ‫( ۉ‬Greeting)Ȼ

Ьߪ ߄ϙଙ‫?࠾ۼ‬ ߄ϙ?
Ӳ Hello Hi
ࢇղࢇ ‫?ࡁࠖע‬ ࢵЕ ̡ࠒࣱࢇ߾ࡁ.
Ьߪ ࢄկࢄ ‫?࠾ࠓן‬ ࢲВ ̞ࠏ࣮ࢄ߻࠾.

Ӳ What is your name? My name is Yeongjun Kim.
߇Ϝ஢ ˃‫ࡁۿ‬.
߇Ϝ஢ ɼ‫ࡁۿ‬.
Ьߪ ߄ϙட ɹ‫࠾ۼ‬ ߄ϙட ˀ‫࠾ۼ‬

Goodbye Goodbye
Ӳ
(When someone is leaving) (When you are leaving)
ཱྀ KOSAA All rights reserved.
4
ȻΜӿ(Country)Ȼ

Ьߪ ଛ˯ Ѥࢇ ‫˯ײ‬
Ӳ Korea Germany America
Ьߪ ‫ٮ‬ӿऐ ࠏ˯ ࢇ‫ؿ‬
Ӳ Brazil England Japan
Ьߪ ࣵ˯ ଋԇ‫ݘ‬ ୋ࣬
Ӳ China France Australia

5
Ȼɹ࣍(Family)Ȼ

Ьߪ ଜ߂‫؜‬ऌ ଜ֛П ߂‫؜‬ऌ

Ӳ grandfather grandmother father
ϹΜ ߬П ୆ ࠚ‫ڀ‬
Ьߪ ߪ֛П
(for male) (for female) (for male) (for female)
Ӳ mother older sister older brother
Ьߪ ࠃѭ۟ Τѭ۟ Μ
younger
Ӳ younger brother me
sister

6
Ȼ˩‫(ݥ‬Classroom)/࡟৑(Place)Ȼ

Ьߪ ɹ، ːॷ ‫ݡ‬ˀ ࠆଔ
Ӳ backpack notebook clock pencil
Ьߪ ऌࡆʋ ॷ ࡿ࢒ ॷ‫ە‬
Ӳ eraser book chair desk
Ьߪ ৕ળ ৴ଅਜ਼ ߑ ҈
Ӳ chalkboard computer front back
Ьߪ ࡟ ߂ԋ ࠑ ߄
Ӳ up down next inside

7
Ȼओ(House) Ȼ

Ьߪ ʝ‫ݥ‬ ࢴ୕ଢ࠾ ॷࡳ ࢈ߪ࠾ ੨ԣ‫࠾م ࡳࢴٵ‬

talking on the reading a watching
Ӳ living room
phone book television
Ьߪ ْ߹ ؊ࡳ ֜ߪ࠾ ࡆࡧծ վ‫࠾܅‬ ࠾նծ ଢ࠾

Ӳ kitchen eating a meal drinking milk cooking
Ьߪ ، ːْଢ࠾ ࠤࡳ ࢌߪ࠾ ࢙ࡳ ࢒࠾
putting
Ӳ room studying sleeping
clothes on

8
Ȼࡆնଚ˩(Our School) Ȼ

Ьߪ ˩‫ݥב‬ ୕࢝‫ݥ‬ ѣۭ˔ ˩‫ݥ‬

teacher’s
Ӳ restroom library classroom
office

Ȼࡆնѭω(Our Neighborhood)Ȼ
Ьߪ ओ ɹʬ ࡧ৑ࡒ ଚ˩
Ӳ home store kindergarten school
Ьߪ ːࡒ ‫ࡒظ‬ ߂રચ ˩ୠ
Ӳ park hospital apartment church

9
Ȼ঎ࡨ˔(Gym)/ːࡒ(Park)/˩‫(ݥ‬Classroom) Ȼ

Ьߪ ϥˮծ ଙЩ ࣯σ̘ծ ଙЩ Юն̘ծ ଙЩ

Ӳ to play basketball to jump rope to run
Ьߪ লˮծ ଙЩ ߂ࢄ‫ݘ‬਷պࡳ ‫ۉ‬Щ ଛ˯ߪծ ɹի৑Щ

Ӳ to play soccer to buy ice cream to teach Korean
Ьߪ ଛ˯ߪծ ؎ࡆЩ ࣗ߂ଙЩ ৓ˮծ րΜЩ

Ӳ to learn Korean to like to meet a friend

ࢄ‫ײ‬ऌ঴অ JVVRYYYGHMCQTMTJVVRURPIENKRCTVOGKUVQEMJVVRURPIRPIVTGGEQO

10
Ȼܽ࢒(Numbers)Ȼ

1 2 3 4 5
Ьߪ ࢇ / ଙΜ ࢄ/ѿ ‫ۑ‬/‫܂‬ ‫ۉ‬/Ϗ ࠚ / Щ۸
Ӳ one two three four five
6 7 8 9 10
Ьߪ ࡨ / ࠃ۸ ৕ / ࢇˎ ઴ / ࠃь ˮ / ߂୑ ‫ݨ‬/ࠇ
Ӳ six seven eight nine ten
20 30 40 50 60
Ьߪ ࢄ‫ݨ‬ ‫ݨۑ‬ ‫ݨۉ‬ ࠚ‫ݨ‬ ࡨ‫ݨ‬
Ӳ twenty thirty forty fifty sixty
70 80 90 100 1000
Ьߪ ৕‫ݨ‬ ઴‫ݨ‬ ˮ‫ݨ‬ ؏ ই
Ӳ seventy eighty ninety hundred thousand

11
Ȼࡓ(month)Ȼ

1ࡓ 2ࡓ 3ࡓ 4ࡓ
Ьߪ ࢇࡓ ࢄࡓ ‫ࡓۑ‬ ‫ࡓۉ‬
Ӳ January February March April
5ࡓ 6ࡓ 7ࡓ 8ࡓ
Ьߪ ࠚࡓ ࡧࡓ ৕ࡓ ઴ࡓ
Ӳ May June July August
9ࡓ 10 ࡓ 11 ࡓ 12 ࡓ
Ьߪ ˮࡓ ‫ࡓݡ‬ ‫ࡓࢇݨ‬ ‫ࡓࢄݨ‬
Ӳ September October November December
Ȼ࠾ࢇ(Day of the Week) Ȼ
Ьߪ ࡓ࠾ࢇ ୕࠾ࢇ ܶ࠾ࢇ ֹ࠾ࢇ
Ӳ Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday
Ьߪ ̓࠾ࢇ ੲ࠾ࢇ ࢇ࠾ࢇ

Ӳ Friday Saturday Sunday

12
Ȼ‫ݡ‬ɻ (Expressions of Time)Ȼ

Ьߪ ࠚГ έࢇ ࣬փ ࢄ‫࣬؞‬ Щࡵ࣬
Ӳ today tomorrow weekend this week next week
Ȼࢇ
&CVGUȻ

ࢇ ࢇ ࢇ 4ࢇ 5ࢇ
Ьߪ ࢇࢇ ࢄࢇ ‫ࢇۑ‬ ‫ࢇۉ‬ ࠚࢇ
Ӳ first second third fourth fifth
6ࢇ 7ࢇ 8ࢇ 9ࢇ 10 ࢇ
Ьߪ ࡨࢇ ৕ࢇ ઴ࢇ ˮࢇ ‫ࢇݨ‬
Ӳ sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth
11 ࢇ 12 ࢇ 13 ࢇ 14 ࢇ 15 ࢇ
Ьߪ ‫ࢇࢇݨ‬ ‫ࢇࢄݨ‬ ‫ࢇۑݨ‬ ‫ࢇۉݨ‬ ‫ࢇࠚݨ‬
Ӳ eleventh twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth
16 ࢇ 17 ࢇ 18 ࢇ 19 ࢇ 20 ࢇ
Ьߪ ‫ࢇࡨݨ‬ ‫ݨ‬৕ࢇ ‫ݨ‬઴ࢇ ‫ݨ‬ˮࢇ ࢄ‫ࢇݨ‬
Ӳ sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth nineteenth twentieth
21 ࢇ 22 ࢇ 23 ࢇ 24 ࢇ 25 ࢇ
Ьߪ ࢄ‫ࢇࢇݨ‬ ࢄ‫ࢇࢄݨ‬ ࢄ‫ࢇۑݨ‬ ࢄ‫ࢇۉݨ‬ ࢄ‫ࢇࠚݨ‬
Ӳ twenty-first twenty-second twenty-third twenty-fourth twenty-fifth
26 ࢇ 27 ࢇ 28 ࢇ 29 ࢇ 30 ࢇ
Ьߪ ࢄ‫ࢇࡨݨ‬ ࢄ‫ݨ‬৕ࢇ ࢄ‫ݨ‬઴ࢇ ࢄ‫ݨ‬ˮࢇ ‫ࢇݨۑ‬
Ӳ twenty-sixth twenty-seventh twenty-eighth twenty-ninth thirtieth

13
Ȼ࢟‫ࢎײ‬В ࣬փ୘ѭ(Fun Weekend Activities)Ȼ

Ьߪ Ϡࢄːࡒ Ϡࢄ̘ˮծ ੆Щ ‫ۉ‬ऎࡳ ॣЩ

to take a ride on a
Ӳ amusement park machine at an to take a photo
amusement park
Ьߪ ѭ‫ࡒז‬ ѭ‫ ࡳז‬ˮʾଙЩ ֜ࢄծ ࣬Щ

Ӳ zoo to see animals to feed an animal
Ьߪ ‫ܮ‬ଘּ ࢝Οʀࡳ ‫ۉ‬Щ ࠏ୕ծ ‫ؼ‬Щ

Ӳ shopping mall to buy toys to see a movie

14
Ȼˀࢵ(Seasons)Ȼ
Ьߪ ‫ ف‬/ ҩӲଙЩ ࠃկ / юЩ ɹࡳ / ‫ࡒݡ‬ଙЩ ʴࡉ/শЩ
Ӳ spring / warm summer / hot fall / cool winter/cold

ȻΡ޺(Weather)Ȼ
Ьߪ ‫ٵ‬ɹ ࠚЩ ϻࢄ ࠚЩ ‫׿‬ԃࢄ ٖЩ
Ӳ It rains It snows The wind blows


15
Ȼѭ‫ ࡒז‬ѭ‫(ז‬Zoo Animals)Ȼ

Ьߪ ‫࢒ۉ‬ ਊΔն ˍ
Ӳ lion elephant bear
Ьߪ ࡒܾࢄ ੲΔ ̘ո
Ӳ monkey rabbit giraffe
Ȼߒࠩѭ‫(ז‬Pets) Ȼ
Ьߪ ʅ߂ऌ ˅ߣࢄ
Ӳ puppy cat

16
Ȼْ߹(Kitchen)Ȼ

۳ʝऌծ ࠾նծ
Ьߪ ؊ࡳ ֜Щ ε࢝˅ծ ࠇЩ ૣ਷
ଙЩ ଙЩ
to do the to have a to open the
Ӳ to cook fork
dishes meal refrigerator

Ьߪ ‫ੇݢ‬ ܹɹԀ ࢹɹԀ ̍ձ α‫ٵ‬
dinner
Ӳ spoon chopsticks bowl pot
table
Ȼʝ‫( ݥ‬Living room)Ȼ
Ьߪ ʬࢋ̘ ੇ࢒ ੨ԣ‫ࢴٵ‬ ‫הݣ‬ ‫ܒ‬ર

videogame
Ӳ table television newspaper sofa
console

17
Ȼછ̘ (Talent)Ȼ
Ьߪ ̍պࡳ ̍նЩ ঵ࡳ ঱Щ ϝԋծ ଙЩ ଑߂ϝծ ৑Щ

to play the
Ӳ to draw to dance to sing
piano

Ȼࡈѭ (Workout)Ȼ
Ьߪ ੐˽ѣծ ଙЩ ؎ғ‫״‬੝ࡳ ৑Щ ࢒ࢴʝծ ੆Щ ੥П‫ݘ‬ծ ৑Щ

to do to play to ride a
Ӳ to play tennis
taekwondo badminton bicycle

18
Ȼࡵ‫(ݢ‬Food) Ȼ
Ьߪ ࢚ॶ ٖ˅̘ ̞৑ ‫ٺٵ‬؊
Stir-fried
Ӳ bulgogi kimchi bibimbap
noodles
Ьߪ ҽ‫ࢄؾ‬ ̞؊ րѼ ɽ‫ٵ‬
seaweed rice grilled beef
Ӳ tteokbokki dumpling
roll short ribs
Ȼֈ(Tastes) Ȼ
Ьߪ ֒Щ ֈࢎЩ ֈߴЩ
Ӳ to be hot and spicy to taste good to taste bad

19
Ȼ‫ݡ‬ɻ(Time) Ȼ
ଛ‫ٔ ݨۑ ݡ‬
Ьߪ ଛ‫ݡ‬ Ѽ‫ݡ‬ ‫ݡۼ‬ ࠇѼ ‫ݡ‬
/‫؃‬
one two three twelve one o’clock

Ӳ and thirty
o’clock o’clock o’clock o’clock
minutes
ȻଙՑ ࢇ˒ (Daily Routine)Ȼ

Ьߪ ࢇߪΜЩ ‫ܶۼ‬ծ ଙЩ ࢄծ ЫЩ ߂ৗࡳ ֜Щ ଚ˩߻ ɹЩ

to wash to brush to have to go to
Ӳ to get up
one’s face one’s teeth breakfast school
Ьߪ ‫߀ ࡳܕ‬Щ ࢷ‫֜ ࡳݧ‬Щ ܷࢼծ ଙЩ ֛նծ ʀЩ ࢙ࡳ ࢒Щ
to wash to have to do
Ӳ to shampoo to sleep
one’s hands lunch homework

20
ȻϠࢄਜ਼ Ϡࢄ̘ˮ Ȼ
(Playground Recreational Equipment)
Ьߪ Ϡࢄਜ਼ ̍ω ‫ܒݡ‬ ‫ײ‬Έԝઞ
Ӳ playground swing teeter-totter slide
ȻϠࢄ (Games) Ȼ
Ьߪ ܻ‫͔׿‬ऐ ‫ͳܒ‬Ϡࢄ ˮ‫ݛ‬৑̘ Ҫऌ৑̘
Ӳ hide-and seek play house marbles slap-match


21
Ȼࠃԙɹऌ ऍ߳(Occupations) Ȼ

Ьߪ ˒ଚ࢒ ࠏ୕؎ࡆ ɹܶ ୕ɹ
Ӳ scientist actor singer artist
Ьߪ ࡈѭ۱ܶ ࠾ն‫ۉ‬ ࡿ‫ۉ‬ ‫ܒ‬،˔

Ӳ athlete chef doctor firefighter

Ȼࠃɹ୘ѭ
#EVKXKVKGUȻ

Ьߪ ‫ۉ‬ऎࡳ ॣЩ ̍պࡳ ˮʾଙЩ

Ӳ to take a pictures to observe pictures

22
Ȼࠃɹ୘ѭ࢝‫
ܒ‬#EVKXKV[%GPVGT) Ȼ

Ьߪ ‫˔ז؀‬ ‫˔ܺײ‬ ࠏ୕˔

Ӳ museum art museum movie theater
Ьߪ ːࠆ࢝ ѣۭ˔ ѭ‫ࡒז‬

Ӳ concert hall library zoo
Ьߪ ߛˮ࢝ ࠏ୕˔ Ϡࢄːࡒ

Ӳ baseball stadium movie theater amusement park

23
Ȼओ߄ࢇ(Chores) Ȼ

Ьߪ ЫЩ ‫ޱ‬Щ ࢺնଙЩ
Ӳ to mop to sweep to organize

Ьߪ ঍‫ܒ‬ଙЩ ۳ʝऌଙЩ ‫ڃ‬ԋଙЩ

Ӳ to clean to wash dishes to do laundry
Ȼ঍‫ܒ‬ѣˮ
%NGCPKPI'SWKROGPVȻ
Ьߪ ʡԣ ‫࢒ټ‬Ց ঍‫̘ܒ‬
Ӳ rag broom vacuum

24
Ȼ६ࡅ(Wear) Ȼ
G
G G
ˮѼ/ࡈѭ୕ ৑վ/‫׿‬ऌ/ન‫܅‬৉ծ
Ьߪ ָ࢒ծ ޮЩ ɹ،ࡳ ֦Щ
ծ ‫ݣ‬Щ ࢌЩ / ‫ؤ‬Щ
to put to put
to put on /
Ӳ a hat a backpack to wear shoes
to take off
on on

Ȼ̨ۘ(Color) Ȼ

Ьߪ ‫ڃ‬ɻۘ ϝԁۘ રԁۘ ଙߝۘ ̤րۘ
Ӳ red yellow blue white black

25
Ȼ߃̘ ࠆ࣬(Playing an Instrument) Ȼ
Ьߪ ଑߂ϝծ ৑Щ ғԝࡳ ৑Щ ‫ࠝࢄ׿‬ոࡳ ਁЩ
Ӳ to play the piano to play the drum to play the violin
Ьߪ ঑Ըծ ਁЩ ̘੆ծ ৑Щ ଍Ցચծ ٖЩ
Ӳ to play the cello to play the guitar to play the flute
Ȼࡈѭ(Exercise)Ȼ
Ьߪ ‫ݘ‬ਾծ ੆Щ ੥П‫ݘ‬ծ ৑Щ ੇˮծ ৑Щ ߛˮծ ଙЩ

to play to play
Ӳ to ride skis to play tennis
ping pong baseball

26
Ȼːࠆ
2GTHQTOCPEGȻ
Ьߪ ࡵ߃ୠ ࢆ୆̎ ؅ԣ
Ӳ recital puppet play ballet
Ьߪ ‫ר‬ऌ৳ վܺ‫ܮ‬ ࠆ̎
Ӳ musical magic show play
Ȼʀ‫(ە‬Watch) Ȼ
Ьߪ ֢ࢎЩ ߂կдЩ ࢟‫ࢎײ‬Щ ‫ݛ‬ଋЩ
Ӳ to be cool to be beautiful to be fun to be sad

27
Ȼ‫(־‬Body) Ȼ
G
G
G
Ьߪ ֛ն ϻ ਊ ࢌ
Ӳ head eyes nose mouth

G
G G G
Ьߪ ̃ ֹ ؎ ઴
Ӳ ear neck stomach arm
G
G
Ьߪ ‫ܕ‬ Щն ؅ ‫ב‬յ
Ӳ hand leg foot knee

28
Ȼ‫ݥ‬έ߻ۭଙВϠࢄ
2NC[KPI+PUKFGȻ
Ьߪ ʬࢋࡳ ଙЩ ː̘Ϡࢄծ ଙЩ ࢆ୆Ϡࢄծ ଙЩ

Ӳ to play games to play with marbles to play with dolls

Ȼߛ࠶߻ۭଙВϠࢄ
2NC[KPI1WVUKFGȻ
Ьߪ ࠆΡն̘ծ ଙЩ ˅‫࣯ב‬Ϡࢄծ ଙЩ
Ӳ to fly a kite to play with rubber bands
Ьߪ ܺԋ࢚̘ծ ଙЩ ૄࢄ৑̘ծ ଙЩ
Ӳ to play hide and seek to spin tops

29
Ȼଚ˩߻ۭ ଙВ ପ‫(ۉ‬School Event) Ȼ
Ьߪ ؅૯ୠ ࢴ‫ݡ‬ୠ
Ӳ presentation exhibition
Ьߪ ࡈѭୠ ࡵ߃ୠ
Ӳ sports day music recital
Ьߪ ࠆ࣬ଙЩ лୠ߻ ΜɹЩ ࠆ‫ݞ‬ଙЩ

to participate in a
Ӳ to perform to practice
competition

30
Ȼ˩˒ֹ(School Subjects) Ȼ
Ьߪ ଛ˯ߪ ࠏߪ ܶଚ
Ӳ Korean English math
Ьߪ ˒ଚ ‫ܺײ‬ ࡵ߃
Ӳ science art music
Ьߪ ঎ࡨ ‫ۉ‬ୠ ࠄ‫ۉ‬
Ӳ physical education social studies history

31
Ȼଚ˩߻ۭ րΜВ ‫ۉ‬ԃҗȻ

(People Who We Meet at School)

Ьߪ च ˩࢝ ۱۟Ф ʈࡲ ‫ ؃‬৓ˮ гࢋ ۱۟Ф
school homeroom
Ӳ pair, partner classmate
principal teacher

ȻրΜۭଙВࢆ‫)
ۉ‬TGGVKPIȻ
Ьߪ րΜۭ ‫؃‬ɹࡐ. ৓ଙʬ ऌέ࢒. ֶ ଚϔࢄߛ?
What grade are

Ӳ It’s nice to meet you. Let’s be friends.
you in?

Ьߪ ओࢄ ߪҞߛ? ߪА ଚ˩ Щϒ?
Ӳ Where is your house? What school do you attend?

32
Ȼ࠶ָ(Appearance) Ȼ

Ьߪ ࠓ‫ڼ‬Щ ̃ࠋЩ ̘ࢗ۟Щ
Ӳ to be pretty to be cute to be good-looking

Ьߪ ֢ࢎЩ ֛նɹ ̜Щ ֛նɹ ञЩ
Ӳ to look good the hair is long the hair is short

Ьߪ ਾɹ ਷Щ ਾɹ ࢓Щ аЩ
Ӳ to be tall to be short to resemble

33
Ȼলଙ
%GNGDTCVKQPȻ

Ьߪ লଙଙЩ ۱‫ ࡳז‬؄Щ
Ӳ to congratulate to receive a present

Ьߪ ঢٖࡳ ਁЩ ‫ۉ‬ऎࡳ ॣЩ
Ӳ to light a candle to take a photo

Ьߪ জлծ ؄Щ জлծ ଙЩ ৛ғծ րҗЩ
Ӳ to be invited to invite to make a card

34
Ȼ‫ݡܺײ‬ɻ(Art Class) Ȼ
Ьߪ ‫ז‬ʀ ۘࠆଔ ਷ԣર‫ݘ‬ ૸

Ӳ ink colored pencils crayons glue
Ьߪ ɹ࡟ ৞ ۘࣔࢄ ‫ݘ‬৹৑ٓ
colored
Ӳ scissors knife sketchbook
paper
Ьߪ ۘ৕ଙЩ ̍նЩ ࢸЩ ٝࢄЩ

Ӳ to color to paint to fold to paste
Ьߪ ࢒իЩ ‫ז‬ʀࡰԸ ̍ԫ࠾. ૸Ը ٝࠃ࠾. ɹ࡟Ը ࢗӿ࠾.

Cut it with
Ӳ to cut Paint it with ink. Paste it glue.
scissors.
35
Ȼऋ‫
ە‬5[ORVQOUȻ
Ьߪ ֛նɹ ߂ଋЩ ࠇࢄ ΜЩ ̘ৗࡳ ଙЩ

Ӳ to have a headache to have a fever to cough
Ьߪ ֹࢄ ߂ଋЩ ਐ‫ ࢄז‬ΜЩ ؎੉ࢄ ΜЩ

to have a sore to have a runny to have a
Ӳ
throat nose stomachache
Ьߪ (Щնծ)Щ৑Щ ଑ɹ ΜЩ ࢄɹ ߂ଋЩ
to have a
Ӳ to injure a leg to bleed
toothache
ȻऎՋ
/GFKECN6TGCVOGPV Ȼ
Ьߪ ࣬‫ۉ‬ծ ֊Щ ߜࡳ ֜Щ
to get
Ӳ to take the medicine
an injection shot
36
Ȼߛॶࠧ ˒ࢇ(Vegetables and Fruit)Ȼ
Ьߪ ੲվੲ з̏ ʀ࢒ ࠚࢄ
Ӳ tomato carrot potato cucumber
Ьߪ ߣર ૣѣ Ҭ̘ ࠚԥऌ
Ӳ onion grape strawberry orange
Ьߪ ܶ‫؀‬ ‫˒ۉ‬ ؎ ‫׿‬ΜΜ
Ӳ watermelon apple pear banana

37
Ȼࢺնࢺѥ
6KF[KPIWRȻ
Ьߪ ॷࡳ ॷ͜ࢄ߻ ͜Щ ‫ז‬ʟࡳ ۭԄ߻ ψЩ

Ӳ to put a book on the shelf to put things in the drawer
Ьߪ ࠤࡳ ʡЩ ৗлծ ࢺնଙЩ
Ӳ to hang clothes to make the bed
Ьߪ ࢝Οʀࡳ ‫ ߻࢒ە‬ψЩ ޮԣ̘ծ ‫؜‬նЩ

Ӳ to put the toys in the box to throw away trash

38
ȻːϠࢄ(Ball game)Ȼ
Ьߪ ːࡳ шऌЩ ːࡳ ؄Щ
Ӳ to throw a ball to receive a ball
Ьߪ ːࡳ ५Щ ːࡳ ࢚Щ
Ӳ to kick a ball to catch a ball
Ȼʾ̘(Game)Ȼ
Ьߪ ࢄ̘Щ ऌЩ ‫̘ٵ‬Щ
to tie
Ӳ to win to lose
(with the same score)

39
Ȼ˩੹ܶЬ
/GCPUQH6TCPURQTVCVKQPȻ
Ьߪ ‫ݘ؜‬ ̘५ ੑ‫ݡ‬ ࢒ࢴʝ
Ӳ bus train taxi bicycle
Ьߪ ऌଙঈ ‫ٵ‬ପ̘ ࠚੲ‫ࢄ׿‬ ࢒ѭ५
Ӳ subway plane motorcycle car
Ȼ˩੹
6TCHHKE Ȼ
Ьߪ ५ծ ੆Щ ५߻ۭ έնЩ
Ӳ to get in a car to get off a car
Ьߪ ୦Ь‫ؼ‬ѣծ ʟμЩ ‫ݘ؜‬ծ ɽ߂੆Щ

to transfer from one bus to
Ӳ to cross a crosswalk
another

40
Ȼߛ࠶୘ѭ(Outdoor Activities)Ȼ
Ьߪ Ξ‫ݡ‬ଙЩ ১ଘଙЩ ‫ٵ׿‬ਲ਼ଙЩ

Ӳ to go fishing to go camping to barbecue
Ȼߛ࠶୘ѭ ࢝‫(ܒ‬Place for Outdoor Recreation)Ȼ
Ьߪ ୋܶ ‫׿‬Щ ‫ۉ‬տ ˯ջːࡒ

Ӳ lake sea desert national park
ࢄ‫ײ‬ऌ঴অ JVVRURPIENKRCTVOGKUVQEMJVVRURPIRPIVTGGEQO
https://images.clipartlogo.com http://www.efka.or.kr

41
한국어
-중급-
Ȼଚ˩ ‫ݡ‬۳(School Facility) Ȼ

Ьߪ Ӳ ࠓ‫ה‬

9QTF
/GCPKPI
7UCIG
ˁ̛ࢠ VWDGLXP /$Ьࢵ‫ݛ‬ʾ̘࢝߾۰զୃऑ۴ܹձփΪ߭ࡁ
੓̀Ѧࢠ WDHNZRQGRFHQWHU ࣯ֆցЬ੐˽ѣ࢝߾ɼ۰੓̀Ѧձࠉ‫ݡ‬ଥࡁ
঵˱ࢠ VRFFHUILHOG ࡉչଝˬЕࢗҡɼ̫ջυࡵলˮ࢝ࢇ࢑߭ࡁ
ߞ˱ࢠ EDVHEDOOILHOG ߛˮ࢝߾۰ߞ˱ˁ̛ձ‫"ࡁ߭࢑ࢇࢶق‬
঑࡫˗ J\PQDVLXP ؏˕୯߾Е঎ࡨ˔߾۰Ϩ˱ձଜЕ߅ࢇҚѦ

ք‫ݡ‬ТЬ
ࢗҡؐ JUDVVODZQ ߞ࠹߾Еυࡵ࢔Ҟ‫ݡ࢑ࢇ؍‬ТЬ
ʈк DXGLWRULXP ʅз߾۰ЕଢॷоୣѦଜˈଝˬળફѦଢТЬ
‫ݨ‬ΰܹࠒࢠ LQGRRUVZLPPLQJ ‫ݥ‬έܶࠏ࢝‫ݤ‬۶ࢇࣚ߅۰ࡉչଝˬ߾۰ܹࠒ

SRRO ˁ̛ձքࢇଢТЬ
˕ଝ‫ݨ‬ VFLHQFHODE ˒ଚ‫߾ݥ‬۰Е߇ࢷܹ৕ࡶए਄ߞଢТЬ
Ի‫ٸ‬ ߵցࠪࢇֻЕ୎੫Ը‫߾ٵ‬۰ଞ‫߾ݤ‬փΟ̛Ի
OREE\
ଜ܏оࡁ

42
Ȼߣϖ˒ֈ
5GCUQPKPICPF6CUVG) Ȼ

Ьߪ Ӳ ࠓ‫ה‬

9QTF
/GCPKPI
7UCIG
۶੒ VXJDU ٙˈ̛߾ɾࢠ˕۳੏ࡳԻߦϙࡶବ‫ݡ‬ТЬ
‫̖ܕ‬ VDOW ‫̛ॳ˕̓ܒ߾؍‬ղձϋˈ࢚۲‫ݡ‬ТЬ
ɾࢠ VR\VDXFH Ӏ‫ࢇف‬ɼ‫ݭ‬ʠࡉִɻ࢝ࡶ࣏̖ϋࡳ‫ࡁۿ‬
ѹࢠ VR\EHDQSDVWH ࡉչ߅‫ڃ‬ЕѶ࢝ࡶϋ߭փҘࡸ‫ֻࡵݥ‬ѿࣚ߅ଜ‫ࡁۿ‬
ˈ঴ࢠ UHGSHSSHU
Ӏ‫ࢢࢇف‬ՎЕӀߞॹ߭‫̐ו‬չˈ˅঱࢝ࢇ߾ࡁ
SDVWH
‫ݥ‬ট YLQHJDU ࡸ‫ݢ߾ݥ‬জձϋࡳִۚ਑ଞ֋ࢇΟࡁ
ৼ঍ NHWFKXS ʃ࢕ઑ̡ࡶ֟ࡶҶ৹ঊ߾०߭֟߭ࡁ
бЬ WREHVZHHW ߅ࢇ‫਺ݛ‬ս˕ৼࢇ਺ɼ߅࣯Ю˅֋࢑όࡁ
जЬ WREHVDOW\ ٙˈ̛ɼङऌ߉ˈҭࣚ߅ࡁ
֕Ь ߅‫ڃ‬ɼփҖ‫ݦ‬Ӏ‫ࢇف‬ЕଜΟѦ֒ऌ߉ˈࢽֆ
WREHVSLF\
֋࢑߭ࡁ
‫ݤ‬Ь WREHVRXU ߵցЕ૦ѦΟ̏ʋࡵ‫߅ࣚࡶࢊ˕ݣ‬ଜ‫ࡁۿ‬
‫ޱ‬Ь WREHELWWHU ࢇ৲ଔЕଯ̛Ѧ߷ˈޮ̘րଜόࡁ
‫ݭ‬ʧЬ WREHEODQG ‫ݪ‬ʝࡆֱɾࢠࡶ࣏̖ϋࡳ‫ࡁۿ‬

43
Ȼࠃɹ୘ѭ
.GKUWTG#EVKXKV[) Ȼ

Ьߪ Ӳ ࠓ‫ה‬

9QTF
/GCPKPI
7UCIG
ҟ‫ۏ‬ଜЬ WRJRKLNLQJ ߅৚ցЬɼ̧ࡋ‫ࡶۏ‬Ҝ‫ی‬ଙВʨࡵʢʈ߾ࣚ߅ࡁ
Ρ‫ݤ‬ଜЬ WRJRILVKLQJ ߅‫ڃ‬Е࣯ֆࢇִ‫؂‬ЬԻΞ‫ݡ‬ଙԙɼ‫ݦ‬Ь
ܹࠒଜЬ WRVZLQ ΰࢊΤ޽ɼࣚࡳִࡉչܶࠏଙԙɼ࢕
৪ଛଜЬ WRJRFDPSLQJ ࢵЕ‫߾ۏ‬۰১ଘଙ˅‫ࡁ߭ݮ‬੪ઝ߾۰࢕ִࢢ‫ࡶ࢑׵‬

ʨʋ߅ࡁ
‫ࡶ଀ܕ‬ɼЬ WRJRRQD
ए΢࣯ֆ߾̡‫ݯࡶ؍‬۰˓ࡕࡳԻ‫ࡳ૽ܒ‬ʄЩ
SLFQLF
‫˗י؃‬ PXVHXP ‫߾˔ז؀‬۰Е਼‫ܕ‬չԻҿҚִ߇Ѷࡁ
ࠒ୘˗ WKHDWHU քࡵ‫ی‬ԆҚࢇࠏ୕˔ߔ߾۰ࣲࡶ۰۰̛Ьչˈ࢑Ь
‫˗ܽ׵‬ DUWPXVHXP ‫߾˔ܺײ‬۰̐սࡶ‫ࡳܘ‬Իփएִ߇Ѷࡁ
ܹ࣐˗ DTXDULXP ܶ࣍˔‫߾̛ࣸˈי‬۰ۘ߭ɼࢿࢊ‫̛ݦ‬ବ߭ࡁ

44
Ȼࠤ˒ߓ‫ۭۼ‬ն
%NQVJGUCPF#EEGUUQTKGU Ȼ

Ьߪ Ӳ ࠓ‫ה‬

9QTF
/GCPKPI
7UCIG
‫ݦ‬؈ࡶ‫ݦ‬Ь WRZHDUVKRHV ৖˱ձփΤҶ߭Ӂ‫ݣ‬؅ࡳ‫"࠾ߪ߶ݣ‬
ߦֆࡶ‫ݦ‬Ь WRZHDUVRFNV ࠝЖࡵଜߠۛߣփࡳ‫ࡁۿࠝ˅ݣ‬
ࢠʄࡶΗЬ WRZHDUJORYHV Ͼ‫ی‬ԆࡶփҚԮˈ࢝ʁࡳ͐ߪ࠾
߇ˁࡶΗЬ WRZHDUJODVVHV ࡉչ۴ۢЧࡵ߄ʾࡳޮ‫࠾ۼ‬

‫ޱ‬Ь
ֻ࢕ձ‫ޱ‬Ь WRZHDUDKDW ΰࢊଝˬ߾ࢇָ࢒ծޮ˅ʀԎࡁ
‫˃ݤ‬ձ८Ь WRZHDUDZDWFK ଝˬ߾‫ݡݲٸ‬ˀծ५˅ࠝЕ৖˱Е߷߭ࡁ
ࠧࡶ‫ا‬Ь WRWDNHRII Τ޽ɼшࡉТ̧ʩࠤࡳ‫ߪؤ‬ѣѶࡁ

FORWKHV
ࠧࡶ࢏Ь WRZHDUFORWKHV ࢵЕࠝЖ‫ࡕݤ‬ଞࠤࡳࢌ߶ߪ࠾
ࠧࡶʀ߅࢏Ь WRFKDQJH ‫؂‬एɼࢾ߹ࡳТ̧ࠤࡳɽ߂ࢌ˅ࠠʯࡁ

FORWKHV


45

Ȼऐۭࠧ̊৒
1TFGTCPF4WNGU) Ȼ

Ьߪ Ӳ ࠓ‫ה‬

9QTF
/GCPKPI
7UCIG
ߦ‫ؿ‬ଜЬ WR\LHOG ࡉչ୉ࡵएଜঋ߾۰ଟ֞Т͉࢕չձߣ‫ؼ‬଩ߪ࠾
ࣲࡶ۰Ь WRVWDQGLQOLQH ˃ЯࡵࡢଵଜТ̧࣯͗ࡳۭۭΰԮɼ‫ࡁۿ‬
‫׹‬Ь WRSXVK ˃ЯࡵࡢଵଜТ̧‫׶‬ऌց‫ࡁۿ‬
ӨЬ WRUXQMXPS ઞ஢‫ࠝٸ‬ЕΤ߾ЕӥߪЩПֱο‫ࡢה‬ଵଥࡁ
φ߭एЬ WRIDOOGRZQ ߭ࢿࡉչଝˬ˃Я߾۰ ଝϗѰۢࢇσߪࣉߪ࠾
ࡢଵଜЬ WREH ୩Я‫ؿ‬ѦձʢοЬɼφ߭࣌ЕіքࢇЬ৔एЕ

GDQJHURXV ߉ߑएփ८ҚҶ‫࡟࣯߅߾ח‬ଲ଩ߪ࠾
߇ࢷଜЬ WREHVDIH ଟ֞Тࢿɼ߄ࢴଙʬֻ‫܈‬ЬҖռʯࡁ
̍৕ࡶएੁЬ WRREVHUYH
ଞ˲ଝˬˬ‫߾ݨ‬۰ЕࢽଥϪࡵ̊৒ࡳ͗ऌਁߛଥࡁ
UXOHV
८ԷձएੁЬ WRNHHSRUGHU ‫ݛ؟‬ձੌҶЕ५Դծऌਾ‫࠾ۼ‬

46

Ȼѥ
/QPG[) Ȼ

Ьߪ Ӳ ࠓ‫ה‬

9QTF
/GCPKPI
7UCIG
ࡈѨࡶ࣯Ь WRJLYHDQ
ֻٕЧ͉۰֐б ٙ޾ࡅѥࡳ࣬‫࠾ߪ܌‬
DOORZDQFH
ࡈѨࡶ؇Ь WRUHFHLYHDQ
ϼΟЕࡅѥࡳ؄ࡰֱ֠ࢵࢵ̖ࡶଢТЬ
DOORZDQFH
ࡈѨࡶֻࡳЬ WRVDYHRQHĜV ࢵЕࢊϗѰ߇ࡅѥࡳ߅͏۰ бԜΟ

DOORZDQFH ָߎߪ࠾
ࡈѨࡶ‫ޱ‬Ь WRVSHQGRQHĜV
ࡅѥࡳޮֱ͗ࡈѨܹ঍߾ࢶࡳ‫ࡁۿ‬
DOORZDQFH
Ѩࢇ࢑Ь ۶‫ی࣏ח‬ʼ˕ࢂ‫ی‬ԆҚփࢇѥࢄࢎߪߞ
WRKDYHPRQH\
ଭ‫ـ‬ଜЬˈବЬ
Ѩࢇ߷Ь WRQRWKDYHPRQH\ ѥࢄߴВѓ‫ࡵݮˈی‬ʯο‫ה‬ք߅ࡁ
ࢵ̖ଜЬ ੵց‫ݛ‬ЕࡈѨࡳԻটਐտࡶ‫ˈ֟ی‬Ο֞एГ
WRGHSRVLWPRQH\
ࢲ̓଩ߪ࠾
߅ΗЬ WRVDYH ΟѦࢇࢿٕਫ਼ϼΟঈԠࡈѨࡶ߂͌޴ʯ
एૢ ELOO փࡕजչऌ૟߾Е‫ࣗۿ‬о࠲ࢇ࢑‫ݡ‬ТЬ
Ѱࢷ FRLQ ʠ‫ݛ‬ղѨࡶѭࢴࡳԻ؇ߑ߭ࡁ

47
Ȼ‫ב‬Мࠧۘ
2CVVGTPCPF%QNQT) Ȼ

Ьߪ Ӳ ࠓ‫ה‬

9QTF
/GCPKPI
7UCIG
͠‫ה‬П IORUDOSDWWHUQ ଟ֞Тۢ‫ݦ‬۴‫י‬Իٗୖۛ͝‫ב‬Мɼ࢑Еֻ࢕ձ

ۗ߭ࡁ
ࣲ‫ה‬П VWULSHSDWWHUQ ΰѰۢࡵ࣯‫ב‬Мફ‫܈‬ৌձࣚ߅ଥࡁ
‫הࡌ؏י‬П SRONDGRWSDWWHUQ ࠝЖߵցЕ‫ז‬،ࡉ‫ב‬Мࡕଔ‫ݛ‬ձ࢏ˈΟɼ܏߭ࡁ
؉ࡵۛ EULJKWFRORU
ࢵЕ؆ࡲۘ‫ؿ‬ЬߪѼࡈۘࢇш࢚߭ࡌջоࡁ
߭ѿࡋۛ GDUNFRORU
Ο‫ߦֻٸ‬ EXWWHUIO\VKDSH ߵցɼΜ‫ࢂߣָٵ‬ਠੁձփҚ࣯߭܏߭ࡁ
खֻߦ KRXVHVKDSH ߭ࢿϣࢇѰ‫߾ۏ‬ɼ۰ओָߣࢂ‫ی‬੒ࡶۗ߭ࡁ
࢕Ѱ८ֻߦ FDUVKDSH
ࡉչࣚ߅ଜЕ࢒ѭ५ָߣࢇԊ‫ߣָش‬ਠੁѦ
‫ߦֻط‬ VWDUVKDSH փҚ࢕

48
Ȼֵࢵ
۳Ρ˒঱‫ )ۮ‬Ȼ
$KI*QNKFC[U
-QTGCP0GY;GCTğUFC[CPF6JCPMUIKXKPI

Ьߪ Ӳ ࠓ‫ה‬

9QTF
/GCPKPI
7UCIG
‫׏۽‬ଜЬ WRYLVLWDWRQHĜV ঴۱ҶЕ‫੼ؿ‬Ѫ߅ɼ‫ݦ‬ଟ֞Т‫߾ܕۏ‬ɼ۰

DQFHVWRUĜVJUDYH ‫׌ۺ‬ծଢ࠾
WRSHUIRUPD
ָࢸ߾Еɼ࣐ҚࢇЬʋࢇ਼߅‫؟‬एп߾ֻࠆ۰
८ԷձएΰЬ FRPPHPRUDWLYHULWH
५Դծऌέ࠾
IRUDQFHVWRUV
Ӏ˲ 7WHRNJXN
ଞ˲߾۰Е۶Τ߅৚߾Ьʋࢇҽ˯ࡶ֟߭ࡁ
ULFHFDNHVRXS
‫ؑۿ‬ଜЬ WRSHUIRUPDERZ ۶Τ߾Еଟ߅‫؟‬एп߾ɼ۰‫؎ۼ‬ծଢ࠾
щжଜЬ WRJLYHZRUGVRI
۶Τ߾‫ؑۿ‬ձଜִ߭հҚࢇцгࡶଥ࣯‫ࡁۿ‬
EOHVVLQJ
ࡲϣࢇ *DPHRI\XWDJDPH

࢖ϗ۶Τଭ‫ی‬Իଞ˲ଝˬ߾۰࡯Ϡࢄձବ߭ࡁ
ZLWKIRXUVWLFNV
6RQJS\HRQ
‫ܞ‬૜ KDOIPRRQVKDSHGULFH ࢵЕ࢖ϗ঴۱߾‫ܛ‬૙ࡶঈࡸփҚ߭‫ݡي‬ТЬ
FDNH

49
Ȼࢴ୕
Telephone) / ஆлࢴ୕ (Cellular phone) Ȼ

Ьߪ Ӳ ࠓ‫ה‬

9QTF
/GCPKPI
7UCIG
ࢷ୘ձʤЬ
WRPDNHDFDOO ৖˱߾ʯࢴ୕ծʡ߶Вѓ੼୘ࣸࢇ߹߭ࡁ
ࢷ୘ଜЬ
ࢷ୘ɼࠝЬ WRKDYHDQLQFRPLQJ
࣏̖ࢷ߾۴ۢЧଞ੨۰ࢴ୕ɹ࠮߶ߪ࠾
FDOO
ࢷ୘ձ؇Ь WRUHFHLYHDFDOO ৖˱ɼࢴ୕ծ߇؄ࡰֱ‫࢕ח‬ձ‫ؿ‬ΰࡁ
ࢷ୘ձΎЬ WRHQGDFDOO ࢴ୕ծ΋࢒վ࢒؄ࡳԻΟʇ߭ࡁ
உоࢷ୘ձ਄Ь WRWXUQRQWKH ‫ݤ‬ଵࢇΖ΢୯߾ஆлࢴ୕ծЬ‫ݤ‬ਇߪ࠾

SKRQH
உоࢷ୘ձ΋Ь WRWXUQRIIWKH ࠒ୘ձ‫ك‬ҶЕஆлࢴ୕ծ̼ߛଥࡁ

SKRQH
‫ܕخ‬չɼΟЬ Ѧ۰˗߾۰Еஉоࢷ୘‫ܒث‬նɹΜऌ߉ѦԼ
WKHSKRQHULQJV
ऑѰࡳԻଥѿЕ֐οɼଗࡁଢТЬ
ऑѰࡳԻଜЬ WRSXWWKHSKRQHRQ உоࢷ୘ЕऎѭࡰԸଙ˅੼୘Еࢷ‫ݨݤ‬

YLEUDWHPRGH ؄ࡳԻΟɼ۰ଜ‫ࠝݤݫ‬
‫࢕ח‬ձ‫ؿ‬ΰЬ WRVHQGDWH[W
ΰ৖˱Е‫࢒ה‬ծॳࢢ‫࢑׵‬ʯ‫ؼ‬έ࠾
PHVVDJH
‫࢕ח‬ձ؇Ь WRUHFHLYHDWH[W
‫࢒ה‬ծ؄ߎВѓ߅ऐ‫ࡁ߭߹ࢋ׃‬
PHVVDJH

50
Ȼ୧ѣ
(KNKCN2KGV[) Ȼ

Ьߪ Ӳ ࠓ‫ה‬

9QTF
/GCPKPI
7UCIG
ֻٕЧࡶѮЬ WRKHOSSDUHQWV एܹЕ࣯ֆցЬঐ‫ܕ‬ଜ‫ݤ‬ЕָْФࡳѣࠧғԫ࠾
ֻٕЧ͉ࡈѨࡶ WRJLYHPRQH\WR ࢵѦࢇЬࡸ߾਺ִࡉչָْФ͆ࡅѥࡳғչ

ҖչЬ SDUHQWV ʠࠖࡁ
ֻٕЧࡶֻ‫ ˈݤ‬WRWDNHSDUHQWV ࢵЕ֋࢑Е‫ݥ‬кࢇ࢑ࡳִֻٕ͗Чࡶָ‫˅ݡ‬

ЬТЬ DURXQG ЩТʠࠖࡁ
ֻٕЧ˕
WRWDONWRSDUHQWV ࡉչ୉˕ΟЕ࢕ָْ࣯Ф˒л୕ଢ࠾
о୘ଜЬ
ֻٕЧ͉ WRSHUIRUPILOLDOGXWLHV
ࢵЕ৲۰ָْФ͆୧ѣଜʠࠖࡁ
୪ѦଜЬ IRUSDUHQWV
ֻٕЧࡶ
WRUHVSHFWSDUHQWV ࢵЕࡉչָْФࡳࢿࢊ࣎ʾଢ࠾
࣑ˁଜЬ
୪࢕ ILOLDOVRQ ࡉչߵցЕΟձ୧࢒Ԃˈ࢕Ԋଜ‫ࡁۿ‬
୪ϕ ILOLDOGDXJKWHU ୧ϒ‫ݪ‬ঐࢇЕ߅‫؟‬एձࡢଥ‫؂‬Ь߾‫ࡁ߭࣌ڃ‬

51
ȻϦࢋփ
*QPQTKHKE'ZRTGUUKQPU) Ȼ

Ьߪ Ӳ ࠓ‫ה‬

9QTF
/GCPKPI
7UCIG
ࢇղ‫۽‬ଡ QDPH ΰࢄկࡵ̡‫࢏ܹ׷‬ТЬ

ࡉչଟ߅‫؟‬ए‫ۺ‬ଞࡵ̡‫۽‬ঋࢇ‫ݫ‬ТЬ
खп KRXVH ࡉչओࡵ؏ࢇ‫ۿ‬ʎ࢏ТЬ

ࡉչଟ֞Тмࡵ؏ࢇѿʎ࢏ТЬ
Οࢇࠉ‫ۿ‬ DJH ΰΜࢄЕࠊ‫࢏ۑ‬ТЬ

ࡉչଟ֞Тࠆ‫ۼ‬Еܻࠖࢊˑࢇ‫ݫ‬ТЬ
‫ی‬Ԇٗ SHUVRQ ࢇ‫ۉ‬ԃࡵΰ৖˱एܹ࢏ТЬ

ࢇٔࡵࡉչଝˬ۴ۢЧࢇ‫ݫ‬ТЬ
࢕Ь࣯‫ݤה‬Ь VOHHSLQJ ‫ٻ‬չɼ࢚ПЩ

߅‫؟‬एɼ࣬‫ݨב‬ПЩ
֟ЬҖ‫ݤ‬Ь HDWLQJ Ԧ‫ت‬৞ɼ‫ݞ֜ࡶڌ‬ПЩ

۴ۢЧࢇ‫ࡶڌ‬ғ‫ݨ‬ПЩ
ֆଜЬֆ޷ଜ‫ݤ‬Ь VSHDNLQJ ࢿࢇ‫ࢇݝ‬փଟПЩ

߭֞Тɼփ޴ଙ‫ݨ‬ПЩ


52
Ȼ࠘Ρࢄߛ̘
1NF5VQTKGU) Ȼ

ࢿּ ߦ৔̛ ‫ܕ‬ϗ ۴ϕࠪ Ο‫Ͳה‬ சٕࠪ ϣٕ

The Fairy and a
Ӳ The Boy Who Cried Wolf Heungbu and Nolbu
Woodcutter
ࢿּ ߅̛ Ѷए ‫۔‬୉ࢿ ਔࣼ ાࣼ ̖ѦΗ ࡵѦΗ

The Golden Ax and
Ӳ The Three Little pig Kongjwi and Patjwi
Silver Ax
૷հ ˱‫ࡵॸ ࡶݞ‬
ࢿּ ଥࠪ бࢇ ѹ ࠝϼࢇ ଢ଼ஜ ࢽ‫ ˕ݣ‬Ϩٕ
ʎࠪ ˈߦࢇ
Sister Sun and Brother The Dog and Cat that Prime Minister Hwang Hui
Ӳ
Moon Chased after a Bule Bead and a Farmer

53
Ȼओ߄ࢇ
%JQTGU) Ȼ

Ьߪ Ӳ ࠓ‫ה‬

9QTF
/GCPKPI
7UCIG
ॷ‫ࡶח‬ЮЬ WRFOHDQWKH ࠝЖࡵࠝԐփ߾ࠟɼ࣐ࢇଡ͉ॴ‫ࡳה‬Ыߎߪ࠾

ZLQGRZ
֠एձ੡Ь WRGXVWRII ‫࢑߾ۘॺڃ߅ߞܹ׷‬Е֝ऌࣔਫ਼ߪ࣯ʵТ"
ʤԦओࡶଜЬ WRPRS ʡԣऐࡳଙП̤؏ࢇ୹޿̳Δଥ࣌߭ࡁ
۶ʠएձଜЬ WRGRWKHGLVKHV ߵցࠝЖࡵࢿɼ۳ʝऌծଜʬ࠾
ঐ‫̛ܕ‬ձѪչЬ WRRSHUDWHWKH ੵց‫ݛ‬ɼ߅‫ڃ‬о‫ݦ‬঍‫̘ࣔܒ‬ѧչԋ!

YDFXXPFOHDQHU
‫̛੊ۿ‬ձѪչЬ WRUXQWKHZDVKHU ߵցɼ࠹ষଜ‫܈‬۰߯Тɼ‫̘ੇۼ‬ծѧԲߪ࠾
‫چ‬ԎձσЬ WRKDQJFORWKHV ࠒஜɼ‫࢑߾߇̛੊ۿ‬Е‫ڃ‬ԋծπ߶ߪ࠾

WRGU\

54
Ȼ঍‫
ܒ‬%NGCPKPI) ࢺն ࢺѥ (Organizing) Ȼ

Ьߪ Ӳ ࠓ‫ה‬

9QTF
/GCPKPI
7UCIG
޴Ь WRVZHHS ߅৚߾‫࢕ٿ‬ՔԻߔցкࡶ‫࠾ߪ߶ޱ‬
ࣶЬ WRSLFNXS ؏߾࢑Е‫ޱ‬Ԧ̛ձ࣬ࡐۭ‫؟‬ԮࣲԎ"
‫؟‬չЬ WRWKURZDZD\ ࡸ‫ࢇݥ‬ο‫ࠝה‬ԎѶ۰‫ޱ‬Ԧ̛੼߾‫؜‬Բߪ࠾
͟Ь WRSXW ॺࡶॺࢠ߾࢚͜ࡰ‫࠾ۼ‬
ϋЬ WRSXW ؏߾࢑ыࢠ΢ʃࡶۘ࢕߇߾ψ߶ߪ࠾

VRPHWKLQJLQ
ࢽչଜЬ WRWLG\XS ࢵЕܺࢿɼΖΟִॺۘࡶࢺնଢ࠾
ʎЬ WRIROG ߵցɼ‫چ‬Ԏձʋۭࢿࠧࢠ߾ϋ࣯߭܏߭ࡁ
ʤЬ WRKDQJ ࢵࠧࣔࠧʤࢇ߾ʡߪࣲԎ"

55
Ȼˀࢵ‫ࠃف‬կɹࡳʴࡉ Ȼ

5GCUQP5RTKPI5WOOGT(CNN9KPVGT

Ьߪ Ӳ ࠓ‫ה‬

9QTF
/GCPKPI
7UCIG
͠ࢇଔЬ IORZHUEORRP ‫߾ل‬ЕΤ޽ɼҬӵଜˈࠖ‫ࢄ͝ۀ‬քࢇଔߪ࠾
৪ଛࡶɼЬ WRJRFDPSLQJ ࣯ֆ߾ɼ࣐˕ଡ͉ࡁ‫׵ۿ‬ફԻ১ଘࡳɽʠࠖࡁ
૓ࢉઝձ৘ଜЬ WRSDLQW ૐࢆચծ৕ଙ˅ΟТۚखࢇѸ߹όࡁ
ଥ‫߾ض‬۰ϣЬ WRKDYHIXQDW
WKHVKRUH ࢇ‫ࠆء‬ղ߾Е͗ଢ‫ۭ߻س‬ϠʠࠖࡁܹࠒѦଜˈ
‫ٸ‬৔‫ك‬ʯࢎѦଜˈࢇ˚࠿ѣଜʠࠖࡁ
ࢊ˝ࡂࡶଜЬ WRVXQEDWKH
ࢗҡձ̩Ь WRPRZDODZQ ࠝЖࣸࡳԻࢽࡕࢂ࢔ҞծЬ̦߂ߛଞЬ
Πࠎࢇӂ߭एЬ /HDYHVIDOO ɼࡶ‫؂‬Ԇࢇٙ࢕Νࠋࢄࡉܹܹҿߪࣉߪ࠾
˓ࡕࡶ‫ॺۏ‬ଜЬ WRWDNHDVWUROO ࡉչɼ࣐ࡵࢵϖࡶ֟ࡵ୯߾Жːࡒࡳ‫ॷی‬ଢ࠾

LQWKHSDUN
֋࢑Е˕ࢊࡶ WRHDWGHOLFLRXV ֈࢎВ˒ࢇࡳ֜˅‫ࢿִࡳݮ‬ঋ˕ࢊࡶҖ‫ࡁۿ‬
֟Ь IUXLW
Ͼࡶ৔ࡉЬ WRVKRYHOVQRZ Ͼࢇִࠝࣚࡵіϻࡳ৑ࡆВࢊࢇο‫ה‬஦Қ߭ࡁ
Ͼ‫ی‬ԆࡶփҚЬ WRPDNHD Ͼѓࢇձ˵Ԯ۰ϻ‫ۉ‬ԃࡳրҗ߶ߪ࠾

VQRZPDQ
‫ੁݛ‬ձ੉Ь WRVNL ‫߾ࢠੁݛ‬۰‫͗ۏ‬о̧̛एչ଎ઝձ੉ˈࠠԂɼ۰
‫ݘ‬ਾծ੆˅ΰԮࠟЬ

56
Ȼ‫ ۉل‬୘ѭ (Social Service) Ȼ

Ьߪ Ӳ ࠓ‫ה‬

9QTF
/GCPKPI
7UCIG
Ѧࡏࡶ࣯Ь WRJLYHDVVLVWDQFH ׁࢇٙ૜ଞ৖˱Қ߾ʯѣࡌࡳ࣬˅‫ࡁ߭ݮ‬
ֻ̖ଭ‫ی‬ IXQGUDLVLQJ ࡉչଝˬ‫ݛ‬૦ৌ਽ԡࡶࡢଞָ̓ପ‫߾ۉ‬

ॳ۱ବ߭ࡁ
࢕ࡕ‫یه‬ձଜЬ WRGRYROXQWHHU ࢵЕੵࡁࢊցЬѦ۰‫߾ݨ‬۰࢒ࡒ‫ۉل‬ծଢ࠾
ZRUN
Ѧࡏࡶ؇Ь WREHDVVLVWHG ܺࢿɼքߑएփ߯Тࢂѣࡌࡳ؄߂ۭ‫چ‬չ
ΖΪ߭ࡁ
̛ٕձଜЬ WRPDNHDGRQDWLRQ ‫ۏ‬ٙԻखࡶࢍࡵ‫ی‬ԆҚࡶѮ̛ࡢଥْ̘ծ
଩ߪ࠾
‫ؿ‬ԆࡶГΗЬ WREHZRUWKZKLOH Ьհ‫ی‬ԆࡶѦࡌҶ̛‫ؼˈڿ‬ԃࡳА͌࠾


57
Ȼऌˮ
'CTVJ) Ȼ

Ьߪ Ӳ ࠓ‫ה‬

9QTF
/GCPKPI
7UCIG
ࡪԡ (XURSH ࠒ˲ࢇੌչ߅ՔցТ߅Ϡծ࡛ࢇЕࡧԞ߾࢑Е

˲ɼ࢏ТЬ
߅‫߅ݤ‬ $VLD ଞ˲ࣸ˲ࢉѦࢊ‫ࢉق‬Ѧό‫߅ݤ‬Е߂‫࢑߾߂ݡ‬Е

˲ɼ࢏ТЬ
߅଎չ৞ $IULFD Χ߅଎չ৞˓୘˲ࢇखઝৼιΟࢇएչ߅Е

߂ଋն৛߾࢑Е˲ɼ࢏ТЬ
ࠝ‫߅ۿ‬Т߅ 2FHDQLD ୎࣯ЍओԐҖЕࠚ‫߂ۼ‬П߂߾࢑Е˲ɼ࢏ТЬ
ٖ߅֩չ৞ 1RUWK$PHULFD ֪‫ݤ‬਍‫˲׵‬০ΟЬЕٓ߂֦ն৛߾࢑Е

˲ɼ࢏ТЬ
Χ߅֩չ৞ 6RXWK$PHULFD ‫ٱ‬Ԃओ߅ծ଻ફΟЕΤ߂֦ն৛߾࢑Е

˲ɼ࢏ТЬ


58
Ȼվࡵ
*GCTV/KPF) Ȼ

Ьߪ Ӳ ࠓ‫ה‬

9QTF
/GCPKPI
7UCIG
WRIHHOVDG
ցࡸࢇ߅଎Ь WRKDYHDEURNHQ үࢂϾ߾۰ஐծЕϾ‫ؿࡶי‬Тվࡵࢄ߂હߪ࠾
KHDUW
ցࡸࢇɼ‫ظ‬Ь WRIHHOUHOLHYHG ࢊࡶց৔ˈѪ߅ࠝЕ̟ࡵତۘվࡵࢄɹ‫࠾ࡐر‬
߭ࢿ৖˱ࠪ‫̐ࡁ࡙߭ݯ‬ԞіࠝЖଝˬ߾۰৖˱ɼ
ցࡸࢇૻչЬ WRFDOPGRZQ
૜एձࣺ߭ࡁ৖˱ɼࣱ૜एձࢋˈվࡵࢄ
WRUHOHQW
૸Բߪ࠾
ցࡸࢇࠊչЬ WREHRSHQ ěΰվࡵࢄࠇն˅Οִ߅͏࠱ыΰցࡸࡶ߅Λ߷ࢇ

PLQGHG ο߾ʯࣲʯĜ,2,ο‫ה‬ο‫ה‬ο‫!ה‬
ցࡸ߾ҚЬ WROLNH ࢇ࠲ࢇִվࡵ߻ғВʨࡳԻˈծ‫ࡁۿ‬
ցࡸ߾ѿЬ WRFRQVLGHU ஦Ҙࢊࡵվࡵ߻Ѽऌֆˈ̐ξЬ࢓߭‫؟‬չ‫ࡁۿ‬
ցࡸ߾ΧЬ WROLQJHULQRQHĜV ࠠսକ̖֩бࢂ̛‫ࡉࢇۂ‬չվࡵ‫ࡕࠒ߾ܖ‬஢Τࡳ

PLQG ʥࢄЩ
ցࡸ߾ʤչЬ ߭ࢿѰۢࢇࣚ߅ଜЕѰ୘ॺࡶࢍ߭‫؟‬ԵЕіѰۢࡵ
WRIHHOZRUULHG
̐ࢊࡶֻհЬ̐Ԏ۰վࡵ߻ʡԲߪ࠾
ցࡸࡶ֟Ь WRGHFLGH ۚଝ̛ٕਫ਼Еࠊ‫ݪ‬஢˓ٕଜ̛Իվࡵࡳ֜߶Щ
ցࡸࡶ࣯Ь WROLNHWRORYH ࠝЖঈࡸփ΢৖˱߾ʯվࡵࡳ࣬˅ֆߑ߭ࡁ
ցࡸࡶΟϼЬ WRVKDUHIHHOLQJV ૧۶Ҷ‫߾ח‬खࡶࢍࡵ‫ی‬ԆҚࡶѦ࣯ࠪ‫ࡁۿ‬ଡ͉

վࡵࡳΜϿ‫ݡ‬Щ
ցࡸࡶ‫Ͱ؂‬Ь WRFKDQJHRQHĜV
Ğվࡵࡳ‫ࢇۘۿֱͭ׿‬бԂऑЬĜЯ৞‫ݛ‬ਫ਼
PLQG

59
Ȼଚ˩۟୘
5EJQQN.KHG Ȼ

Ьߪ Ӳ ࠓ‫ה‬

9QTF
/GCPKPI
7UCIG
ষ۱ଜЬ WREHSUHVHQW ࠝЖଝˬ߾঴‫ۮ‬ଛଝۢҚࡵֻѿ ָࢇЬ
ʼ۱ଜЬ WREHDEVHQW ‫ٸ‬ɼքࢇࠝЕіѦࡉչ؆ଝۢҚࢇ߅‫ה‬Ѧ

ʹ‫ۮ‬ଙऌ߉ߑ߭ࡁ
࣏ઁଜЬ WRWDNHRIIHDUO\ ؑɼ߅ળ۰۴ۢЧ͉ֆ޷Җչˈ࣌੾଩ߪ࠾
ҟˬଜЬ WRJRWRVFKRRO ࡖࡁࢊ߾Е߅৚߾ଭ‫ی‬ɼ࢑߭۰ ‫̧ݤ‬एҜ˩ଢߛ

ଥࡁ
एɽଜЬ WREHODWH ΢όɼ‫ݛ‬ਣ‫ݛ؟‬ձ‫੉׃‬۰ऌɺଜ̤‫و‬ʡࢽବए
࣒߶ଜЬ WRJUDGXDWH ࡉչ୉ࡵটҟଝˬձ࣏߳ଙ˅ࣸଝˬ߾

࢏ଝବ߭ࡁ
ҟˬ‫ݤ‬ɾ FODVVVWDUWWLPH ࡉչଝˬҜ˩‫ݡ‬ɻࡵࠝࢷ ‫ݤ‬؆ࢇ߾ࡁ
‫ݍ‬Е‫ݤ‬ɾ EUHDNWLPH ࡉչЕ݊В‫ݡ‬ɻ߾৖˱Қ˕ࢇߞ̛ଥࡁ
ࢺ‫ݤݪ‬ɾ OXQFKWLPH ଝˬ৖˱Қ˕ଡ͉‫֟ࡶ؍‬Еࢷ‫ݡݧ‬ɻࢇࣚ߅ࡁ

60
Ȼলࢼ
(GUVKXCN) Ȼ

Ьߪ Ӳ ࠓ‫ה‬

9QTF
/GCPKPI
7UCIG
ٙ͠ϣࢇ ILUHZRUNV ࠝЖҡइТԐҖٖ͝Ϡࢄ‫ݤ ࡵ࢖ݤ‬ԂˈଢТЬ
ߞˁ QLJKWYLHZ ،߾ٙ͠ϣࢇձଟҶ‫ق‬ϣࢇ˓ࡕࢂߛʾࡵࢽֆ

߅ղЬ࡙߭ࡁ
֟ࡶʠչ IRRGRU ϣࢇ˓ࡕ߾Еੌʠչࠪ‫ك‬ʠչ̐չˈ֜ࡳʝնɼ
VRPHWKLQJWRHDW ߅࣯ք߅ࡁ
˱ˁͲ VSHFWDWRU ঵ࢿΤ߾ЕତۘˮʾͯҚࢇք߅۰‫࢝ـ‬ଥࡁ
ॳɼଜЬ WRSDUWLFLSDWHLQ ࡉչɼ࣐ࡵϠԎ࢕Ԋоୣ߾॰ɹଙ̘Ըବ߭ࡁ
‫࢝ـ‬ଜЬ WREHFRQJHVWHG ঵ࢿɼࠊչЕ˒߾Е८Ѧքˈ‫ی‬ԆѦք߅۰̟ࢇ

߅࣯‫࢚ؽ‬଩ߪ࠾
ࢉۘࢶࢇЬ WREHLPSUHVVLYH ࢖ϗ߾ଞ˲߾Ьϕ࠱Еіଞ˲߾۰ࢿࢊࢆ‫ࢆࢳە‬
ʨࡵ̡৔ձփҖЕ˓ࢠࢇ߾ࡁ
૧ࣰࡶਫ਼ӮչЬ WROLJKWD
ҡइТԐҖ߾۰Е֐ࢊ،ցЬ૤࣭ࡳਜ਼ӫԫ࠾
ILUHFUDFNHU


61
Ȼଚ‫
ݞ‬.GCTPKPI) Ȼ

Ьߪ Ӳ ࠓ‫ה‬

9QTF
/GCPKPI
7UCIG
؆‫ـ‬ଜЬ WRUHSHDW ࡁऋϠԎЕ‫ڃ‬ծˈ߭Ԯࡓ۰ࠆԜ‫ؽ؃ء‬ଢۭ

Қ߭ߞߊܹ࢑߭ࡁ
ۢɽଜЬ WRWKLQN ৖˱ɼзࡶડԵएփ̛ٗΟ‫ڿ‬ʯ۟ɺଜ̤‫و‬

ֆࡶ‫׃‬ବЬ
۶ָଜЬ WRH[SODLQ ۴ۢЧ͉۰ࢇଥଜ̛߭Ԯࡋ‫ݒࡶئח‬ʯ۳ֵଢ

࣯܏Ь
ୣ‫߾ی‬۰ऐࡕҚࡶоۘࡳԻ࣌‫ۉ‬଩ࡳҶ
࣏‫ی‬ଜЬ WRLQYHVWLJDWH ě‫ݛ‬ցઝ૨ࡶ‫ࡈی‬ଞऐࡕҚࡵɾЯଞࢊѦ ٗࢇΟ
ʤԵЬĜˈବЬ
̛߮ଜЬ WRUHPHPEHU ࠇ‫ی‬ձ̘߫ଙऌ‫׃‬ଞ࢕̐ࠇ‫ی‬ձЬ‫ۑݤ‬ʯѺ

ʨࢇЬ࣏ए‫ߞ੉ۏ‬Ο
˗ॲଜЬ WRREVHUYH ۴ۢЧ͉۰ੵցੵձ‫ˈݪ‬Ο۰֐ࢊ˔९ଛΰࡈࡶ

˓ॺ߾ࢶࡳԂˈଜ܏Ь
ࠉ‫ݡ‬ଜЬ WRSUDFWLFH ଞ̔ଝˬ߾۰ؑࡋΰࡈࡶ؆‫ـ‬ଥ۰ࠆ‫ݞ‬ଙ˅࢑ए"
࠹ࡉЬ WRPHRUL]H ‫ܹ׷‬ଟ֞Т͉۰Е࠶ࡈʨࡶ࢓߭‫؟‬ռ̧‫ࢊ֐و‬

Ѧ۰˗߾ɼ۰؆‫ـ‬ଥ۰‫ݡـ‬ଜ‫ݦ‬о
ࢇଥଜЬ WRXQGHUVWDQG ঐ‫ܕ‬ϗҚࡵ߭հҚࢇࢄଢଙ̘஦ҘଭѰࡶଜ̛Ѧ

ଞЬ

62
Ȼ‫ܮ‬ଘ
5JQRRKPI) Ȼ

Ьߪ Ӳ ࠓ‫ה‬

9QTF
/GCPKPI
7UCIG
˱ˁଜЬ WRVLJKWVHH ࡪΟЕߵցԊ‫ࡶࢠݤ‬ˮʾ଩ߪ࠾
ˈծЬ WRFKRRVH ΰɼ֟ˈ‫˅ࡶݥࡸࡵݮ‬իֱߵցɼ‫ࡁۿ࣯ی‬
߭ࡌչЬ WRPDWFK ଟ֞Тɼ۴‫י‬ଥ࣯‫؂ݦ‬एɼΟଞ੨࢚ߪࡉԫ࠾
ࡪଭଜЬ WREHLQIDVKLRQ ࡁऋ৖˱Қ‫߾ࢇی‬۰ࡧପଙВࡋѰ୘ձ‫ˈی‬

‫ࡁ߭ݮ‬
‫ی‬Ь WREX\ ଗࡁ߷Еࠧࡵ‫ۉ‬ऌց‫ࡁۿ‬
ષЬ WRVHOO ࢇ̟߾Еֻ࢕ձરВɼʯҚࢇࠆԜ˒࢑߭ࡁ
‫ݯ‬Ь WREHLQH[SHQVLYH ύ੉ࢇɼʅѦ‫˅ݬ‬ҡ࢕ࢉѦࠖ‫ښ‬۰ۗ߭ࡁ
‫ݯٸ‬Ь WREHH[SHQVLYH ‫ࡵݮˈی‬৷ଈਫ਼ɼ࢑Еіʅࢇο‫׃ۭݬٵה‬

‫ࡁی‬
ѨࡶΰЬ WRSD\PRQH\ ‫ݛ؟‬ձੌҶˬ੼৞Җձ‫ނ‬ѦѸˈѥࡳέѣ

˟ॱ߅ࡁ
ʠ‫ݛ‬ղѨࡶ؇Ь WRJHWFKDQJH ࣯‫ݛ‬ʅࡳԻ ٙࡶΰˈʝ‫ݘ‬կѥࡳ ٙ؄ߎߪ࠾


63
Ȼːࠆ‫˔୕ࠏ׽‬ԃȻ

9CVEJKPI2GTHQTOCPEGUCPF/QXKGU)
Ьߪ Ӳ ࠓ‫ה‬

9QTF
/GCPKPI
7UCIG
‫ؿ‬Ь WRVHHWRZDWFK
ࡉչЕ‫ݤ‬ΰ߾۰‫ࠒˈ֟ࡶ؍‬୘ձ‫ࢇݦ̆࠾ߪه‬
‫ۺה‬Ь WREHVFDU\VFDUHG ΟࠝЕࠒ୘Ԃ۰࣏̖‫̐࠾ߪࡖۭב‬ԥएփ९ଜˈ
WREHIXQQ\ ߺӦଞ̆‫ࢇݦ‬Οִࠝࡎʽߪ࠾
ࡑ̛Ь
WRPDNHRQHODXJK
৖˱ࠪଡ͉ࡪָଞ߅ࢇѪɼܹࢂਏ۰ઝձ
˗ԆଜЬ WRVHHWRZDWFK
˔ԃ଩ߪ࠾
WRDSSUHFLDWH
ʃۘଜЬ ΰ৖˱Е਽Ԏ‫ࡶ߆ࡸݥ‬ʀ‫ە‬ଙВʨࢇী‫ࡁࠖ׵‬
WRDGPLUH
‫ۿ‬ԂЕ৖˱Қ˕࢟‫ࢎײ‬ʬϣ߅۰̛ٗࢇࣚࡵɼ
ࢢ‫࢑׵‬Ь WREHIXQ
‫ࡁو‬
'ࠒ୘Еࠒ୘‫یܖ‬ԆࢇΰϾߔ߾࢑ЕʨঈԠ
‫ݨ‬ʃࢇΟЬ WRVLQNLWWRUHDOL]H
‫ݥ‬ʀࢄΜ࠾
ଞ̔ࡶփҖ‫ࣗۿݦ‬о࠲ࡵЬհ୯ժଛ؈ָ૽ҚѦ
୲խଜЬ WREHH[FHOOHQW
քࢇփҖ܏߭ࡁ
ଞ‫ݤ‬ɾѰ߇ӗʋࡵΰࡈࢂࢇߞ̛ձҙˈ
एՔଜЬ WREHERULQJ
࢑߹шТࢢ‫׵‬Ѧ߷ˈߵঐऌՑ଩ߪ࠾
WREHLPSUHVVHG ̆‫یࢇݦ‬ԊଜЕ࣯ࢉ˓ࡶࡢଥ۰߭Ԯࡋࢊࡶ
ʃѰࢶࢇЬ
WREHWRXFKHG ѦࣲࠪҶЕ߅࣯ʀѭࢳࢄ߶ߪ࠾̐ԥएփցएւ
ࢠִ߾۰࣯ࢉ˓ࢇ̆‫ࡶݦ‬ҬԂ۰ࣰࡶҶЕο‫ה‬
‫ݞ‬଎Ь WRIHHOVDG
‫ݛ‬૎ߪ࠾
ଝˬ߾۰ࠝ૓Ԃ˓ࠉࡶ‫ي‬Еі֬Իҡɼ߅࣯
߅ղзЬ WREHEHDXWLIXO
߂կЩࡐۭʃѰࡶ؇ߑЬ
ࠉ̑ SOD\ ࡉչ߯ТЕࠒ୘‫ؿ‬Ьࠆ̎ࡶшࣚ߅ଥࡁ
‫׫‬ए৶ PXVLFDO ‫ר‬ऌ৳࣯ࢉ˓ࢇٕծЕϠԎ߾֍়‫ܹ؃‬ձছЬ
ࠝ૓Ԃ RSHUD ए΢࣯߾ࡉչɼ࣐ࡵࠚૐӿ˓ࠉࡶ˗Ԇବ߭ࡁ

64
Ȼߜ‫
ܓ‬2TQOKUG2NCP#RRQKPVOGPV) Ȼ

Ьߪ Ӳ ࠓ‫ה‬

9QTF
/GCPKPI
7UCIG
ߟ‫ࢽࡶܖ‬ଜЬ WRVHWDSODQ ࡉऑ߅ΰࢊߟ‫ݤֹࡶܖ‬Իࢺ଩ߪ"
ߟ‫ࡶܖ‬एੁЬ WRNHHSDSURPLVH ‫ܹ׷‬Еքࢇ߅઼एփߜ‫ࡳܓ‬ऌਾԫ˅ߟ‫ܖ‬

ࢠ‫߾ܕ‬ʇЬ
ߟ‫ࡶܖ‬ী‫ܕ‬ଜЬ WRFDQFHODSODQ ʄ࢕̛̗ଞࢊࢇۢʷ۰ߜ‫ࡳܓ‬ঽ‫ܒ‬଩ߪ࠾
ߟ‫࢓ࡶܖ‬Ь WRIRUJHWWKH
ʯࢎࡶଜГԂˈ৖˱ࠪߜ‫؟ߪ࢐ࡳܓ‬ԵЬ
DSSRLQWPHQW
ߟ‫̛߭ࡶܖ‬Ь WREUHDNDSURPLVH ܹࡁࢊࡶ୘ࡁࢊԻ९ɽଥ۰ߜ‫ߪࡳܓ‬ʽЩ
ߟ‫׵ࡶܖ‬ՔЬ WRSRVWSRQHDSODQ ‫ٸ‬ɼքࢇࠪ۰Ьࡸ࣯ֆԻҟ‫ࡳܓߜۏ‬

‫ײ‬՚ߪ࠾


65
Ȼऋ‫
ࡒظ˒ە‬5[OVQOUCPF*QURKVCN%NKPKE) Ȼ

Ьߪ Ӳ ࠓ‫ה‬

9QTF
/GCPKPI
7UCIG
ࢇɼ‫ރ‬Ь WRKDYHWRRWKGHFD\ ߦ৔ओࡶ࢚߇ଜִࢄɹ‫࠾ߪހ‬
৔˕ 7KHGHQWLVW ΰѰۢࡵ৑˒߾ɼЕʨࡶ‫ה‬۰ࡓଥࡁ
WRKDYHDVZROOHQ
ּࢇٞЬ ֹࢄْߪۭ‫ࡶי‬ց‫ݨ‬Ҷּࢇքࢇ߅ળࡁ
WKURDW
ࢇ‫ࢉٸ‬୯˕ 2WRODU\QJRORJ\ ̆ɼ߅ળ۰ࢄ‫ࢆٵ‬୬˒߾ʇ߭ࡁ
ଔٕɼɼԳЬ ߭ࢿ‫߾ۏ‬ʇЬ࠱Еі̐Ьࡸٕਫ਼଑ْɹ
WRIHHOLWFK\
ɹԫࡐ࠾
ଔٕ˕ 'HUPDWRORJ\ ߲˵߾ࠆҖղࢇο‫ה‬քࢇΟ۰଑ْ˒߾ʇЬ
WRKDYHDQXSVHW Τ޽ɼшࡓ۰॰ࡸ‫ࡶݥ‬քࢇ֟߹шТ؎੉ࢄ
ؑੌࢇΟЬ
VWRPDFK ΧΜ‫ࡁو‬
ΰ˕ ࢚‫ݥࡸࡵ֟׃‬Ҷ‫ؑ߾ח‬ɼ߅ଏʠִέ˒Ի
,QWHUQDOPHGLFLQH
ɼ‫ࡁۿ‬
ષࢇٕԜएЬ WREUHDNWKHDUP ঵˱ձଜЬɼφ߭ࣇ۰઴ࢄْԙࣉߪ࠾
ࢽ୉࠹˕ 2UWKRSHGLFV ЬչձЬঙ۰ࡏऐࢊܹɼ߷߭۰ࢺ୆࠶˒߾ʇЬ
ࠊࢇΟЬ WRKDYHDIHYHU ʃ̛߾ʤԮ۰ࠇࢄΜ˅ਓ‫ࢇי‬Οࠪࡁ
‫˕߅ܕ‬ ࢿ͵ࡵ߭ջࢇձ৔ՎଜЕ‫یࢂ˒߂ܒ‬ɼѸЕ
3HGLDWULFV
ʠࠖࡁ
WRKDYHDQH\H
Ͼ‫ࢇػ‬ΟЬ ϻ‫ࢄظ‬Μۭଝˬ߾‫׃‬ɼˈख߾࢑߹߭ࡁ
SUREOHP
߇˕ 2SKWKDOPRORJ\ ϾࢇҬʄˈ‫چ‬ʎࣇ۰߄˒߾ʇ߭ࡁ
ۘжࡶ؇Ь ˈ‫ࡶ࢑ࢇ׷‬Ҷ۴ۢЧ͉‫ە‬гࡳ؄ࡰֱ୹޿
WRFRQVXOWDGRFWRU
ࣚ߅ࣇࡁ
ɼࢽࢂଝ˕ ࡉչखжкɹࢺࡿଚ˒ࢂ‫ی‬۴ۢЧࡵ߅࣯
)DPLO\PHGLFLQH
৖ࢸଜ‫ࡁۿ‬

66
Ȼ‫
ۭ߻ࡒظ‬#VC%NKPKE) Ȼ

Ьߪ Ӳ ࠓ‫ה‬

9QTF
/GCPKPI
7UCIG
࢏ࡕ‫ݨ‬ ZDUG ̐‫ࡵݥࡒࢌࢂࡕػ‬ତۘ୚࢕ҚԻɼҗ८࢑Ь
࢏ࡕଜЬ WREHKRVSLWDOL]HG ࡉչଟ֞ТЕܹܽࡶ؇̛ࡢଥ۰‫߾ࡕػ‬

ࢌࡒଙ‫܌‬Щ
ઁࡕଜЬ WREHGLVFKDUJHGIURP ଟ߅‫؟‬एЕϾܹܽࡶଜ‫ݦ‬एଞбփ߾

KRVSLWDO ੾ࡒଙ‫܌‬Щ
‫߇חػ‬ଜЬ WRYLVWDVLFNSHUVRQLQ ৖˱‫ࡳ߄הظ‬ଙԫ˅߅৚߾‫̪࢜߾ࡕػ‬

WKHKRVSLWDO Қԣ߭ࡁ
ऑॲ‫ݨ‬ FRQVXOWDWLRQURRP ΟЕऎ९‫߾ݥ‬۰ࢂ‫ی‬۴ۢЧ͉߅ଏ˒ࡶ

ֆ޷ҖԵЬ
ऑॲଜЬऑॲ؇Ь WRH[DPLQH ࢂ‫ی‬۴ۢЧҚࡵऎ९ࡳଙ‫ݥ‬Ҷঐऑ̛ձ

WRKDYHDFRQVXOWDWLRQ ‫ࡈی‬ଜ‫ݦ‬Ь
঑ࠟࡶࢢЬ WRWDNHDWHPSHUDWXUH ‫੼ؿ‬ऑॲ‫߾ݨ‬Қ߭ɼִࢿࢊ֠ࢵ঎ࠜࡳ࢟࠾
࣯‫ݨی‬ URRPWRKDYHDQ
ΰѰۢࡵ࣬‫߾ݥۉ‬ɼЕʨࡶο‫הה‬۰ࡓଞЬ
LQMHFWLRQ
WRDGPLQLVWHUDQ
࣯‫ی‬ձϪЬ֍Ь LQMHFWLRQ ɾ୎‫ی‬۴ۢЧࢇΰࠝհષ߾࣬‫ۉ‬ծϧࡰ‫܌‬Щ
WRJHWDQLQMHFWLRQ
৔ՎձଜЬ؇Ь WRWUHDWDQLOOQHVV ּࢇٕ߭۰৑Ջծ؄ࡰԫ˅ଜЕі߭ҡԻɼִ

WREHWUHDWHG Ѷࡁ"
ܹܽ‫ݨ‬ RSHUDWLRQURRP ߅‫؟‬एЕܹܽࡶ؇ࡳԜ߅̧ܶܺ‫ݥ‬Ի

Қ߭ɼ܏߭ࡁ
ܹܽࡶଜЬ؇Ь WRKDYHDQRSHUDWLRQ ܶܺࡳଢߛଜТ̧‫چ‬չ࢏ࡕଜ‫ࡁۿ‬


67
Ȼ࢟୘ࡅ
4GE[ENKPI) Ȼ

Ьߪ Ӳ ࠓ‫ה‬

9QTF
/GCPKPI
7UCIG
ࢢ୛ࡈ૽ UHF\FODEOHSURGXFWV ୚ˁࡶࡢଥ۰࢟୘ࡅૺ˕ࢊ؆‫ޱ‬Ԧ̛ձ

ٗչଥ۰‫؟‬Ԯ࣯‫ࡁۿ‬
২ FDQ ৥ࡵϡࠆ۰ЬհʨࡳԻࢢ୛ࡈଟܹ࢑߭ࡁ
ࡪչ JODVV
ࣔࢄଜˈࡧնЕЬ‫ࡈیݤ‬ଟܹ࢑̛Ҷ‫߾ח‬ҬԻ
ࣗࢇ SDSHU ֻ߅۰‫؟‬Ԯߞଥࡁ
ࢇୠࡅૺ‫ٸ‬ХҟࡵࠝԔѰ߇࢚‫ރ‬ए߉̛
ࢊୣࡈ૽ VLQJOHXVHSURGXFW
Ҷ‫߾ח‬Ҵࡶࠝࠍ‫੃ݤ‬Ь
ࣗࢇ৸ SDSHUFXS
ࣔࢄ৵ࢇΟΜ‫ࢹב‬ɹԀʋࡵʤ‫ࡈی‬ଜִ
Ο‫ࢼה‬ɼԃ ZRRGHQFKRSVWLFNV ‫ޱ‬Ԧ̛ɼքࢇΟࠝ࢘߅
‫ޱ‬Ԧ̛ձࣲࢇԮִ‫ٵ‬Т‫ل‬ऌձ‫ࡈی‬ଜएֆˈ
‫ٸ‬Х‫ه‬ए SODVWLFEDJ
ࢠ‫˱؂‬Тձ‫ࡈی‬ଥߞѶࡁ
WRSURWHFWWKH ୗʾࡳ‫ؼ‬ୋଙ̘ࡢଥ۰‫ޱ‬Ԧ̛ձଡٕԻ‫؟‬չए
୚ˁࡶ‫୎ؿ‬ଜЬ
HQYLURPHQW ֆˈ‫ޱ‬Ԧ̛੼߾‫؟‬ԮߞѶࡁ
஖ࢇ‫̛˓ࢇי‬ɼ WRJHWSROOXWHG ʈ߾‫ޱ‬Ԧ̛ձ‫؟‬չִ߇ѼТЬ‫ࠊࠚࢄז‬ѵ̘

ࠝࠍѸЬ VRLOZDWHUDLU Ҷ‫࢏ח‬ТЬ

68
Ȼऍ߳
,QD) Ȼ

Ьߪ Ӳ ࠓ‫ה‬

9QTF
/GCPKPI
7UCIG
ࢂ‫ی‬ GRFWRU ࢵЕ‫߾ࡕػ‬۰୚࢕ҚࡶऑॲଜЕࡿ‫ࡁࠖۉ‬
ࢵЕࢂ‫ی‬۴ۢЧࡶѮˈ୚࢕ҚࡶѪ‫ؿ‬Е
ɾ୎‫ی‬ QXUVH
ɻୋ‫ࡁࠖۉ‬
࣏ࣗ‫ی‬ SLORW ࢵЕ‫ٸ‬ଭ̛ձࡋࢷଜЕ࣌ࣔ‫ࡁࠖۉ‬
‫ی୎ض‬ ODZ\HU ࡉչ୉ࡵ‫س‬ୋ‫ۉ‬ɼѸЕʨࢇ͵ࢇ߾ࡁ
ࢵЕ‫ܕ‬۶ࡶ‫ޱ‬Е࢓ɹࢉі‫ی‬ԆҚࢇࡁऋࢿॺࡶ
࢖ɼ ZULWHU
քࢇࢋ߭۰̛ٗࢇࣚ߅ࡁ
ࢵЕ̐ս̐չ̛ձࣚ߅ଥ۰୕ɹɼѸЕʨࢇ
୘ɼ SDLQWHU
͵ࢇ߾ࡁ
ʢ঵ɼ DUFKLWHFW ࢵЕ߅ղЬࡋʢ‫ࡶי‬गЕࢊࡶଜЕʟলɹࠖࡁ
ࢵЕ‫ی‬ԆҚࡶଭ‫ـ‬ଜʯଜЕϠԎձփҖЕ
ࡸ߆ɼ PXVLFLDQ
ࡵ߃ɹɼѺʠࠖࡁ
ࡉչ߅‫؟‬एЕ ϗѰ߇ʋࡵୣ‫ی‬ձЬТ‫ݤ‬Е
ୣ‫ࡕی‬ RIILFHZRUNHU
ୠ‫ݤࢇࡒۉ‬Ь
ࡵଭࡕ EDQNFOHUN ࢵЕࡵଭ߾۰ࢊଜЕࡲପࡒ࢏ТЬ
ࢵЕࢇЬࡸ߾ࡉչѰό߾࢑Е‫ݤ‬ঐ߾۰ࢊଜЕ
˓‫ࡕה‬ SXEOLFRIILFHU
ː‫ࢇࡒב‬Ѹˈ‫ࡁ߭ݮ‬
ࢵЕ‫ݛݛ‬ԻࡏऐࢇЕԻ‫࢕ن‬Ѱ८ձփҖЕ
ࠉ˱ࡕ UHVHDUFKHU
ࠆˮࡒࢇѸˈ‫ࡁ߭ݮ‬

69
Ȼࠃկ،ଚ୘ѭ
5WOOGT8CECVKQP#EVKXKV[) Ȼ

Ьߪ Ӳ ࠓ‫ה‬

9QTF
/GCPKPI
7UCIG
৖˱Қࢇࠆղ؏ଝѰ߇ߞࠒࢠ߾ɼ۰১ଘࡳ
৪ଛࡶଜЬ WRJRFDPSLQJ
ଙ࢒˅ଥࡁ
ࡉչɼ࣐ࡵࡁ‫׵ۿ‬ફ˓ࡕ߾ɼ۰੧ચծ৑˅
੪ઝձ৔Ь WRSLWFKDWHQW
ߞࠒࡶବЬ
‫ٸ؂‬ਸ਼ձଜЬ WREDUEHFXH ৪ଛࢠ߾Е‫ٵ׿‬ਲ਼ծଙВ‫ی‬ԆҚࢇք߅ࡁ
ࠝЖࢇѧվ̛ϙࢊࢇԂ۰،߾ٖ͝ϠࢄծଙВ
ٙ͠ϣࢇձଜЬ WROLJKWILUHZRUNV
˒Қࢇք߅ࡁ
WRVWD\WKURXJK ળ࢕ցળફձଜִ۰৖˱ଜˈࢇߞ̛ଜГԂˈ
،ࡶۚࡉЬ
WKHQLJKW ؉ࡳۗࡖߪ࠾
৪଎ળࢇ߭ձ
WRFDPSILUH ࡉչɼ࣐ࡵ৪ଛࡶɼִତۘ১ଋરࢄߪծଛЩ
ଜЬ
‫ܖ׷‬ড߾ɼִ˔˚ࡳଙԙࠟ࠹˲ࢉҚࡶքࢇ
˗˝ࡶଜЬ WRJRVLJKWVHHLQJ
փΤܹ࢑Ь
WRWUDYHOGXULQJ
ଔ۰ձɼЬ ࠆղ߾Е‫ࡕݤ‬ଞ˒ࡳԻ଑ۭծɹ࠾
WKHVXPPHU
कࡶঁ̛Ь WRSDFN Ѱۢ˕ΟЕ৪ଛ߾ɼ̛ࡢଥऒࡳॾʽЩ

70
Ȼʀࢺ૯ୀ
'OQVKQP'ZRTGUUKQPU) Ȼ

Ьߪ Ӳ ࠓ‫ה‬

9QTF
/GCPKPI
7UCIG
࢕Ԋ‫ݛ‬ԡЬ WREHSURXG ফ۴ࡶЬଞࡉչય۴ܹҚࢇࢽֆ࢒ԇ‫ݘ‬ԙࡐ࠾
ʃʸ‫ݛ‬ԡЬ WREHLPSUHVVHG φ߭࣌Еіࢊ߭Ο۰˃‫ݪࠊܖ‬஢ӨЕүࡶ‫ˈؿ‬

߅‫ڃ‬ɼࢽֆʀʵ଩ߪ
ʡࢽ‫ݛ‬ԡЬ WRIHHOZRUULHG ৖˱ɼ঵˱ձଜЬɼЬչձЬঙ۰‫߾ࡕػ‬

ʇ߭ࡁ߅̧߅ળଜЕʨࡶ‫و‬۰ʞࢺ‫ݘ‬ԙࡐ࠾
ˈۢ‫ݛ‬ԡЬ WREHKDUGWRXJK ߅‫ה‬չ߭Գˈ˅۟‫ݘ‬Ԟхӿѣॳˈʺҡִࣚࡵ

ࢊࢇ̟ۢʠߞ
ˈ̗‫ݛ‬ԡЬ WREHFODVV\ ࢇ‫ۚ߾ء‬Ի‫࢕ۏ‬Ѱ८ɼ˅̔‫ݘ‬ԙࡐ‫ࢉؿ‬Ь
‫ی‬Ԋ‫ݛ‬ԡЬ WREHDGRUDEOH ߅̛ɼ࢕Еֻ‫ࢇݡ‬ο‫ۉה‬ԇ‫ۭࡐݘ‬Ͼࡶӎ

ܹɼ߷߭ࡁ

71
Ȼঋ րΤ (Meeting Someone for the First Time) Ȼ
Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
झ SDLU ଞ̔ଝˬ߾۰փ΢ΰचԻԂЕॳ९ଜˈࠖ‫ࡁښ‬
ࢵЕए΢б߾ࢇ‫ی‬ձࠪ۰ۚଝˬԻࢴଚࠝʯ
ࢷଝ WUDQVIHU
ѷ߭ࡁ
ઞ̛ VSHFLDOW\ ߊԧ‫ࢂݛ‬છ̘Е੓̀Ѧࠪ঵˱ࠖࡁ
঎ࢉۘ ILUVWLPSUHVVLRQ ࡉչ۴ۢЧࡵঋࢆ‫ࡁۿࡳ࣯ࣚ߅ࢇە‬
έ۶Ь WREHXQIDPLOLDU
ۚଝˬԻࢷଝࡶࠟए߲ցѸए߉߅۰ֻҘʨࢇ
߭ۛଜЬ WREHDZNZDUG Ϊ۳˅ߪۘଢ࠾
߭ࢿܹ߶‫ݤ‬ɾ߾ο‫࢝̚ה‬ଢۭ۴ۢЧࢂओ‫߾ח‬
̝ࢠଜЬ WREHQHUYRXV
озࡶ࢚‫׃‬ବ߭ࡁ
࢈ܺଥएЬ WREHIDPLOLDU ۚԻࢷଝࠟଝˬ߾‫چ‬չࢅܷଢࣉࡰֱࣚʵ߭ࡁ
ࢇ‫ی‬ɼЬࠝЬ WRPRYHWRIURP Ьհ˒߾۰‫ۑ‬Ьɼए΢б߾ࠆ̛Իࢄ‫࠾ߪ࠮ۉ‬
ଞ˲‫ی‬ԆҚࡵ߃ܶଙֱۭˈʎձܺࠆࢉ‫ی‬ձଜ̛Ѧ
߆ܹଜЬ WRVKDNHKDQGV
ଞЬ
ˈʎձܺࢇЬ WRERZKHDGV
߭հҚ߾ʯࢉ‫ی‬ଟҶЕଭնծ˷ட˅˅ʋծܷࠃۭ
ରչձ˺஢Ь WREHQGGRZQ ࢉ‫ی‬ଞЬ
ࡪऑࢇЕଞ˲߾۰੐ߪΧ˅Ь‫ۑۻ‬Ҷࢇੌչ߅Ի
੓߭ΟЬ WREHERUQ
ࢇ‫ࡶ׷‬ʇ߭ࡁ
߭չЬ WREH\RXQJ ΰѰۢࡵΟ‫ؿ‬ЬߪնऌրੁЕш৲ࡁ
‫ࣚࢇی‬ʯएΰЬ WRJHWDORQJ ߔࡳԻΰझԻԂࠪࢽֆ‫ࣗࢄۉ‬ʬऌέ˅‫ࡁ߭ݮ‬

72
Ȼऍ߳
1EEWRCVKQPU) Ȼ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
۴ۢЧঈԠɼծ৔Еࢊࡶऐ߶ࡳԻଜЕ‫ی‬Ԇࡶ
ˬ‫ی‬ WHDFKHU
˩‫ۉ‬Ԃˈଥࡁ
‫یחݦ‬Ο؏‫߾˲ܞ‬۰̛‫ی‬ձ‫ޱ‬ЕࢊࡶଜЕ‫ی‬Ԇࡶ
̛࢕ UHSRUWHU
̘࢒ԂˈଞЬ
‫ܒ‬،˔ࢇѸ̛ࡢଥ۰ЕࡋѰѦ࢚ଜˈϾѦࣚ߅ߞ
‫˗؏ܕ‬ ILUHILJKWHU
ѹоࡁ
˳ࢉ VROGLHU ΟԂձएੁЕࢊࡶଜЕ‫ی‬Ԇࡶ˰ࢆࢇԂˈଞЬ
ࡁչ‫ی‬ FRRN ࢿ͵ࡵ֋࢑Еࡸ‫ࡶݥ‬փҖЕ࠾ն‫ࡁࠖۉ‬
۰ԻЬհֆࡶ‫ޱ‬Е‫ی‬ԆҚࢇࢇߞ̛ଟܹ࢑ʯ
੼ࠇ‫ی‬ WUDQVODWRU
Ѧ࣯ࠪЕ‫ی‬Ԇࡶ੹ࠄ‫ۉ‬ԂˈଞЬ
ΟЕࡁऋࡁչ߾஗‫ײ‬ɹ۟ʴۭख߾۰ࡁչձ࢕࣯
ச‫׵‬ɼ࢑Ь̛ۢЬ WREHRILQWHUHVWWR
ଞЬ
ΟЕ৷ଈਫ਼߾˔‫ࢄݧ‬ց߂ۭ৷ଈਫ਼ࠀएТ߭ɼѸˈ
˗‫࢑ࢇݪ‬ЬքЬ WREHLQWHUHVWHGLQ
‫ࡁ߭ݮ‬
߭ռҶࡖҖ৸ࡶ‫ִؿ‬۰঵˱۴ܹɼѸЕͲࡳʆʬ
͵ࡶʉЬɼएЬ WRKDYHDGUHDP
Ѹ߹߭ࡁ
ࠝЖٕਫ਼ଞ̔ଝˬ߾۰Еଞ˲ֆփ‫̛ޱ‬Ի
ʼ‫ݪ‬ଜЬ WRPDNHRQHĜVPLQG
ʹ‫ݧ‬଩ߪ࠾
ΰ͵ࡶࢇՔ̛ࡢଥֹ૯ծ‫ݪࠊ˅ࡆۼ‬஢Ϡԯଟ
ּ૲ձ‫ࡉۿ‬Ь WRPDNHDJRDO
ʠߞ
οѦࠊ‫ݪ‬஢ϝԬଙֱ୲խଞࡁչ‫ی‬ɼѺܹ࢑ࡶ
ϠԯଜЬ WRWU\
ʠߞ

73
Ȼ࠶ָ
2J[UKECN#RRGCTCPEG Ȼ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
‫ك‬ FKHHN ‫੼੼ࢇـ‬ଞ߅̛ɼߵցࠔ߾۰࢕ˈ࢑߭ࡁ
੟ FKLQ ΟЕ߅‫؟‬एձг߅۰ੜࢇ̟Ь
‫࣏ؿ‬ʎ GLPSOHV ࡉչ߯ТЕࡑࡳִߦु‫࣌ؼ߾ك‬ʋɼ̝ۢЬ
‫ૻ̿ݷ‬ GRXEOHH\HOLGV ΰ৖˱ЕϾࢇ਺ˈ‫ࡁ߭࢑ࢇ૸̼ݴ‬
ۢ֞չ VWUDLJKWKDLU ΰɼࣚ߅ଜЕ֞չ‫֛̝۟ࡵࢊ੉ݛ‬նࠖࡁ
҆̔Ь WREHURXQG ΰ߲˵ࡵ҃̑˅̆ࠆࡓࡁ
ʗղଜЬ WREHVOLP ‫׷‬एЕ߲˵ֻߦࢇʔկଙ˅ੁɼ࢖ࡵ૜ࢇ߾ࡁ
̛࢚ۢЬ WREHKDQGVRPH ΰɼ‫؟߅ࠀ̛ؿ‬ए‫ؿ‬Ьଟ߅‫؟‬एɼш̘ࢗ۟‫܌‬Щ
ʎ‫࢑۽‬Ь WRKDYHSHUVRQDOLW\ ࡁऋࡵ࢚̝ۢؑࡉ‫ؿ‬Ьʋ‫ࢎۺ‬Вؑࡉɼшࢉ̛ɼ

ք߅ࡁ
ˑ‫֞ݞ‬չ FXUO\KDLU ୉ࡵߵցձг߅۰ۢ֞չࢉіࢵЕ߅‫ڃ‬ձг߅۰

ˎ‫֛ݛ‬նࠖࡁ
ցծЬ WREHWKLQ ࡉչखʈ߅एɼࡁऋ‫߭֟׃ࡶ؍‬۰քࢇփԆߪ࠾
Τ޿ଜЬ WREHVOHQGHU ࡉչࢇֻЕΡ޼ଙ˅ੁɼ਺‫ࡁۿ‬
੼੼ଜЬ WREHFKXEE\ ੹੹ଛ߅̛ːࢇ࢜ࡶ࢕ˈ࢑߭ࡁ
ӦӦଜЬ WREHIDW ࡉչଟ߅‫؟‬एЕੁɼ਺‫ˈݤ‬ӣӣଙ‫࠾ۼ‬
঑ʸࢇ࢖Ь਺Ь WREHVPDOO ΰѰۢࡵΟ‫ؿ‬Ь঎ʵࢄ৯ۭ‫ی‬ԆҚࢇ୉ࢇιˈ

WREHELJ ‫ࡁو߭י‬


74
Ȼ‫ۺ‬ʵ
2GTUQPCNKVKGU) Ȼ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ϼΟԊ߅‫ڃ‬Е୘؅ଛ‫۽‬ʸࢇ߾ࡁ̐Ԏ۰ख߾࢑Е
୛؈ଜЬ WREHDFWLYH
ʨ‫ؿ‬Ь؄߾Οɼ۰ϠЕʨࡶшࣚ߅ଥࡁ
ʯࡳծЬ WREHOD]\ ʬࡰխ‫ی‬Ԇࡵ‫ܹۿ‬ଜЕʨѦ̆ॱ߅ଞЬ
͛͛ଜЬ WREHGHWDLOHG ࡉչߵցЕ‫ࢇࢊݝה‬Ҙए͘͘ଙʬଜ‫ࡁۿ‬
ΰ৖˱Е˅ओࢄ‫ۢࢂ̛࢕ۭۼ‬ɽࡶ࢚‫Ͱ؂‬ए
ˈखࢇ‫ۿ‬Ь WREHVWXEERUQ
߉ЕЬ
߅‫ڃ‬Еߵցࢂֵԇଛ‫۽‬ʸ߾؆ଥ۰ʼ୐ࡶଜ܏Ьˈ
ָԊଜЬ WREHEXEEO\
ଞЬ
ࡉչଟ߅‫؟‬एЕ֐ࢊ߅৚ցЬْऌԛடցкࡶঐ‫ܕ‬
ٕएԞଜЬ WREHKDUGZRUNLQJ
ଜ‫ݦ‬Ь
эԤоЬ WREHUHVWOHVV ࢵЕο‫ה‬ъԡл࠾̐Ԏ۰‫י‬ʢѦ࢕࣯ࢍ߭‫؟‬Ԯࡁ
‫۽‬ʸࢇ̗ଜЬ WREHLPSDWLHQW ΟЕ߅‫ڃ‬ձг߅۰‫ۺ‬ʵࢄ̔ଙЩ
ΰѰۢࡵʠगֆࡶଜए߉ˈ‫ע‬Ҙए࢑Е̐оԻ
‫ܙ‬ऐଜЬ WREHKRQHVW
ֆଜЕ‫ܖ‬ऍଛ‫۽‬ʸࢇЬ
ߣࢷଜЬ WREHFDOP ΰझࡵߠࢴଙ˅̆ࠎʯۢˀЬ
ʧࢇքЬ WRKDYHIHDU ʤࢄցࡲ৖˱Ҷ‫ה߾ח‬۰ࡋࠒ୘Е‫ࡁو׃‬
ࢗ‫ܕ‬չଜЬ WREHQLWSLFN\ ࡉչߵցЕΟଞ੨˓ٕଜԂˈ֐ࢊ࢔‫ܒ‬նଙ‫ݣ‬Щ
ܹ‫ࢇٺ‬Еࢄଢ‫ࢄݧ‬ց˅ο̐Ԝࡓ۰‫ˈ׸‬ҬծЕ
ࢇଥ‫ࢇݪ‬քЬ WREHXQGHUVWDQGLQJ
৖˱Қࢇքࢇ࢑Ь

75
Ȼ‫۟ݢ‬୘
(QQFCPF'CVKPI*CDKVU) Ȼ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ॹ‫ݥ‬ YHJHWDULDQGLHW ߯ТЕΤ޿ଥएˈ‫ݮ‬Ьˈॶ‫࢖ݤࡶݢ‬ବЬ
િ‫ݛ‬ઝ૷Җ IDVWIRRG ࣯‫ח‬ଜִ‫؂‬ԻΟࠝЕࡸ‫ݘ઼ࡶݥ‬ચ૴ғԂˈଞЬ
˕‫ݥ‬ RYHUHDWLQJ ࢵЕࢿɼࣚ߅ଜЕࡸ‫ࡶ֟ࡶݥ‬ҶЖ˒‫ࡶݢ‬ଥࡁ
ɻ‫ࡵݢ‬ο‫ה‬ЯʨࡵଔଜˈɼМଜִࠒߦ‫ܕ‬ɼ
ɾ‫ݥ‬ VQDFNV
଀ٕଞʨࡳԻ֟࢕
ࢵЕ‫ࡶ֟ࡶ؍‬Ҷࣚ߅ଜЕࡸ‫ݥ‬փ֟ए߉ˈˉ˅Ց
ˌˈՔ EDODQFHG
֟ࡳԮˈϠԯଢТЬ
࡫‫ݥ‬ PHDWGLHW ࢵЕˈ̛ձࣚ߅ଥ۰ࡨ‫࣯࢕ࡶݢ‬ଢТЬ
ࢉ‫ݛ‬੠ઝࡸ‫ݥ‬ LQVWDQWIRRG ࢆ‫ݘ‬੝ચࡵ‫ࡶݢ‬քࢇ֟ࡳִʢʈ߾߇ࣚ߅ࡁ
૜‫ݥ‬ XQEDODQFHGGLHW ˕‫ݥ‬ଜЕʨ˕૙‫ݢ‬ଜЕʨࡵࣚए߉ࡵ‫࢏˗ݡ‬ТЬ
࠹‫ݥ‬ HDWLQJRXW ؄߾۰ࡸ‫֟یࡶݥ‬Еʨࡶ࠶‫ࢇݢ‬ԂˈଞЬ
ׁ߾ࣚЬΟ‫ڿ‬Ь WREHJRRG
ࡸ‫ˈˌࡶݥ‬Ք֟ࡳִࡉչ‫࠾߂ࣗ߻־‬
EDGIRUKHDOWK
‫ۓ‬Ь WRVLPPHU вˈ̛ձ‫י˲ࡲې‬Իৡ˲ܹձଥ֟߹Ь
॥Ь WRVWHDP ˈ˱ցܹܹࠪࠞЕऻۭҖ‫ࡁۿ‬
ੵցੵձ̛ղ߾‫ࢇٗߦࠒִࡳۭ֟߂ؾ‬шࣚ߅एˈ
‫ف‬Ь WRVWLUIU\
஘ܹ࡭ࢇϩ߅ऑЬ
ΑࢇЬ WRERLO ΎВ‫߾י‬Ԃִࡶϋˈ࢚࢈ѦԼ૛࣯‫ࡁۿ‬
ઑ̛Ь WRIU\ ࢵЕ̛ղ߾઎̚փѿձࣚ߅ଢТЬ

76
Ȼ۟୘‫
˔ݞ‬.KXKPI*CDKVU) Ȼ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
̍৕ࢶ UHJXODU ̊৒ࢳࡰԸ‫یݥ‬ଜЕʨࡵࣚࡵۢ୛‫ࡁ߾ࢇ˗ݡ‬
ٙ̍৕ࢶ LUUHJXODU ٖ̊৒ࢳࡰԸۢ୛ଜЕʨࡵʢʈ߾ࣚए߉߅ࡁ
ߦ৔ओଜЬ WREUXVKRQHĜV
ΟЕ࢕̛ࢷ߾͗ߣ৑ऐଢ࠾
WHHWK
‫ܹۿ‬ଜЬ WRZDVKRQHĜVIDFH ߅৚߾ࢊ߭Οִࢿࢊ֠ࢵࢇձЮˈ‫ܶۼ‬ଟПЩ
̳ΔଜЬ WREHFOHDQ ࠹ষବЬɼख߾Ѫ߅ִࠝ‫̰ࡶܘ‬Αଙʬ߃‫ݡ‬ТЬ
एࢵٗଜЬ WREHGLUW\ ؏ঐ‫ܕ‬ձ֐ࢊଜए‫׃‬ଥ۰؏ࢇऌࢲٔଟПЩ
ଔˊଜЬ WREHWLUHG ߭ࢿο‫ה‬Нʯ࢕۰ࠝЖքࢇ଑ˇଢ࠾
ʢʈଜЬ WREHKHDOWK\ ࡉչଟ߅‫؟‬एЕ֐ࢊࡋѰࡶଜ‫܈‬۰̐Ԟए߅࣯

ʟʅଙ‫࠾ۼ‬
ࢊ०ࢊ߭ΟЬ WRJHWXSHDUO\ ߅৚߾ࢇॣࢇߪΜԫֱࢊ०࢕ߞѶࡁ
Н࢜ࡶ࢕Ь WRVOHHSLQ ࣯ֆ߾ЕЖК࢙ࡳ࢜Вѓࢇࢿٕਫ਼Еࢊ०ࢊ߭Ο۰

ࡋѰࡶଜԮˈଥࡁ
࢕‫ۿ‬ɼ‫؂‬ծЬ WRKDYHJRRG
ࢂ࢕߾߈ࡶҶЕ‫׿‬խ࢒‫ۼ‬Ի߈Еʨࢇࣚ߅ࡁ
SRVWXUH
Ьչձ͖Ь WRFURVVRQHĜVOHJV Щնծ͓˅߈ЕЬʠΟ̳߭ձ˱ٕչˈ߈Еʨࡵ

ׁ߾ࣚए߉߅ࡁ
੟ࡶˤЬ WRUHVWRQHĜVFKLQ ‫ࡳܘ‬ԻੜࡳˡВʨࡵ࢚‫׃‬ѹ‫ࢇ˗ݡ‬Ь

77
Ȼʾ̘˔ԃ
9CVEJKPIC5RQTVKPI'XGPV) Ȼ
Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ˁ̛ࢠ VWDGLXP ߞ˱ձଜЕ˒ࡶߞ˱ʾ̘࢝ࢇԂˈଥࡁ
ए΢ࠠսକ߾۰ࡉչΟԂЕࣗଢܸ࡟ ࡢձ
ܻࡢ VWDQGLQJV
८एବ‫ݡ‬ТЬ
‫ݨ‬ԯ DELOLW\ ੊˱քࢇ৔‫ݤ‬Ο‫ݥࡁو‬ԬࢇоЯଜ‫ݤ‬όࡁ
‫ݪ‬શ UHIHUHH ‫ݧ‬ળ߾ʯତࢂଜы۴ܹɼઁࢠкବЬ
WRZLQD
ࡉ‫ݣ‬ଜЬ ࠠսକ߾۰ࡆ‫ݠ‬ଛ۴ܹЕ̖֩бࡶ؇߅ࡁ
FKDPSLRQVKLS
‫ݤ‬ଢ FRPSHWLWLRQ ঵˱‫ݡ‬ଟࡶଜЕѦࣸ߾‫ٸ‬ɼࠪ۰ˁ̛ɼࣸЯѸ߹Ь
ࢺܹ VFRUH ࡉչયࢷܶɼֹࢺࢉए߅‫"ࡁۿ‬
؆৕ IRXO ˁ̛ࣸ߾̍৕ࡶ̛߭Еʨࡶ‫؃‬৒ࢇԂˈଥࡁ
ࡉչ૜۴ܹɼˁ̛ࣸ߾؆৕ࡶଜЕ‫؂‬Ԇ߾‫ݪ‬શ߾ʯ
ˁˈ ZDUQLQJ
ʾ˅ձ؇ߑ߭ࡁ
િଜЬ WRORVH ࠔ؆˕঵˱‫ݤ‬ଢࡶବЕі Ի઼ଢۭ‫ۘܖ‬ବ߭ࡁ
˗Ԇʏ VSHFWDWRU ˔ԃʌࡵˁ̛ձ‫ִؿ‬۰ࡻࡕଜЕ‫ی‬ԆҚࢇ߾ࡁ
˗ԆଜЬ WRDWWHQGDQHYHQW ए΢࣯ֆ߾ֻٕЧ˕ଡ͉Ϩ˱ˁ̛ձ˔ԃ଩ߪ࠾
߭ࢿࡉչ؆˕ࠔ؆ࢇϨ˱‫ݤ‬ଢࡶଥ۰ࢵЕࠊ‫ݪ‬஢
ࡻࡕଜЬ WRFKHHU
ࡉչ؆ࡶࡸࡒ଩ߪ࠾
୚୎ଜЬ WR\HOO ࡉչΟԂયࢇʼ‫ࢇ߾ࢷݣ‬ʷ۰‫ی‬ԆҚࢇୗୋ଩ߪ࠾
‫ݥۘݤ‬ DZDUGFHUHPRQ\ ࠠսକ̖֩б‫߾ݢەݡ‬۰ߕ˲ɼɼࡌԮ૊࣌Ь
̖֩б JROGPHGDO ࡉչΟԂ۴ܹɼ֦̓ЮࡶҳЬЕЍ‫ݛ‬ձ‫ࡁ߭ي‬
ࡉչΟԂߦ˼યࡵ̖֩бࡶࠖۘବएփ߅‫ݒ‬ʯѦ
ࡵ֩б VLOYHUPHGDO
ࡲ֦Ю߾֞‫י‬ԣЬ
۴ܹҚࢇ ࡢࢷˁ̛߾۰ࢇʷѭ֦ЮࡶҮ୯߾
Ѱ֩б EURQ]HPHGDO
̛‫ښ‬ଜЕֻ‫ؿࡶݡ‬ТࢵѦࢽֆࣚߑ‫ݡ‬ТЬ
ઝԻଔ WURSK\ ˁ̛߾۰ ҟࡶଞ۴ܹɼચԸ଑ձϩࢇҚ߭ࠠԵЬ

78
Ȼࢴ੹Ϡࢄ
6TCFKVKQPCN2NC[CPF)COGU) Ȼ
Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ˈ‫ࣲה‬ϣࢇ 3OD\LQJZLWK
5XEEHU%DQGV ˅‫࣯ב‬Ϡࢄձଜ̛ࢷ߾ɼࡢ‫ؿࡢ؂‬Իܸۭծ
ܻ۰ձࢽଜЬ WRGHWHUPLQHDQ ࢺଢ࠾

RUGHU
Ьչ߾ʤЬ WRSXWDURXQG ए̖ٕਫ਼ˈ‫ࣲה‬ϣࢇձଟʠТ̧ɽય߾۰ѿ

RQHĜVOHJV ‫ی‬Ԇࡵˈ‫ࡶࣲה‬Щն߻ʡ˅۰࢑ࡳ‫ࡁۿ‬
ࣲࡶφЬ WRFURVVWKHOLQH ˈ‫ࣲה‬ϣࢇձଟҶٕծЕϠԎҚցЬˈ‫ࡳ࣯ה‬

σВ؏‫ࢽࢇئ‬ଥࣇ࢑߭ࡁ
ϠԎ߾֍঴Ь WRJRDORQJZLWK ϝԋ߻֊হˈ‫ࣲה‬ϣࢇձଜТ̧͗স঴Еʨ

DVRQJ ʋ߅ࡁ
˓̛ϣࢇ 3OD\LQJZLWK
0DUEOH
ː̘ϠࢄձଜԮִː̠ѧࢇଗࡁଥࡁ
˓̣Ѫ PDUEOHV
ыएЬ WRWKURZ ࠆଭଜЕ‫ی‬ԆҚࢇࡪָଞܹٗо߾Ѱࢷࡶшऌ˅

‫ࡁ߭ٻࡶࡕܕ‬
؇Ь WRUHFHLYH ࠝЖߞ˱ˁ̛߾۰࠹ߞܹɼΤ߅ࠝЕ˓ࡶଞ

‫ࡳܘ‬Ի؄ߎߪ࠾
WRJUDE ˓̛Ь‫ۻ‬ʎձ‫؂‬Э߾ыࣇ۰̐ࣸଞʎձओߪۭ
खЬ
˓ࣸࡳԻыएˈ‫؂‬Э߾࢑Е˓̛ࣸଜΟձओࡲ
ҋ߾ӂ߭एЕ˓̛ձ؇ࡳִѶࡁ
‫؏ی‬৔̛ +RSVFRWFK
‫ۉ‬،৑̘ձଟҶ۴ࡶ؋ʠΟѧࡶखए‫׃‬ଜִЬࡸ
Ѫ VWRQH ‫ی‬Ԇ߾ʯܻ۰ɼφ߭ɼࡁ
۴ࡶ̘Ь WRGUDZOLQHV
‫؏ی‬৔̛ձଟҶЕҴ߾۱ࡳ̍ߪ˱ࠇࡶ
۴ࡶ؋Ь WRVWHSRQDOLQH ૲‫ݤ‬ଜЕі̐ࡵ۱ࡲ؈ࡰֱ߇Ѷࡁ
ଞ؈Ի۰Ь WRVWDQGZLWKRQH ‫؏ی‬৔̛ձଟҶЕଛ؅ԸۭۭЬհଞ؈ԻѪࡶ

IRRW ८ߞଥࡁ

79
Ȼࠃପ
8CECVKQPU) Ȼ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ࣱ‫ٸ‬ଜЬ WRSUHSDUH ࢇ‫ݤء‬ଵࡵࠊ‫ݪ‬஢࣮‫ٵ‬ଢۭ͗ଢʸଟʠࠖࡁ
ࠖߟଜЬ WRUHVHUYH ࠆଭɼ۰‫୎ࡶו‬੫ࡶࢉਫ਼ϒࡳԻࠓߜ଩ߪ࠾
۰ѿծЬ WRUXVK ۭѼիऌ߉ࡳִ‫ٸ‬ଭ̛‫ݤ‬ɾ߾Нࡶʨʋ߅ࡁ
ষ؈ଜЬ WRVWDUW ‫׷‬एЕࠝЖ߅৚‫ٸ‬ଭ̛ձ੉ˈԻ‫ࣂࠀݛ‬Ԧ‫ݛ‬

˓ତ߾۰ଞ˲ࡳԻ঴؅଩ߪ࠾
ɼ‫ࢇݠ‬۶ԦЬ WREHH[FLWHG ΰࢊࠆଭʀۢɽࡶଜТ̧ɹ‫ࢄݝ‬ο‫ה‬۳ԣۭ࢜ࢇ
࢚߇ࠪࡁ
˗˝ए WRXULVWVSRW ˔˚ऌЕˁ৔ɼࣚʠΟࡪָଥ۰‫ی‬ԆҚࢇքࢇɼЕ
˒ࢇ߾ࡁ
঩ࠒए VFHQLFVSRW ҖԂցΟࠒ୘ձ०ࡵࢠ‫ܕ‬ձদࠏऌԂˈଥࡁ
ָ‫ܕ‬ IDPRXVSODFHV ̐ԐҖ০ϗࡵ‫ی‬ԆҚࢇքࢇߊˈ࢑Е˗˝

ֵ‫ࡁࠖܒ‬
ଞࠞ +DQRN ଞ˲‫ی‬ԆҚࢇࠛΤٕਫ਼‫ߑۑ‬ыࢷ੼ʢ঵ߦ‫ࢂݥ‬
खࡶଛࠛࢇԂˈଥࡁ
֐૲‫ܕ‬ WLFNHWERRWK ̑ࢠ߾Қ߭ɼ̛ࡢଥ֍૯‫߾ܒ‬۰ࠒ୘૲ձۗЬ
ࠆ̛ࢵ̛ KHDUDQGWKHUH
ଞ˲߾ɼִࠃ̘ࢲ̘ˮʾଜ˒ࢇք߅۰˃୤ࡶ࢚
˱ˁଜЬ WRWRXU ‫ߞࡓۿ‬Ѷࡁ
Ѧ९ଜЬ WRDUULYH ߭ࢿ۰ࡌ߾ѣ६ଢۭ‫؂‬Իଟ֞ТпࡳԻʇ߭ࡁ
؏‫ח‬ଜЬ WRYLVLW Ьࡸ؏ଝ߾Еଟ֞Тˈଯ߾ɼ۰৖উखࡶ،‫ה‬ଜ

ʠࠖࡁ
ऊ̛Ь WRHQMR\ ̑ࢠ߾۰ࠒ୘ձइ̘Щ‫ݤֱؼ‬ɾࢇߵঐ‫چ‬չ
एΟɼࡁ

80
Ȼলࢼ (Festivals) Ȼ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ɼࡁࢿ VRQJIHVWLYDO ̐ɼܹЕі٫ଜ̛ࢷ߾ʈ‫ض‬ɹ࠾ࢼ߾۰ ҟࡶ
ବоࡁ
ࠒ୘ࢿ PRYLHIHVWLYDO ࢇࠒ୘Е‫ت‬ձջࠏ୕ࢼ߾۰ۘࡶ؇ߑ߭ࡁ
ࢷ‫ݤ‬ୣ DUWIHVWLYDO ‫ݡࢴܽ׵‬ୠ߾ࡉչଝˬ۴ۢЧࢂ࢖૽ࢇ

ࢷ‫ݤ‬Ѹ߹߭ࡁ
एࠇ঵ࢿ ORFDOIHVWLYDO ě2&)$,5ĜЕࠝԨए৞ࡋફࢂऌࠄলࢼԻ֐ϗ

ࡖ߾ࠊջЬ
‫ك‬ʠչ VLJKWVWRVHH ě‫ؿ‬Զ֞Җ঵ࢿĜЕࢇʨࢵʨ‫ـ‬ʝնɼքࡵ঵ࢿԂˈ

Қ߹߭
֟ࡶʠչ IRRGWRHDW ࢵЕ‫ك‬ʠչ‫ؿ‬Ь֜ࡳʝնɼքࡵ঵ࢿɼшࣚ߅ࡁ
̛ϙ૽ VRXYHQLU ଞ˲߾ʇыࢊࡶࠝԎ̛߮ଜԮˈ̘ϖૺࡶ‫ی‬

࠱߭ࡁ
ࣗଢ߇ΰ‫ܕ‬ LQIRUPDWLRQGHVN ࢇ঵ࢿ߾оଥֻ࢚ծִࣔଟ߄έ‫߾ܒ‬ɼ۰߇ΰձ

؇ࡳ‫ࡁۿ‬
ॳɼଜЬ WRSDUWLFLSDWH ࢇ঵ࢿ߾॰ɹଙԫֱࢉਫ਼ϒࡳԻ‫׵‬չ‫ݦ‬ঐࡶଥߞ

ѹоࡁ
঑ଵଜЬ WRH[SHULHQFH ě2&)$,5Ĝ߾оଥֆԻփҙЕʨ‫ؿ‬Ьऐࢻɼ۰

঎ଲଢ‫ִؿ‬шࣚࡶʠߞ
‫ݦ‬ΟЬ WREHH[FLWHG ‫ݤ‬ଵࢇΖΟ۰߭ࢿЕଜՔࣗࢊ৖˱Қ˕‫ݣ‬Μʬ

ϣߑ߭ࡁ
ऊʠࡓଜЬ WRHQMR\ ۢࢊ۴‫ࡶי‬؇ˈѰۢࢇइʝࡐଙВʤ‫ؿ‬ТΟѦ

̛ٗࢇࣚߑЬ

81
Ȼࠓࢵ (Manners) Ȼ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
փएЬ WRWRXFK ‫߾˗י؃‬۰Еࢷ‫ݤ‬ѹ‫י‬ʢҚࡶրऌֱ߇Ѷࡁ
ҿҚЬ WREHQRLV\ ܹ߶‫ݤ‬ɾ߾Е਼‫ܕ‬չԻҼҗऌց‫ࡁۿ‬
߆ܹଜЬ WRVKDNHKDQGV ଞ˲‫ی‬ԆҚࡵ߃ܶଙֱۭˈʎձܺࠆࢉ‫ی‬ձଜ̛Ѧ

ଞЬ
਍ձૻЬ WREORZRQHĜV ࢕Ͱ୲ऴоЕʠ‫ؿ‬Т̧ʃ̛ࢉɼ‫ࡁو‬ਊծ૸˅

QRVH ‫ִࡳݮ‬உएࣲ̧ࡁ"
֞չձܺࢇЬ WREHQGRQHĜV
߭հҚ͉ࢉ‫ی‬ଟҶЕ֛նծܷࢄ˅ࢉ‫ی‬ଥࡁ
KHDG
ϾࡶঙЬ‫ؿ‬Ь WRPDNHH\H ‫߾˲׵‬۰Е‫ی‬ԆҚ˕ࢇߞ̛ଟҶϻࡳখЩ‫ߛم‬
FRQWDFW Ѷࡁ
ࢢॹ̛ձଜЬ WRVQHH]H ୉ࢇʄ࢕਼̛‫ܕ‬չԻ࢟ॶ̘ծଢۭ̭झϣԉ߭ࡁ
ષ͵৔ձоЬ WRUHVWRQHĜV
‫یݥ‬ଟҶ‫߾ࡢ੊ݥ‬઴Ͳ৑ծл˅࢑ࡳִ߇Ѷࡁ
HOERZV
Ѱߦ 7KH(DVW ѭߣ‫ی‬ԆҚࡵࢊ؆ࢶࡳԻ۰ߦ‫ی‬ԆҚ‫ؿ‬Ьˬ࡫ࡶш
ࣸࡁଜʯۢɽଥࡁ
۰ߦ 7KH:HVW ۭߣ‫ی‬ԆҚࡵ‫߭ݩࡶࢊࡁ̖ࢂࢊ ੼ؿ‬ଞЬ
‫ח‬୘ FXOWXUH Ѱߦ˕۰ߦࡵ‫୕ה‬ɼбԂ۰‫ی‬ԆҚࢇɼΒࠝଥձ

ଟҶɼ࢑߭ࡁ
ࠖࢸ PDQQHUV ࢉ‫ی‬ֆࡶؑࡌҶЕࢉ‫ی‬ձଟҶए਄ߞଜЕࠓࢵѦ

HWLTXHWWH ଡ͉ؑࡓߞଥࡁ

82
Ȼ‫( ୕ה‬Cultural Differences) Ȼ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ࣗˬ UHOLJLRQ ࣔ˩ࢂ࢕ࡪЕ‫߾یࢂࢂࢉق‬ҬԂ۰‫ࡶߒݦ‬۴੔ଟܹ
࢑ЀչࢇЬ
‫ח‬୘ FXOWXUH ࡁऋࠀ۰ߦ‫ی‬ԆҚѦଞ˲оࣸ‫ࢇݪ˗߾୕ה‬քࡵʨ
ʋ߅ࡁ
ओ۰ RUGHU
ϼ˱Ο˓˓ࢠ‫߾ܕ‬۰Еऐۭձ࢚ए਄ߞଞЬ
̍৕ UXOHV
ˬ੼̊৒ࡶ࢚ए਄ߞˬ੼‫ˈی‬ձଔଟܹ࢑߭ࡁ
‫ܹݨ‬ PLVWDNHV
ଞ˲˕‫חࢂ˲׵‬୘ɼбԂ۰‫ܶݥ‬ଞࢶࢇք߅ࡁ
ࢇଥଜЬ WRXQGHUVWDQG ΟЕ‫ی‬ԆҚࢇ۰ԻЬհ‫ח‬୘८ࢇձࢄଢଙВʨࢇ

ࣸࡁଜЬˈۢɽଞЬ
ࢉࢽଜЬ WRDFNQRZOHGJH ‫ی‬ԆҚࢇ۰Իࢂۢɽ८ࢇձࢆࢺଛЩֱٙଗࡁଞ
ࠝଥɼքࢇ߷߭ओʠࠖࡁ
एੁЬ WRREVHUYH ࢽଥऑ̍৕ࡶऌਾऌ߉ࡳִЬհ‫ی‬Ԇࡶٙ૜ଜʯଟ
ܹ࢑߭ࡁ
ҬծЬ WRIROORZ ߭֞Тձҩӿ‫˱ࢠݤ‬ˁࡶʇЬɼ৖˱ۢࢊ߾ࣲ
۴‫ࡁ߭ۗࡶי‬
؇߅ҚࢇЬ WRDFFHSW ‫ࠟࡶ׷ࢇ߾˲׵‬୯ࡉչɼ࣐ࡵ࢕ࠉ‫ݛ‬ԡʯ‫˲׵‬
‫ח‬୘ձ؄߂җࠎЩ
‫ݤה‬ଜЬ WRLJQRUH ΟࠪۢɽࢇЬհ‫ی‬Ԇࡶ‫ݡב‬ଙऌ߉߅ߞЬʋࢇ
ଭ‫ـ‬ଜʯ‫࢑ܹۑ‬Ь
ࠝଥଜЬ WRPLVXQGHUVWDQG ΟЕ‫ח‬୘८ࢇҶ‫߾ח‬ЬհΟԂ‫ی‬Ԇࡶࠚଢଛࢶࢇ
࢑Ь
̛߭Ь WRJRDJDLQVW Ѻܹ࢑ࡳִ‫ݤ‬ɾߟ‫̘ߪࡶܖ‬ऌ߉ࡳԮˈϠԯଜएփ
ˬ੼ࢇο‫࢝ـה‬ଥ۰ɼΒНࡶҶɼ࢑߭ࡁ
ॷଔଜЬ WREH Ө߭ɼЬɼ‫ی‬ԆҚࢇքࡵ˒߾۰φ߭एЕ‫؂‬Ԇ߾
HPEDUUDVVHG ο‫ॴה‬଑଩ߪ࠾
୘ձΰЬ WRJHWDQJU\ ΰɼ‫ܹݨ‬Ի୉ࢂ৷ଈਫ਼ձ֌ɼӮԮ۰୉ࢇߵঐ୕ծ
δߪ࠾

83

Ȼɹܶ (Singer) Ȼ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ࠉࠖࢉ FHOHEULW\ ࡉչϼΟЕ৲۰ࠆࠓࢆࢇѸЕʯ͵ࢇԎࡁ
ࠉ̛ଜЬ WRDFW ࡁऋࠆ̘࢚ଜЕࢹࡵؑࡉҚࢇք߅۰ଞ˲
ҖԂցɼࢉ̛ࢉɼ‫ࡁو‬
ʎ‫࢑ࢇ۽‬Ь ࡁऋࡵࠖ‫ؿ˵߲ۀ‬ЬЕʋ‫ࢎۺ‬В߲˵ࢇшࢉ̛ɼ
WRKDYHSHUVRQDOLW\
ք߅ࡁ
ࢢМࢇ࢑Ь WRKDYHDWDOHQW ϠԎѦ࢚ଜˈসѦ࢚঴Еܹ‫ࢇٺ‬ЕɼܹɼѺ
࢟Йࢄࢎߪ‫ࡁࠆؿ‬
оࣸࡸ߆ 3RSXODUPXVLF ए̖ࢇˉࢇુ߅‫߅ݤ‬лࣵࡵ߃‫߾ݥۘݤ‬۰оۘࡶ
؇ࡵϠԎࠖࡁ
੉ˈΟЬ WREHJLIWHG ߅‫ה‬չۢɽଥѦࠒ୘ؑࡉЕ੆˅ΟࢢМࢇ࢑Е
‫ی‬ԆҚփଟܹ࢑Еऐ߶ࢉʨʋ߅ࡁ
֐ԯࢇ࢑Ь WREHDWWUDFWLYH ΰ৖˱Е֍ԬࢎВּ‫ܕ‬չձɼएˈ࢑߭۰Οࣸ߾
ɼܹɼѶѦࣚࡶʨʋ߅ࡁ
Ͼ̟ࡶΏЬ ‫ی‬ʠչ߾ۚʢ‫ۢࢇי‬ˀЕіҡ࢕ࢉࢇઞࢇଥ۰
WRFDWFKRQHĜVH\HV
‫ی‬ԆҚࢂϻ̜ࡳΌߪ࠾
ɼ‫ی‬ O\ULFV
ࢇϠԎЕ֩ԸҞѦࣚएփɹ‫ۉ‬ɼшࣚ߅ࡁ
֬Իҡ PHORG\
ҬԂٕծЬ WRVLQJDORQJ ɼ‫׵ࢂࢂی‬ձֿԂѦҩӿْի˅ऊ̟ܹ࢑Е

.઺ࡶࣚ߅ଜЕ‫ی‬ԆҚࢇшքЬ
WRUHFHLYHD %76 ࢂۚߘ‫ࡵإ‬Οࠝ࢕ց࢕ࣗࡲ‫˅߮ࡳࡸ؃‬
ࣚࡵ؆ࡻࡶ߱Ь
SRVLWLYHUHVSRQVH ࢑߭ࡁ
‫ה‬о VWDJH ଞ̔ଝˬ؈૲ୣҶ‫ی‬ୣ࢕ɼʄ࢕̛ˬࢠ۴ۢЧࡶ

‫ב‬лࡢԻٙԜΰ۰ϠԎձ‫ݤ‬ਊ߭ࡁ
؏‫ܞ‬ EURDGFDVWLQJ ࠝЖԂҡࠝ،‫ࡉ߾ܛ‬չଞ̔ଝˬଢॷ؆ࢇΟ࠱߭ࡁ
ਏ۰ઝ FRQFHUW Ьࡸ࣯߾ଞ˲߾۰߅ࢇѪ̐ՙɼܹҚࢇࠪ۰

਌ۭચձଞоࡁ
ુ਽ԡ IDQFOXE ࣚ߅ଜЕɼܹࢂા਺Ԟ߾ɼ࢏ଜִਏ۰ઝࢽ‫ؿ‬ձш
‫چ‬չ߱ࡶܹ࢑߭ࡁ


84
Ȼ68ଋԸ̍ԏ
682TQITCOU) Ȼ
Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
Ѝ‫ݛ‬ QHZV
Њ‫ݘ‬Е֐ࢊۚԻࡋ‫ࡉࡶݥܕ‬չ߾ʯࢷଥࣹࡁ
ҖԂց VRDSRSHUD
ࡉչߵցЕғӿվծࣚ߅ଜ‫ࡉˈݤ‬չ߅‫ڃ‬Е
‫ݛ‬૦ৌ VSRUWV ‫ૣݘ‬৉ࣸ˃ձࣚ߅ଜ‫ࡁۿ‬
Ьਸ਼֫ਫ਼չ GRFXPHQWDU\
ΟЕЩਲ਼֨ਜ਼նΟਮइ଎Ի̐Ԓࡶ࢕࣯‫ˈؿ‬
ࠖМ YDULHW\VKRZ ୉ࡵੵࡁࢊցЬଜЕࠓЙ଎Ի̐Ԓࡶ͗‫ࡁو‬
ࠝԃ HQWHUWDLQPHQW ‫ݍ‬Е‫ݤ‬ɾ߾ࠆԜɼए؏‫ࡳئ‬Ի̛ٗࡶऊʧʯ

փҖЕࢊࡶࠚԀࢇԂˈଥࡁ
਍‫׵‬ҡ FRPHG\ ΟЕࢇ‫࣯ء‬ֆ߾৖˱ࠪଡ͉ਊ‫ײ‬Ҟࠒ୘ձ‫ك‬

ʠࠖࡁ
ਮइ TXL] ࢇ‫ء‬ਫऄоୣ߾۰ϼɼ ҟࡶଟएࢽֆ

˼̖ଜЬ
‫ݨ‬୘ WUXHVWRU\ ‫ࢿݨ‬Ի࢑Еࢇߞ̛Ο‫ࢿݨ‬Ի࢑߹ыࢇߞ̛ձ

‫୕ݥ‬Ԃˈଥࡁ
࢕ւ VXEWLWOHV ࢒տࡵ੫Ԧ‫ؿࡶࢷٸ‬Е‫ی‬ԆҚࢇࢋࡶܹ࢑ѦԼ

ϋ࣯߭Е̔࢕ࠖࡁ
ۢ؏‫ܞ‬ OLYHEURDGFDVW ۟،‫ࡳܛ‬ԻऑଭѸЕ଎Ի̐Ԓ߾۰Еࠖۘଜए‫׃‬ଞ

ࢢ‫࢑׵‬Еࢊࢇքࢇࢊ߭΢ЬˈҚ߹߭ࡁ
ࣸ˃؏‫ܞ‬ UHOD\EURDGFDVW ࠠսକˁ̛ɼ੫Ԧ‫੼ࡶࢷٸ‬ଥࢷ˲ࡳԻࣵˀ،‫ܛ‬

Ѹ߹Ь
‫ݤ‬ঐଜЬ WRZDWFK টҟଝۢҚࢇɼࢠքࢇ‫ݡ‬঍ଙВ଎Ի̐Ԓࡵ

ěѰ‫ࢂי‬ΟԂĜԂˈଥࡁ
ʃѰࢶࢇЬ WREHWRXFKHG ੫Ԧ‫߾ࢷٸ‬۰‫߅ق‬ଏ୉ࡶѦ࣯ࠪЕѰۢࢂ

ࢇߞ̛ɼࢽֆʀѭࢳࢄ߶ߪ࠾
̛оɼѸЬ WRORRNIRUZDUGWR ଞ˲߭ֆଜ̛оୣ߾۰ϼɼࡉ‫ࡶݣ‬ଟएʼ˕ɼ

ࢽֆ̘лɹѳ࠾
ɾࢻˁଵࡶଜЬ WRH[SHULHQFHLQGLUHFWO\ ߭հҚࡵ੫Ԧ‫࢕ۘؿ؂ࡶࢷٸ‬Ԃˈଜ‫ݤ‬एփ‫ݨی‬

੫Ԧ‫੼ࡶࢷٸ‬ଥɻࢸʾଲࡳଙВʨҚࢇք߅ࡁ

85
Ȼ৴ଅਜ਼ʬࢋ
%QORWVGT)COG Ȼ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ۘۘԯ LPDJLQDWLRQ ॺࡶքࢇࢋࡳִ‫ەە‬Ԭࡶੁࡌܹ࢑ЬˈଞЬ
˓ٕѦࠊ‫ݪ‬஢ଜˈࠜӿࢆʬࢋѦքࢇଜЕʯ
ࠟԂࢉʯࢎ RQOLQHJDPH
ɼМଥࡁ"
‫ݤ‬ɾࡶΫ‫ٸ‬ଜए߉ѦԼ˃୤ࡶ‫ࡓۿ‬۰ʯࢎࡶଜִ
ɼМଜЬ WREHSRVVLEOH ˓ٕѦࠊ‫ݪ‬஢ଜˈࠟԂࢉʯࢎѦքࢇଜЕʯ
ɹЙଢ࠾
ࠝЖ৖˱ख߾۰࢕ˈࠪѦѹЬˈֻٕЧࢇ
ରԃଜЬ WRDOORZ
ଭԀଙ‫࠾ߪ܌‬
୉ࢇࢵଞ੨ʯࢎ߾ο‫ڀה‬ऌֱ߇ѹЬˈ
‫ڃ‬एЬ WRJHWLQWR
঻ˈବ߭ࡁ
ࠟԂࢉʯࢎࡵऌΜ৑ʬքࢇଜएփ߉ࡳִ
एΟ৔Ь WREHH[FHVVLYH
˟ॱ߅ࡁ
৷ଈਫ਼ʯࢎࢇ˓ٕ߾،ଢɹѳۭ‫ݤ‬ଵࡶ࢚‫׃‬
؏ଥɼѸЬ WRLQWHUIHUHZLWK
‫ࡁ߭ي‬
FRQYHUVDWLRQ ʯࢎࡶο‫ה‬քࢇଜִɼ࣐Қ˕л୕ɹ࣯ߪҗߪۭ
о୘ɼࣲЬ
GHFUHDVHV ߇ࣚЬ
ο‫ࠝה‬ԔѰ߇ʯࢎࡶଜʯѸִ‫ݡ‬ԬѦΟ‫ڃ‬एˈ
‫ݤ‬ԯ H\HVLJKW
ɼ࣐˕о୘ଟ‫ݤ‬ɾѦࣲ߭Қ߭۰߇ࣚ߅ࡁ
୉˕‫ࡉݯ‬ЬɼֻٕЧ͉ߛЬࡳ֊߂̛ۭٗࢇ߇
ߞЯࡶ֍Ь WREHVFROGHG
ࣚ߅ࡁ
ʢʈࡶଥ৔Ь WRGDPDJHRQHĜV
ֻٕЧ͉۰Еʯࢎࡶքࢇଜִ‫ݡ‬ɻࡳΨ‫ٵ‬ଙʬ
KHDOWK
‫ݤ‬ɾࡶΫ‫ٸ‬ଜЬ Ѹˈʟʅѣଢ৑̘‫ݒ‬Ьִ۰ʡࢽࡶքࢇଜ‫ࡁۿ‬
WRZDVWHWLPH

86
Ȼࠜӿࢆʬ‫
זݡ‬1PNKPG$WNNGVKPU) Ȼ
Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
߾‫ݛ߾ࠀݛ‬616 VRFLDOQHWZRUNVHUYLFH ΟЕ߻‫
ݘ߻߽ݘ‬505߾ࢂʺࡶքࢇ‫ޱ‬Е૜ࢇЬ
ࢇ‫߾ࢎֻء‬оଥ۰Еʬ‫ݡ‬ળࡶॳˈଜ‫̛ݤ‬
ʯ‫ݤ‬શ EXOOHWLQERDUG
‫؂‬ԇТЬ
ࠟԂࢉ˓ɾ RQOLQHVSDFH ࢉਫ਼ϒࢂ‫˃ۿ‬ձࠜӿࢆːɻࢇԂˈଥࡁ
WRZULWHRQWKH ߲˵ࢇ‫ࢇؿ‬ए߉ЕЬˈۘо؏ࡶ‫ٸ‬΢ଜЕ̑ࡳ
̔ࡶࠠչЬ
LQWHUQHW ࠝնֱ߇ѹЬ
̙ࢽф̔ SRVLWLYHFRPPHQWV ̖ࢺс̑ࡵ̔ࡶࠠջ‫ی‬Ԇࡶ̛‫ڿ‬ʯଞЬ
WRGLVFORVHRQHĜV ࢵЕф̔ࡶ޴Ҷࢄկࡳ؆ட˅‫ޱ‬Еʨ߾
ࢇղࡶ؉஢Ь
QDPH ॰‫۽‬ଢТЬ
ঈࡸփ΢‫ی‬Ԇ߾ʯЕࠓࡿծʆহۭࢉ‫ی‬ձଥߞ
ࠖࢂձʉ঴Ь WRKDYHHWLTXHWWH
Ѷࡁ
˱ղ‫ࢇی‬Իбࢇ߯˲ࡳέϧ࢒ʄ࢕̛࣯ࡢɼ
߲˵ࡶΰϪЬ WRVKRZRQHĜVIDFH
୚ଥ࣌Ь
࢕‫ࡶࢎॺ߾̔ࢂݦ‬एѦԼଜЕʨࢇ‫׿‬ԃऍଙЩ˅
‫؂‬ԆऐଜЬ WREHGHVLUDEOH
ۢɽଢТЬ
ࠉࠖࢉҚࣸ߾Е߃‫ۺ‬с̑Իࢉଥ஦Қ߭ଜЕ
߆‫۽‬ф̔ QHJDWLYHFRPPHQWV
‫ی‬ԆҚࢇքЬ
ۘо؏ WKHRWKHUSDUW\
‫ە‬л،ࢂ̛ٗѦۢɽଜִ۰̔ࡶ‫ࡶࣚॳִޱ‬੪і
ւ‫ޱ‬Ь WRZULWHFDUHOHVVO\ ࠟԂࢉ߾Еࠖࢂ߷ࢇ̔ࡶտޮВ‫ی‬ԆҚࢇ࢑оࡁ
‫ۘܖ‬ଜЬ WRXSVHW ΰɼ޳̔߾Ο‫ۀ‬ΰࡈࢂф̔ࢇࠠԂࠪ۰‫ەܓ‬ଢ࠾

ۘঈձ࣯Ь ۢɽΟЕоԻଡٕԻ̔ࡶ‫ޱ‬ЬɼЕЬհ‫ی‬Ԇ߾ʯ
WRKXUWJHWKXUW
؇Ь ‫ە‬অծ࣯ܶѣ࢑ࡳТ̧࣏‫ݪ‬ଥ
৖˱खࡶ؏‫ח‬ଟҶЕ৖˱ࢂɼ࣐Қ߾ʯ‫ݨ‬ԷѸЕ
࣯ࢂଜЬ WREHFDXWLRXV
ࢊࡶଜए߉ѦԼ࣬ࡿଙ‫࠾ۼ‬
࢕̛ɼ֎ࡵࢊ߾оଥ۰Еॷࢋࡳऌ˅Ζ̧ए
ॺࢎࡶएЬ WRKDYHUHVSRQVLELOLW\
ࠊ‫ݪ‬஢ଥߞѶࡁ
‫یـ‬ଜЬ WRFRS\ ࢇ۶‫ח‬एձ‫ۉؽ‬ଢۭଝۢҚଞ੨ࣔΟϼ࣯߭‫ࡁۿ‬
ࠟԂࢉ߾۰ࢇղࡶ؉஢ए߉ˈф̔ࡶ‫ޱ‬Е‫ی‬Ԇࡶ
‫ˈݦ‬ଜЬ WRUHSRUW
‫˅ݣ‬ଢߛଞЬ
87
Ȼٔ‫
זݥ‬.QUV#TVKENG) Ȼ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
‫ˈیࡶڌ‬ѨࡶΰԮˈएʄࡶ̼δВѓएʄ߇߾
̿ΰЬ WRWDNHRXW
ѨࢇଜΟѦ߷߭۰ο‫ॷה‬ଔବ߭ࡁ
ӂ߭ӮչЬ WRGURS ߅‫ה‬ԎѦΰɼएʄࡶࢂ࢕ࠔ߾ҿߪӫն˅Ο࠱Ο

‫ࡁو‬ɼ؏߇ࡶۖۖࢄॸ߅‫و‬Ѧएʄࢇ߇
ۙۙࢇ WKRURXJKO\
‫ࢇؿ‬όࡁ
‫ۑ‬૛‫ؿ‬Ь WRVHDUFK
ؒી߇߾ଧҖ૨ࢇ࢑Еएۙۙࢇ࢚‫ێ‬૘‫ه‬Вѓѣ
ٗ‫ݨ‬ଜЬ WRORVH ߇‫ה߅ࡁࠆؿ‬ԎѦଧҖ૨ࡶٔ‫ݥ‬ଛʨʋ߅ࡁ
‫߇׵‬ଜएփ̐ॺࡵଞ˲߾ɾ৖˱ɼ۴‫י‬ଥࣱ
‫ࣸܕ‬ଜЬ WREHSUHFLRXV
‫ࣵܒ‬ଛʨࢇԂ‫ٻ‬Ԯࣲܹɼ߷߭
кଢ଼ଜЬ WREHHPEDUUDVVHG ο‫ה‬з୚ଙऌֆˈঊঊ஢࢚ॸ߅‫و‬
‫߾ܘ‬Қˈ࢑ы‫ك‬૕ࢇ߷߭ࣇ۰ࢄ‫ە‬ଙЩ˅
ࢇۘଜЬ WREHVWUDQJH
ۢɽବЕіࠆ̛࢑߹˱Ο
‫ٗݦ‬ऎ˕‫ࡈݦ‬৞ҖɼҚ߭࢑Еएʄࡶࢍ߭‫؟‬Ԯ۰
਼ࢊࢇЬ WREHVHULRXV
ਹࢇࢄЩ
֎̛Ь WROHDYH ଟ߅‫؟‬एɼ࣯‫ؗۿݦ‬ѨࡶֻٕЧ͉֋ʽߪ࠾
ঁ̛Ь WRSDFN ҟ‫ۏ‬ʀҶЕ͗‫ॾࡶי‬ʴۭɼ؏߇߾ϋࡳ‫ࡁۿ‬
ॸЬ WRILQG ଝˬ߾۰ࢍ߭‫؟‬ջॺࡶٗ‫܁יݨ‬ਫ਼߾۰ॵߎߪ࠾
୓૓ࢇए߾ WREHSRVWHGRQD ΰɼܱଛֿ߾۰ࢍ߭‫؟‬ջࡉ‫܁יݨٗࢇۏ‬ਫ਼
ࠠԂɼЬ ZHEVLWH ୐ૐࢄऌ߻ࠝӿɹ࢑όࡁ

88
Ȼٔ‫۾זݥ‬ਜ਼
.QUVCPF(QWPF%GPVGT) Ȼ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
؈ʺଜЬ WRILQG ࢍ߭‫؟‬ջॺࡶॺۘ‫߾؁‬۰؅ʷ଩ߪ࠾
ࣶЬ WRSLFNXS ࠆԜٗࡵϼɼࢍ߭‫؟‬ջ‫י‬ʢࡶ࣬ࡈࢶࢇ࢑߭ࡁ"
‫ה‬ш࡙ыࠆղࢇऌΜɹ˅Җҡ߭۴۴ଞɼࡶࢇ
एΟɼЬ WRSDVVE\
࠱‫ݡ‬ТЬ
Ѩࡶ࣯࡙ࡶҶЕˁॲ۰ԻɹࣄЩֱ࣬ѹЬˈ
ɼࣇЬ࣯Ь WREULQJ
࡙ؑ‫ݡ‬ТЬ
‫ܕ˗ؿ‬ ORVWDQGIRXQGRIILFH एଜঋ‫߾ܒ˔ؼ૽י‬۰ࢍ߭‫؟‬ջɼ؏ࡶॸߑЬ
࣯ࢉࢇ‫י‬ʢࡶ‫چ‬չॸࡳԜܹࠠɼ߷Ьˈଥ۰
‫˗ؿ‬ଜЬ WRNHHS
ए̖ࢿɼ‫˔ؼ‬ଙ˅࢑߭ࡁ
ɼ؏ࢇ‫߭΅؂‬۰ࢿࠆԀঅծΤ̘˅ࢷ୘ձ
ࠉԃঈձΧ̛Ь WROHDYHDQXPEHU
̛Ьչˈ࢑߭ࡁ
ଞ˲߭ձ˓ٕଜԮˈଞ̔ଝˬɼࡶଝ̛˕ࢽ߾
ҟԼଜЬ WRUHJLVWHU
ҜԹ଩ߪ࠾
࣬ࢆࢇࢍ߭‫؟‬ջ‫˃ݤ‬ձॸࡳԜࠠʨʋ߅۰
࣯ࢉ SRVVHVVRU
̛Ьչˈ࢑߭ࡁ
‫י‬ʢࡶࢍ߭‫؟‬ԵЕі߭ӊʯଥߞଟएֻձҶЕ
‫ࢂח‬ଜЬ WRLQTXLUH
ٗ‫܁יݨ‬ਫ਼߾‫ࡿה‬ଙВʨࢇࣚЬ
कࡶॸࡳ‫ݦ‬୯߾Е࢕‫ࢂݦ‬कࢇ֍Еए͗
୙ࢉଜЬ WRFRQILUP
ୖࢆଙ‫؂̘ݡ‬ԇТЬ
‫ۉ‬Դծଙ˅‫߹ݮ‬एփ‫י‬ʢࡶॸ߅ࣱٗࢇ
‫ی‬ԷձଜЬ WRUHZDUG
ʠࢸଜ܏߭ࡁ

89
Ȼْ‫
ە‬+PLWT[) Ȼ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
φ߭एЬ WRIDOOGRZQ ѰۢࢇӨ߭ɼЬɼσߪࣄۭ‫ה‬ո߾ଔɼΪ߭ࡁ
‫׵‬΋ԜएЬ WRVOLS Ͼ̟߾۰‫ײ‬ΈԙࣄۭЬչձЬছ߭ࡁ
ࡉչ߅‫؟‬एЕষ̟̒߾࢕Ѱ८‫˅ۉ‬ɹΜۭ
‫ˈی‬ɼΟЬ WRKDYHDQDFFLGHQW
ࡻ̗‫߾ݨ‬ɼ܏߭ࡁ
ଝˬࡋѰࢠ߾۰ϣЬɼ৖˱ْࠪҨ৑В‫؂‬Ԇ߾
ٕҫ৔Ь WRKLW
࣏̖Ьছ߭ࡁ
਼ࢊΟЬ WREHFRPHVHULRXV ‫أ‬खࡶ࢚‫׃‬ʢҖԮ۰ਹࢇΡ‫ڜ‬ବ߭ࡁ

ٞЬ WRVZHOO ؈ּࢇْ߶ࡳҶЕ߲ࡸ३ओࡶଜЕʯࣚоࡁ
‫ݤޤ‬Ь WREHDFKH ߭ࢿࡋѰࡶο‫ה‬քࢇଥ۰ׁࠟࢇ‫߅˅ݡޡ‬ળࡁ
φ߭ࣇ۰‫ה‬ո߾֣ࢄҗ߶ऌր੼ऎࢇ‫ݪ‬ଜएЕ
֦ࢇҚЬ WREODFNDQGEOXH
߉߅ࡁ
؈߾੼ऎࢇ࢑߭۰߿‫ݛ‬Ԧࢇձ०߹Еі‫ࢄ̓߻ڢ‬
‫ࢇ̖߾ڥ‬ɼЬ WRKDYHDIUDFWXUH
ʄЩ˅ଥࡁ
WRIHHOSDLQ ߲ࡸ३ओࡶବшТए̖ࡵ੹ऋࢄࣔߴߪࣉߪ࠾
੼ऎࢇ࢑Ь߷Ь
SDLQOHVV ߭ࢿ‫ؿ‬Ь஄޿ࣚ߅ࡁ
˃Я߾۰ΰԮࠝЬɼφ߭࣌Еіରչɼο‫ה‬
ʦ‫ی‬ձଜЬ WRFKHFN
߅ળ۰‫߾ࡕػ‬ɼ۰ʣ‫ۉ‬ծ଩ߪ࠾
߲ࡸ३ओࡶଜЬ WRDSSO\DQLFHSDFN ؈ҟࢇࣔ‫ݪ‬ଜʯٕ߭۰߯ࡵ०ऐࡶଜˈ࢑߭ࡁ
WRJHWDSK\VLFDO ࡉչଟ߅‫؟‬एЕରչɼ૜ॱࡳ‫܈‬۰‫ז‬ն৑Ջծ
‫י‬չ৔Վձ؇Ь
WKHUDS\ ؄ࡰ‫࠾ۼ‬
Ϩ˱ձଜЬɼφ߭࣌Еі‫ࢇ̖߾ڥ‬ɼ۰࠻ु
̢‫ݛ‬ձଜЬૻЬ WRZHDUDFDVWRII
ષ߾̟‫ݘ‬ծ଩ߪ࠾
‫ܘ‬ɼԃࢇٕԜऑʨʋ߅۰߼‫ݘ‬ԣࢄծॣߪ
߿‫ݛ‬Ԧࢇձ०Ь WREH;UD\HG
‫ؿ‬Ԯˈࡁ

90
Ȼʀ̘
(NW Ȼ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ࠊࢇΟЬ WRKDYHDIHYHU ʃ̛߾ʤԮ۰ࠇࢄΜ˅̛৚Ѧଥࡁ
‫ࠍٸ‬Ҷ‫߾ח‬ਊɹο‫ה‬տାۭ‫چ‬չࢇ‫ࢉٸ‬୯˕߾ɼ
਍ɼւ஢Ь QRVHJHWVVWXIIHGXS
‫ߞو‬ʵ߭ࡁ
ਓ‫ࢇי‬ΟЬ RQHĜVQRVHUXQV ਐ‫ࢄז‬Μۭਓ‫߹֟ࡶߟי‬шТ࢜ࢇࠪࡁ
ּ‫ܕ‬չɼ‫ض‬ଜЬ RQHĜVYRLFHFKDQJHV ਍ɼւதॹԻࢇߞ̛ձଜТֹ̧‫ܒ‬նѣ‫س‬଩ߪ࠾
̛৚ࡶଜЬ WRFRXJKWRKDYHD
̘ৗࡳο‫ݪה‬ଜʯଙЩ‫ؼ‬П̤ɼ‫̧ݠ‬ए߅ળࡁ
̛৚ࢇ‫ݪ‬ଜЬ EDGFRXJK
ੵଜЬ WRYRPLW Ѱۢࢇࡸ‫Ͱ࢕ִࡳ֟ࡶݥ‬ੲଢۭ‫߾˕߅ܕ‬ʇ߭ࡁ
৖˱ɼʄ࢕̛ߪऌԞЩ˅ଜִ۰ӗ‫؂‬Ի‫׃‬ʣˈ
߭एԡЬ WRIHHOGL]]\
‫ٸ‬ડʠԮࡁ
ଞ˲߭‫ݤ‬ɾ߾ϼɼʄ࢕̛࢟৑̘ծଢۭ̭झ
ࢢॹ̛ձଜЬ WRVQHH]H
ϣԉ߭ࡁ
ׁࠟࢇ‫ݤޤ‬Ь WRKDYHDFKHVDQG
঑࡫‫ݤ‬ɾ߾ࡋѰࡶο‫ݪࠊה‬஢ଥ۰ࠜ‫࠾܅ޡࢄ־‬
SDLQV
‫یݥ‬୯‫ܕ‬୘ɼ߇ѸЕࢊࢇ˃‫ܖ‬؆‫ـ‬Ѹִέ˒߾
ΰ˕ ,QWHUQDOPHGLFLQH
ɼߞଞЬ
ࡉչ߯ТЕࢇЬࡸ߾‫˒߂ܒ‬ɾ୎‫ی‬Իࢊଜˈ
‫˕߅ܕ‬ 3HGLDWULFV
‫ݮ‬оࡁ
ࢇ‫ࢉٸ‬୯˕ (DUQRVHDQGWKURDW
ࡁऋʃ̛ɼࡪଭࢇ߭۰ࢄ‫ࢆٵ‬୬˒߾‫ی‬Ԇࢇք߅ࡁ
FOLQLF
WREHLQRFXODWHG ѧʃࢇࡪଭଟҶ߾Еࠓ،࣬‫ۉ‬ծ֊ВʨѦଜΟࢂ
ࠖ؏࣯‫ی‬ձ֍Ь
DJDLQVW ؏‫ࢇئ‬Ь

91
Ȼ߻μऌࢵߜ
5CXKPI'PGTI[) Ȼ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
߾οएࢸߟࡶࡢଥ۰ߔࡳԻЕ‫י‬Ѧࢴ̘Ѧ߅͏‫ߞނ‬
ࢷ̛ HOHFWULFLW\
ଟʨʋ߅ࡁ
ɹ‫ݘ‬Е૜չଜ̛Ѧଜएփࡢଵଜ̛Ѧଜ̛Ҷ‫߾ח‬
ɼ‫ݛ‬ JDV
߇ࢷଜʯ‫ࡈی‬ଥߞଥࡁ
ߦ৔ओଟҶܶѣձ࢜̐ˈଜִ‫י‬Ϋ‫ٸ‬ձࣲࢊܹ
ܹѦ ZDWHUSLSH
࢑߭ࡁ
ࠟѪࡵࠛΤࡉչ࣏ۘҚࢇ‫ࡈی‬ଜыΟ،‫ݤ‬۶ࡶ
΢؏ KHDWLQJ
о૲ଜЕʨࢇЬ
θ؏ DLUFRQGLWLRQLQJ ʢ‫ࡶ߇י‬८ʯଜЕࢊࡶε،ࢇԂˈଥࡁ
ࢷ̛ձ߂Δ̘ࡢଥ۰͗ଗࡁଜए߉ࡳִ߾߭৴ࡶ
߅ΗЬ WRFRQVHUYH
‫ࡈی‬ଜए߉̛Իବ߭ࡁ
࢕ջˈ‫ٸ‬Е‫ݦ‬؈ࢇ߂̤ࡐۭ‫ݦ‬؈ࡶ‫ݦ‬ए߉ߑˈ
߅̮Ь :KDWDZDVWH ࠆղ߾Еٕॹɼ߂̤ࡐۭٕॹЕ̐ξѿˈ߲˵ࡶ
ࡏऐࠑЬষঈ࢕ջˈ‫!̛ߞࢇٸ‬
ߵցɼ‫ࡕ࢏߾ࡕػ‬ଜ‫ݤ‬ʯѸ࢕̐Ѱ߇ֻٕЧࡶ
؆‫۽‬ଜЬ WRUHJUHW
ѦࠪҖչए߉ࡵʨࡶ‫ۺ؃‬଩Щ
ׁ߾ؑЬ WREHDFFXVWRPHGWR ࣚࡵ‫߭ࡵ˗ݡ‬ԵࡶҶٕਫ਼‫؎߻־‬ѣԹଥߞѶࡁ
WRWXUQRQ ֻٕЧࡵ࢕̛ࢷ߾ٖࡳΈʬଜ‫̐ࡁۿ‬ԞіࢵЕ
ٙࡶ਄Ь΋Ь
RIIWKHOLJKW ॺࡶࢋЬɼٖࡳਁϪࡵॹ࢚Ҷɼք߅ࡁ
ଐԜ̐ձ WRSOXJLQ ࢷ̛ձࢸߟଜԮִࢷࡕփ΋एֆˈ଍ԙ̍ծ‫ڋ‬
͟Ь‫ڎ‬Ь XQSOXJ Ϫ߅ߞଞЬ
ɼ‫ٱؔݛ‬ձ WRRSHQFORVHWKH
ɼ‫ݛ‬ձ‫ࡈی‬ଜए߉ࡶҶЕɹ‫ٮؑݘ‬ծ࢙̍‫࠾ۼ‬
ࠊЬ࢜̐Ь JDVYDOYH
ܹѯ‫ࡶי‬ WRWXUQRQRIIWKH ࢇձЮЕѰ߇߾ܶѬ‫ࡳז‬ઞߪϪ߅۰ߵցଞ੨
ડЬ࢜̐Ь IDXFHW ୐Ϊ߭ࡁ
оࣸˬ੼ࡶ WRXVHSXEOLF ࡉչ߅‫؟‬एЕ࢕ɼࡈ‫ؿ‬ЬЕлࣵ˩੹ࡳшքࢇ
ࢇࡈଜЬ WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ ࢄࡅଙ‫ݣ‬Щ

92
Ȼܶࢌ˒ऌ঴ (Revenue and Expenditure) Ȼ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ࡈѨ DOORZDQFH ࢵЕࠠଥٕਫ਼ଞб߾ଞ‫ࡅ޾ء‬ѥࡶ؇̛Իବ߭ࡁ
ࢵ̖੼ FRLQEDQN Ѱࢷࢇִ̛ۢѶएࢲ̓੹߾ϋ߭ࢵ̖ଜ‫ࡁۿ‬
ΰɼࢵ঵ࡶଜִ۰ɼࢠ֠ࢵ‫࢖ݤ‬ଞʨࡵ֐ࢊࡅѥ
ࡈѨ̛࢏ࢠ EXGJHWQRWHERRN
̘ࢌ࢝ࡶ‫ޱ‬Еࢊࢇ߹Ь
0DQ\DPLFNOH ˱ѿ‫ܫ‬Իࡪָଞࡉչଟ֞ТЕЖનΌָ߂੐‫ࢇی‬Ԃˈ
ફΏֻ߅੓‫ۏ‬
PDNHVDPXFNOH ֆ޷ଜ܏߭ࡁ
ֻٕЧ͉۰߭ԵࡶҶٕਫ਼Ѩࡶ߂͌ޮВ‫̟ࡶ˗ݡ‬Ԝ
߅͏‫ޱ‬Ь WRFRQVHUYH
࣯܏߭ࡁ
ѨࡶֻࡳЬ WRVDYHPRQH\ ߅࣯߭ԵࡶҶЕѶएࢵ̖੼߾ѥࡳָߎЩ
‫ؗۿ‬ѨࢇΟઞ‫ط‬ଞΤ߾؇ࡵѨࡵߵցࠪଡ͉ࡵଭ߾
ࢵ঵ࢵ̖ଜЬ WRVDYHPRQH\
ɼ۰ࢲলଟПЩ
ࢵ঵ଜˈΧࡵѨࡶЬ‫؟ނ‬չˈֆߑࡶҶЕֻٕЧࢂ
‫ٕݪ‬ղࡶଜЬ WRUXQDQHUUDQG
‫ْݧ‬կࡳଢۭࡈѨࡶࣔш؇‫ݡ‬ТЬ
PRQH\OHIWWROHDYH ੼ࢠ߾ѥࢄ߲ց߇ΤߎࡰП̤Ьࡸб̧एЕ߅͏‫ߞނ‬

ѨࢇΧЬΧ̛Ь
PRQH\EHKLQG ଞЬ
ѨࢇҚЬ WRFRVWPRQH\ Ӏ‫ࢇف‬ձख߾۰փҖЕіЕѥࢄ߲ցΟҗ̤࠾"
؇ࡵѨ˕޳Ѩࡶࢶ߭ѿִଗࡁ߷Е˒߾ѥࡳޮऌ
Ѩࡶ‫ޱ‬Ь WRVSHQGPRQH\
߉ʯѹЬ
ѨࡶΫ‫ٸ‬஢Ь WRZDVWHPRQH\ ѥࡳΨ‫ٵ‬ଙऌ߉̛ࡢଥ۰ԂѦࡈѨ̛࢏ࢠࡶ͗‫ࡁۿޱ‬
WREHZRUWKWREH ࡉչΟԂࢂ࢕ࠉࡵ࠹˲ࢉҚ߾ʯ࢕Ԋଟփଞɹ৑ɹ
ɼ৔ɼ࢑Ь߷Ь
ZRUWKOLWWOH ࢎЩ

93
Ȼࢄࡎѫ̘ (Helping Neighbors) Ȼ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ˈ߅ࡕ‫ࡕ࡫ؿ‬ RUSKDQDJH ࡉչɼ࣐ࡵ֐б̛ٕ̖ࡶ˅߂ࡒ߾‫ؿ‬ΰˈ࢑߭ࡁ
ঐ‫ܕ‬ϗ‫܁‬ਫ਼ \RXWKFHQWHU ࡉչ୉ࡵ࣯ֆցЬ঍‫ܒ‬ϔ‫۾‬ਜ਼߾۰߅ࢇҚ߾ʯࡋѰࡶ

ɼծ৔ˈࢵЕϝࢆ‫߾ࡒظ‬۰ଟ֞Тଟ߅‫؟‬एҚࡶ
Ϡࢉ‫ࡕػ‬ VHQLRUKRVSLWDOV ѦࠪҖչˈ࢑߭ࡁ
ZHOIDUHIDFLOLWLHVIRU ֐࣯ࡉչଝˬࠝৼ‫ݛ‬ઝԂયࢇϝࢆ‫ؽ‬ऌ‫ݡ‬۳߾ɼ۰
Ϡࢉ‫ـ‬ए‫ݤ‬۶
VHQLRUFLWL]HQV ࢢМ̛ٕձଥࡁ
̛ٕଜЬ WRFRQWULEXWH ࢇղࡶ؉஢ए߉ࡵ߭Ӂٗࢇଝˬ߾Ѩࡶքࢇ

ْ̘ଙ‫࠾ߪ܌‬
୯ࡕଜЬ WRVXSSRUW ࢵЕ࢖ϗٕਫ਼ˈ߅ࡕ߅ࢇҚ ָࡶ୬ࡒଙ˅࢑߭ࡁ
̛ऎଜЬ WRGRQDWH ߇‫ޱ‬Е‫י‬ʢҚࡶ̘ऋଙ˅‫ࡵݮ‬і߭ӊʯଜִѸΟࡁ"
̛ٕ̖ FRQWULEXWLRQ ࡉչଝˬ߾۰ЕࢷࢪࡳԻֻٕձࢍࡵ߅ࢇҚ߾ʯ‫ؿ‬γ

ْ̘̓ࡶֻࡳˈ࢑Ь
୯ࡕ̖ GRQDWLRQ ࢇˈ߅ࡕࡵࠆԜٗҚࢇ‫ؿ‬ΰ࣯‫ݦ‬୬ࡒ̓ࡳԻࡋࠒѸˈ
࢑‫ݡ‬ТЬ
ଞࡪָଞɼܹɼ‫߾ࡕ࡫ؿ‬۰ϠԎձɼծঙ࣯Е࢟Й
ࢢМ̛ٕ WDOHQWGRQDWLRQ
ْ̘ձଜˈ࢑ЬЕ‫חܕ‬Ҷ‫࢕̛߾ח‬ҚࢇֿԮ࠱߭ࡁ
ΟЁ VKDULQJ ࢕‫ࢢࢂݦ‬МࡶΜϾࡳԻшքࡵ‫ی‬ԆҚࢇଭ‫ك֋ࡶـ‬
ܹ࢑‫ݡ‬ТЬк‫ࢢࢂݦ‬Мࡶ̛ٕଜ‫ࡁۿ‬
۴ۢЧ͉۰Е߭Ԯࡋࢄࡎࡳքࢇѫ˅˃‫ݤ‬Ьˈ
ࢇࡑࡶѮЬ WRKHOSQHLJKERUV
Қ߹Еіঈࡸ߾̐ࢊࡶ‫࢖ݤ‬ଜ‫ࡪࢇݦ‬Е‫ף‬ɼࡁ"
ֻ̖ଜЬ WRFROOHFW ࡉչҚࢇָ̓ଛѨࡳԻٙࡉଞࢇࡑࡶѮ̛Իବ߭ࡁ
ࢵЕ֐࣯ੵࡁࢊցЬϠࢉ‫ـ‬ए‫ݤ‬۶߾۰‫ۉل‬୘ѭࡶ
‫یه‬୛Ѱ YROXQWHHUVHUYLFH
ଥࡁ
ଭ‫ـ‬ଜЬ WREHKDSS\ ߲ց߇ѸЕѨࢇԂѦ̛ٕձଜˈΟִցࡸࢇ
ପ‫ؽ‬ଢࣄ࠾
‫ڶ‬ҞଜЬ WREHSURXG ࢿɼ୯ࡕଜˈ࢑Еଝۢࢇࢇ‫ء‬ଝ̛߾ࡉҟۘࡶ
؇߅۰ࢽֆ‫ڳ‬қଢ࠾
‫ؿ‬ԆࡶГΗЬ WRIHHOZRUWK ‫ࢇ߅ࡕ࡫ؿ‬Қࢇ؉ʯࡑЕʤ‫ك‬Ҷࢿࢊ߾ɼࢠ਼
‫ؼ‬ԃࡳА͌࠾

94
Ȼ‫࢒׿‬ୠ (Bazaar) Ȼ
Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
‫࢕؂‬ୣձࠊЬ WRKROGDED]DDU ߅ଏ߭ջࢇҚࡶѮ̛ࡢଥֻ̖ࡶଜԮˈ‫࢒׿‬ୠծ
ʎফଜЬ ࠇ߶‫ݞ‬ПЩ
ଭ‫ࢠی‬ HYHQWKDOO Ѧࡏࢇଗࡁଞ߅ѰҚࡶࡢଞֻ̛̖ࡸପ‫߾࢝ۉ‬

‫ی‬ԆҚࢇքࢇ࠱оࡁ
̛ऎ૽ GRQDWLRQ ‫࢕؂‬ୣ߾۰ષ̘ऋૺҚࢇۢɽ‫ؿ‬ЬքࢇҚ߭࠱όࡁ
ֻ̖ଡ FROOHFWLRQER[ ʠչ߾۶৔ଞָ̓ଞ߾ࠆԜٗҚࢂ‫ی‬Ԋࢇɼҗ

‫ݡ࢑ˈࢇݸ‬ТЬ
ࣸˈ‫૽י‬ VHFRQGKDQG ࡉչɼ߇‫ޱ‬Еࣵ˅‫ૺז‬Қࡶֻ߅۰‫࢕؂‬ୣձࠆЕ
‫י‬ʢ JRRGV ʯ߭Ҷ"
ୖ‫יؿ‬ SURPRWLRQ ࢷ‫ݤ‬ୣΰࡈࡶ‫ܕ‬ʎଜЕ୓‫߾˱࢏ࢠݤࢷࡶזؼ‬

ɼࣇЬϪࡳ‫ࡁۿ‬
Ьࡸ࣯߾ࠊռਏ۰ઝୖ‫ݘૣؿ‬ਜ਼ծଝˬʯ‫ݤ‬શ߾
૦‫ݛ‬ਫ਼ձ٠ࢇЬ WRSXWXSDSRVWHU
ٝࠎߪ࠾
টঐࢠ LQYLWDWLRQ ଭ‫߾ی‬টоଜ̛ࡢଥ‫ؿ‬ΰЕ̔ࡶজ঍࢝ࢇԂˈଥࡁ
୯ࡕ࢕ VSRQVRU ࡉչ‫߾ࡕ࡫ؿ‬ˁࢿࢶࡳԻѦࡏࡶ࣯‫࢑ܹݨ‬Е

୬ࡒ࢒ձॸˈ࢑߭ࡁ
‫࢕یه‬ YROXQWHHU ࢇଭ‫ॳ߾ی‬۱ଜЕ‫ی‬ԆҚࢇքࡶ੨Т̧
࢕ࡕ‫࢒ۉل‬ЕքࡳִքࡶܹԼшࣚ߅ࡁ
˱࢏ଜЬ WREX\ ٙࡉࢇࡑѮ̛‫࢕؂‬ୣ߾۰ଗࡁଞ‫ݯࡶ૽י‬ʯ
ˮࢌ଩ߪ࠾
શ֐ଜЬ WRVHOO ࡁऋࡵࣚࡵ‫י‬ʢࡶ‫ݯ‬ʯળ֍ଙВɼʯҚࢇ
ք߅࣌߭ࡁ
ܹ࢈̖ SURILWV ࠝЖଭ‫ॳ߾ی‬۱ଥ࣯‫܈‬۰ʃ‫ی‬ଢТЬશ֐ܶࢅ̓ࡵ
Ѧࡏࢇଗࡁଞ߅ѰҚࡶࡢଥ࢚‫ࡈی‬ଜʵ‫ݡ‬ТЬ
WRVKDUH
‫ی‬Ԋஜ֌ࡶΟϼЬ ‫ۉ‬ԇࡳΜϹВ‫࢕؂‬ୣ߾ࠝ‫ݦ‬ʨࡶ୚ࠒଢТЬ
ORYHKRSH
‫ܕ‬ϗ‫ܕ‬ϕɼࢠࡶʾࢼࢳࡰԸѫВࢊࡵ̐Қ߾ʯ਼
ˁࢿࢶࡳԻѮЬ WRDLGILQDQFLDOO\
ஜ֌ࡶ࣯ЕࢊࢇЬ
WRKROGDFKDULW\ ଞ̔ଝˬ߾۰߭ԮࡋࢇࡑࡶѮ̛ࡢଞ࢒۱ପ‫ۉ‬ծ
࢕۴ଭ‫ی‬ձଜЬ
HYHQW ଙ̘ԸବЬ

95
한국어
-고급-
࢟࠶ѭૣծ࡟ଛଛ˯ߪGGߪ୾ओࠏߪ˽
Ȼѣ‫&
ݡ‬LW\Ȼ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ࢉ˱ SRSXODWLRQ
۰ࡌࢂֱࢳࡵNPŒࢇˈࢆˮЕߟ փָ࢏ТЬ
ִࢶ DUHD
۰ࡌࡵоଞ‫ܶࢂ˲׷‬ѣԻଞ؆Ѧࢂࣸ‫ࡢ߾ݪ‬৔ଜˈ
ܹѦ FDSLWDO
࢑‫ݡ‬ТЬ
۰ࡌࡵ‫ڃ‬ծʯ؈ࢷଜࠆࡁऋࡵ˲ࢿࢶࢉлѣ‫ݡ‬ɼ
оѦ‫ݤ‬ ELJFLW\
Ѹ߹‫ݡ‬ТЬ
‫ܕ‬Ѧ‫ݤ‬ VPDOOWRZQ ‫ܒ‬ѣ‫ݡ‬Еࢉ˱ փࢇଜࢂѦ‫ࢇݤ‬Ь
‫ˌݤ‬ FRXQWU\VLGH ‫߾ˉݡ‬۰‫ق‬،ଜЖ߾Е‫ࡶ߷ܹ܂‬փਾքࡵ‫ط‬Қࢇ࢑Ь
߅੨όЕࡪό‫ݛ‬਍‫୎ ࢿیࡧ୕ה˃ۿ‬ɼ࢑Е
‫ח‬୘ࡪ‫ۏ‬ FXOWXUDOKHULWDJH
Ѧ‫࢏ݤ‬ТЬ
ٖডࡵୃоࢶࢉѦ‫߾ݤ‬۰ࢷ੼ࢶࢉֻ‫࢑ܹكࡶݡ‬Е
ָ‫ܕ‬ WRXULVWDWWUDFWLRQ
۰ࡌࢂֵ‫࢏ܒ‬ТЬ
ʠչ VWUHHW ָѰࢇΟʈΧࢂʝն߾Еˈ৓ʢ‫י‬Ѧք‫ݡ‬ТЬ
ˈ˼ DQFLHQWSDODFH ˁ‫ࢇ˼ـ‬Οॷщ˼ʋࡵ˅˹߾ɼ‫"ࡁ߭࢑ࢇࢶق‬
˝ࢠ VTXDUH ۰ࡌ‫ݤ‬ঐߔ߾Е‫׷ݤ‬ҚࢇֻࢇЕ˚࢝Ѧ࢑‫ݡ‬ТЬ
ࡪࢶ UHPDLQV ˁ࣯߾Е࠲յࢇΟঌ‫۽‬оʋࡵࡧࢳࢇք‫ݡ‬ТЬ
ࣸ‫ݪ‬ए KXE ׄˌࢂܹѦࡌԄ‫ੵ؂‬ծЕ˓ࢠࢇքࡵ˓߶ࣵ‫ݧ‬ऌ࢏ТЬ
ˈ৓ʢ‫י‬ VN\VFUDSHU ˝୘‫˅ࡵח‬৐ʟ‫ז‬Ѧքˈ‫ی‬ԆѦքˈࢽֆ‫࢝ـ‬ଥࡁ
؈ࢷଜЬ WRGHYHORS ˕ଝࢇш؅ࢴଙֱࡉչѦ߯ࣁɼЕб߾ʀܹ࢑ࡶʠߞ
۰ࡌࠇ‫ی‬؈‫߾˗י‬۰ए΢ ϗѰ߇۰ࡌࢂ‫୕س‬Ѷ
‫ض‬୘ѸЬ WREHFKDQJHG
ֻ‫࢑ܹكࡶݡ‬Е‫ی‬ऑ ࢠࢇࢷ‫ݤ‬ѼТЬ
ࡢ৔ଜЬ WREHORFDWHG ࡓ‫ݭ‬੠ࡵ‫˲׵‬Ѱु߾࡟৑ଙ˅࢑‫ݡ‬ТЬ
96 ཱྀ KOSAA All rights reserved.

Ȼ‫&
࢟୕ה‬XOWXUDO$VVHWVȻ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ˁ‫ࡵ˼ـ‬۰ࡌࢂо૲ࢶࢉ‫࢟୕ה‬Իքࡵ‫ی‬ԆҚࢇॸЕ
‫ח‬୘ࢢ FXOWXUDODVVHWV
о૲ࢶࢉˈ˼࢏ТЬ
࠲˗ࢇΟ੏˕ʋࢇࠝԎѹࡧ‫ݤࡵז‬ɾࢇएΤܹԼɼ৔ɼ
ࡪ‫י‬ UHOLF
ϩ߅ࣇࡁ
‫ࣗۿ‬Ի߾Е‫ݤ‬ɾࢇएΤܹԼшࡊш࣑ˁ؇Еѿٗࢂ
Ѱۘ VWDWXH ѭ‫ݡ࢑ࢇە‬ТЬଜΟЕ‫ࣗۿ‬о࠲ࢂѰۘࢇˈӖଜΟЕ
ࢇܻ‫ࢂ˳ࢠݦ‬Ѱۘ࢏ТЬ
‫ص‬୘ PXUDO ʢ‫ࢇי‬Ο‫ה‬ѐࢂ‫̐߾ص‬ջ̐սࡶ‫୕ز‬ԂˈଢТЬ
࠲˗ FURZQ ˁ࣯߾Еঌ‫۽‬о۱˵ߎ˕ʋࡵࡪࢶࢇքˈ୕ԫଛ࠯˔Ѧ

࢑߭ࡁ
୘ԮଜЬ WREHIDQF\
߭Ӂʨࡶ̛ϙଜ̛ࡢଥ‫ࡋۿ‬ϩࡵʢ঵‫ࢇੌࡶי‬Ԃˈ
੏ SDJRGD
ଢТЬ
˝୘‫࢑ࢇ́˼ࠛࡵח‬ы˒ࡳԻ̒ঈ߾ࢴ੹ɹࠛѦքࢇ
ࢷ੼ɼࠞ WUDGLWLRQDOKRXVH
࢑‫ݡ‬ТЬ
˼́ SDODFH ‫ࣗۿ‬ԻΖ߾ЕࠛΤ˹˾ࢇ߹ыˁ‫ݡ࢑ࢇ˼ـ‬ТЬ
‫࣑ؿ‬ѸЬ WREHSUHVHUYHG ‫ח‬୘ࢢࢂоٕٗࡵ‫࣎ؼ߾˗י؃‬ѵߪ࢑Ь
ٖডࡵˌּցЬࢷ੼ɼࠞࢇքࢇΤ߂ࢎВଞࠞ
Χ߅࢑Ь WRUHPDLQ
ցࡶ࢏ТЬ
˗չɼ࢚ѸЬ WREHZHOONHSW ࣗԻ߾࢑Е‫ݦؿ‬ɽࣗࡵ˔նɹࢗѵߪ࢑‫ݡ‬ТЬ
࣯ࢉ˓ࢇ̛‫ښ‬۰Ө߭ࠝЕցएւࢠִࢇ߅࣯
ࢉۘࢶࢇЬ WREHLPSUHVVLYH
ࢆ‫ࡁ߭߹ࢄࢳە‬
̐‫ی‬Ԇࡵܶܶଛࠧࡶ࢏߭Ѧ߭ҡ߾۰ҘϾ߾ӶЕ
ܹܹଜЬ WREHSODLQ
‫ی‬Ԇࢇ߹Ь
Ь‫ؿ‬੏ࡵˁ࣯ٙ˲‫࢑߾ی‬Е‫ۼ‬ԭѵ˅̎୉ࢇ࢚࢝த
‫ۿ‬԰ѸЬ WREHUHILQHG
੏ࢇЬ
֥एЬ WREHQLFH ߅‫؟‬एЕցкࡶ̒‫ی‬ଞΟ‫ࡳࠪ͠ה‬Ի֢ऌʬͰ‫܏׵‬Ь

Ȼࢄ‫
ࡎࢄࠧۉ‬0RYHDQG1HLJKERUȻ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
߅ળઝ߾۰‫ۑ‬Ьɼ࣯੔ࡳԻࢄ‫ࠝۉ‬Т̧ࢽࡕѦ࢑ˈ
ࢇ‫ی‬ moving (house)
࣯‫ض‬୚ˁѦ̳Δଥ۰ॳࣚ߅ࡁ
‫࢕؂‬ୣձ੼ଥֻࢉѨࡵ୐࢕হʯʷࡌࡶ‫ؿ‬ΰߞଜЕ
ࢇࡑ QHLJKERU
߭ԮࡋࢄࡎҚࡶࡢଥ‫ࡈی‬ଟࠖࢽ࢏ТЬ
ࢄࡎ‫ۉ‬ঞࢇԂЕֆࢇ࢑ࡶփਾࠖࢷ߾Еࢇࡑ˕
ࢇࡑ‫ی‬ড JRRGQHLJKERU
ɼ̮ʯएηЬ
ԻԂɼ֡չࢇ‫ی‬ɼ۰۷۷଩Вѓ̐ԎѦ࣯ֆ߾
‫ۺۺ‬ଜЬ WREHGLVDSSRLQWHG
ଞ̔ଝˬ߾۰փΟТ̧˟ॱ߅ࡁ
ΰࢊɼ࣐Қ˕ʋࢇঈࡸࡳԻଥ࠹ࠆଭࡶҿΟ۰ο‫ה‬
۶ԦЬ to be excited
۳ԣ࠾
ˋۚѰόԻࢇ‫ی‬ձɼЕіۚଝˬ߾۰Ѧए̖
ʡࢽࢇѸЬ WREHZRUULHG
৖˱ҚঈԠࣚࡵ৖˱ձփΤܹ࢑ࡶ̧ʞࢺࢄѳ࠾
‫ࠠࢇ؂‬ջࡶ‫࢕؂‬ୣ߾ΰϪࡳԮЬɼο‫ࢄࢺה‬ҕ
ࢽࢇҚЬ WREHFRPHIRQGRI
‫י‬ʢࢇ߭۰̐ξɼएˈ࢑̛Իବ߭ࡁ
έ۶Ь WREHXQIDPLOLDU ۚԻࢇ‫ی‬ଞЍࡂࢇࣔΪ۳߶ߪ࠾
WREHXVHGWR
࢈ܺଜЬ ࢇࣁۚԻࢷଝࠟଝˬ߾քࢇࢅܷଢࣉߪ࠾
VRPHWKLQJ
ҿΟЬ WROHDYH ࡪऑࢇЕࢊˑ‫ۑ‬Ҷଞ˲ࡶҼΜࢇ‫ࡁ߭࠱ࡶ׷‬
̛ࠢЬ WRPRYH ࢇۖक̘ࠟВʨࡶѦࠪҖռ̧ࡁ"
ࢶࡻଜЬ WRDGDSW ࢇ‫ی‬ձࠪ۰ۚԻࡋ୚ˁ߾ࢳࡸଙВʯॳ஦Қ߹߭ࡁ
߭ԵࡶҶଶߪऎ‫ࢇ҆ݷ‬Қࢇ‫ٴ‬Ի̐ձ੼ଥࡉࠉ஢
ହ߭एЬ to separate
Ь‫ݤ‬փΟʯѸ߹Ь

Ȼୗʾ‫ؼ‬ୋ
&LUFXPVWDQFH3URWHFWLRQȻ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ʢࢷए EDWWHU\ ୚ˁ‫୎ؿ‬ձࡢଥʟࢴऌЕ͗ҬԻ‫؟‬ԮߞଢТЬ
ࡋѰୣɼΖΟˈҏࢽչձଟҶ‫੹̮˕ػ‬ʋࡵ
̱੼ FDQ
ʨҚࡵٗչଥ۰‫؟‬Ե߭ࡁ
ଐԂ‫ݛ‬બ SODVWLF ଍ӿ‫ݘ‬઩ࡳԻɽࣗࡈ̛Ο৸ʋࡵۢ୛ࡈ૽ࡶփҘЬ
ࡪչ‫ػ‬ JODVV ࡧն‫ࡵظ‬ҚˈЬТЬɼ̳Ӯչए߉ѦԼ࣏‫ݪ‬ଜ‫ࡁۿ‬
‫ٵ‬Тࡵ ϗࢇएΟѦ‫ރ‬ए߉߅ࡁ̐ԜТ̧Ѻܹ
‫ٸ‬Х YLQ\O ࢑ࡳִ‫ٵ‬Тࡵ‫ࡈی‬ଜए߉Еʨࢇ୚ˁ‫୎ؿ‬ձଜЕ
؏‫ࡁ߾ࢇئ‬
ࣗࢇ SDSHU ‫ی‬ԆҚࡵࡁऋࣔࢄ‫ࡶחݦ‬ʠࢂ߇ࢋЕʨʋ߅ࡁ
ࢊୣࡈ૽ GLVSRVDEOHSURGXFW ୚ˁ‫୎ؿ‬ձࡢଥࢇୠࡅૺ‫ࡁۿࢇࣲࡶࡈی‬
૦ࢠए ZUDSSLQJSDSHU ଞ‫࢝ૣ޳ء‬ऌѦ‫؟‬չएֆˈࢢ୛ࡈଥߞଢТЬ
WRVHSDUDWHWKH ̆ॱшԂѦ୚ˁ‫୎ؿ‬ձࡢଥ‫ޱ‬Ԧ̛ձٔնܶʝଢߛ
ٗչܹʠଜЬ
JDUEDJH ଢТЬ
ࢢ୛ࡈଜЬ WRUHF\FOH ࣗࢇΟ৸ଐԂ‫ݛ‬બ‫ػי‬ҟࡵ࢟୘ࡅଜܹ࢑߭ࡁ
WRFOHDQXSWKH ࡋѰୣɼΖΟˈΟ۰ޮԣ̘ծ৑ࡆ˅ٗչܹʠѦ࢚
‫ޱ‬Ԧ̛ձ৔ࡉЬ
WUDVK ବ߭ࡁ
Ь‫ޱݤ‬Ь WRUHXVH ҏࢠࢇ̳Δଞࢇִएձֻ߅Щ‫ޮݡ‬ѣԹଙ࢒
࣏̖ٙ૜ଜˈ̆ॱшԂѦΟ‫ה‬ձɼएˈփҖЕ
߅ΗЬ WRVDYH
உएΟࣗࢇʋࡵ‫י‬ʢࡵ߂͌‫ߞނ‬ʵएࡁ
ࣲࢇЬ WRUHGXFH ࡸ‫ޱיݥ‬Ԧ̛ձ࣯ࢄѣԹϠԯଜЕʨࢇࣸࡁଢТЬ
‫ؿ‬Е‫ی‬Ԇࢇ߷шԂѦ߅‫ה‬іΟ‫ޱ‬Ԧ̛ձ‫؜‬նֱ߇
‫؟‬չЬ WRWKURZDZD\
Ѷࡁ

Ȼৣշਜ਼ࠧ‫ۺ‬ʵ
&KDUDFWHUȻ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
PLVFKLHYRXV
ʎ˱ࢪࢇ ‫۔‬ডࡵଝˬЬХҶࢠ΢ࡶ࢚৔Еʋˮࢧࢄࠑ߭
ER\JLUO
΢ࢪࢇ GZDUI ‫ی‬ԆҚࡵࢵձળԄۛΟࢧࢄӖЕʎ˱ࢪࢇԂˈٙԜࡁ
߆к YLOODLQ
‫ݕ‬૊֒ࡵΟ‫߃ۀ‬зࡶ‫י‬չ৔Е֥ऑࠏࡏࢇ߾ࡁ
ࠒࡒ KHUR
࣯ࢉ˓ PDLQFKDUDFWHU ‫؂ݪ‬Еΰɼࢿࢊࣚ߅ଜЕփ୘࣬ࢆːࢇߞ
‫ڬ‬ԻԻЕଞ˲߾۰փҚ߭ऑৣշਜ਼ࢉі‫˃ۿ‬
০պਫ਼ FKDUDFWHU
߭ջࢇҚ߾ʯࢉ̛ɼ߅࣯ք߅ࡁ
આэоЬ WRJUXPEOH ܺࢿɼքЬˈઃълऌֆˈࠊ‫ݪ‬஢ܺࢿଜ‫ࡁۿ‬
Г̘ଜЬ WREHFDUHIUHH ̐‫ی‬Ԇࡵ‫۽‬ʸࢇ̗ଜए߉ˈࣔА̕ଛ૜ࢇ߾ࡁ
ࡈ֘‫ݛ‬ԡЬ WREHEUDYH ߅࣯֥एˈࡅ֕‫ݘ‬ԙࡐ‫ࢇؿ‬Е‫࢕ی‬ձ̐Ե˱Ο
ΟЕԂࢇ߯ੈ০պਫ਼Қࣸ߾۰‫ؿ؂ݪ‬Ь୛̛॰ફ‫˕־‬
ए୊ՀЬ WREHZLVH
ऌେԸࡈ૽‫؂‬ձшࣚ߅ଥ
ࠔख߅̛Еࠖ‫ॣ̪ˈڿ‬ଢۭց৔ࢉ୉ࡶ‫࢑ˈؿ‬Е
̭०ଜЬ WREHFXWH
ҞଜЬ
ʷࡌ࠲˲ࢂ࣯ࢉ˓߇ΟЕ߅࣯؉ˈ̖ࢺࢳࢆ‫۽‬ʸࡶ
̙ࢽࢶࢇЬ WREHSRVLWLYH
ɼ࣌߭ࡁ
ࢠ΢ࢇ‫ݪ‬ଜЬ WREHPLVFKLHYRXV ࡪऑ߅ΰɼ࢝Οࢄο‫ݧה‬଩ऌࢽֆ‫߇׵‬ଥ
࠿‫ࢄݧ‬ցࡲ‫ی‬Ԇࡵʉˈ‫ࡵݮ‬ʨࡵЬɼएԮˈଜˈ
ࡂ‫ࢇݪ‬քЬ WREHJUHHG\
Χ߾ʯ࣯Еʨࡶ‫߭ݩ‬ଥࡁ
փ୘ɼԻ‫ۺ‬ːଙВʨࢇࢽֆ஦Қ̛Ҷ‫ࡉ߾ח‬չֻٕЧࡵ
‫˓۽‬ଜЬ WRVXFFHHG
ΰɼփ୘ɼɼѸˈ‫߭ݮ‬ଜЕʨ߾ʡࢽࢇքࡳ‫ݦ‬ҞଜЬ
‫ݨ‬િଜЬ WRIDLO ࡖઝҡइТЕঈࡸփҘփ୘ࠒ୘ɼ‫઼ݥ‬଩ࡵ߻ѣ

ٙ˱ଜˈࢸоૣ̘ଙऌ߉ߑЬ
૦̛ଜЬ WRJLYHXS

Ȼːࠆ
3HUIRUPDQFHȻ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
˓ࠉ SHUIRUPDQFH ए̖‫ݤ‬ΰ˓ࠉࢠ߾۰΢੉ːࠆࡶଜЕі֐ࢊ֐ऑࢇԎࡁ
ਏ۰ઝ FRQFHUW ؏ੋ‫ܕ‬ϗЯ਌ۭચ૲ɼ ٗփ߾֐ऑѸ߹߭ࡁ
࣯ୃࢇЕ‫ר‬ऌ৳ؑࡉɼѸ̛ࡢଥϠԎࠉ‫ݪࠊࡶݡ‬஢
‫׫‬ए৶ PXVLFDO
ଞЬˈҚ߹߭ࡁ
‫זۉ‬ϠࢄЕόɼए߆̛ࢉٖͨ˕չࢠ˱ࠪघࡳԻ
‫יی‬ϣࢇ 6DPXOQRUL
ࠉ࣯ଜЕ˓ࠉ࢏ТЬ
‫ח‬୘‫ݤ‬ɾ߾ؑࡋЯ˳‫ݦ‬୘ձɼएˈࡉչɼऐࢻࠉ̑
о‫ق‬ VFULSW л‫࢕ؿނࡶؿ‬ଞ˲ࢂ‫ݦ‬୘‫ڸ‬փ߅ТԂࠇ‫ی‬Ѧߊռܹ
࢑߭۰ࣚࡶʨʋ߅
ěցкࡶΟࠟߎ੍Ĝࡵߊࡶί̛փଜыߎ੍ě࢔‫ݰ‬Ĝࢇ‫ۘۿ‬
ࣲʠչ V\QRSVLV ؄ࡳԻΟɼঐ҆ࠝչěটԼĜ˕ଡ͉͵˕࢕ࡪձࡢଥ۰
ࡈʃଜʯѦࢷଞЬЕ࣯ʝնࠑЬ
ΰѰۢࡵߕ˲ɼɹ‫ۉ‬ձ ࢸ‫ڸ‬փ߅ТԂ ࢸ̧एЬߊˈ
ɼ‫ی‬ O\ULFV
࢑߭ࡁ
о‫ی‬ OLQHV ˓ࠉ̑΢੉Ел‫˱̛؏࣯ࢇ߷ۉ‬փɼएˈ˓ࠉࡶଥࡁ
˓ࠉࢇΖΟִؑࡉҚࢇֻѿ‫ב‬лԻΟࠪ˗ʏҚ߾ʯ
‫ה‬о VWDJH
ࢉ‫ی‬ձଢТЬ
̐؎ࡆЕ࢕‫࢏ֿ߾יࢉࡵ֎ࢇݦ‬ଜִૡ‫ࠪܕ‬Еࢷୁ
ؑࡉ DFWRUDFWUHVV
Ьհ‫ی‬ԆࢇѶࡁ
‫יی‬ϣࢇ˓ࠉࡵόɼए߆̛ɼ࣏୘ձࢇՔ߭߅࣯஦ࢇ
‫ݦ‬ΟЬ WREHH[FLWLQJ
φ৔ˈ‫ࢄݣ‬ΜВ‫ܕ‬չձփҘЬ
ଞ˲փ୘ࠒ୘ěցкࡶΟࠟߎ੍Ĝࡶ‫ي‬Еі߅࣯ʀѭࢳࢆ
ʃѰࢶࢇЬ WREHWRXFKLQJ
ࢇߞ̛ࠆ۰‫ؿ‬ЕѰ߇ࠆԜ‫ء‬Ͼ‫ࡶי‬கԵ߭
΢੉Ео‫ی‬ɼ߷ЕіѦऌՑଙ̘В৯ϙ‫ݦ‬Οˈ
एՔଜЬ WREHERULQJ
ࢢ‫ࡁ߭࢑׵‬
‫יی‬ϣࢇЕ˗ʏࢇ˓ࠉ߾ऐࢻॳࠆଜ̛Ҷ‫߾ח‬ш
ச‫׵‬ՀЬ WREHLQWHUHVWLQJ
஗‫ײ‬Ըࡐ࠾

ȻЊ‫
הݣࠧݘ‬1HZVDQG1HZVSDSHUȻ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
߭ࢿଞ˲،‫ؿࡶܛ‬Т̧۰ࡌࢂଞएଜঋࠇ߾۰ଟ֞Тձ˱ଞ
؏‫ܞ‬ EURDGFDVWLQJ
ࡈʃଞоଝۢࢂࢇߞ̛ɼЍ‫߾ݛ‬Ο࠱߭ࡁ
ࡁऋଞ˲‫ی‬ԆҚࡵॺࢇΟ‫࢝חݦ‬ए੫Ԧ‫ࢇࢷٸ‬ΟӿҞࠚ‫ڸ‬փ
Ԃҡࠝ UDGLR
߅ТԂࢉਫ਼ϒࡳԻѦքࡵࢽ‫ؿ‬ձ߱ЕЬ
ଞ˲ࡵ‫߾˃ۿ‬۰ࢆਜ਼Ϗ‫ܖ‬Ѧɼɼࢠ‫ڃ‬ծˈࢉ˱ࢂࢇۘࢇ
ࢉਫ਼ϒ LQWHUQHW
ࢉਫ਼ϒࡶ‫ࡈی‬ଜЕΟԂࢇЬ
‫חݦ‬ QHZVSDSHU ૡ‫ࢇהݣ߾ܕ‬Ο79 ձ߲ցΟ࢕࣯‫"ࡁو‬
࢝ए PDJD]LQH ΰɼ˱ѧଜЕ˕ଝ࢚ऌЕଞб߾ଞ‫ء‬؈ଭѹЬ
LQWHUQDWLRQDOQHZV ߭ࢿଞࢉਫ਼ϒ‫ֱࢼ˯ࢂחݦ‬Ѝ‫ݛ‬ձʦۛଥ‫ؿ‬Т̧ச‫׵‬Իࡋ
˲ࢿִ
VHFWLRQ ̛‫ی‬ɼ࢑ыі‫ي‬Т"
ࢽ৔ִ SROLWLFVVHFWLRQ ࢺ৑ֱ߾۰Ео੼Զ߾оଞЍ‫ݛ‬ձ‫ˈ࢑ܹك‬ʾࢼֱ߾۰Е

ୣ‫ی‬Οࡵଭ߾оଞЍ‫ݛ‬ձ‫࢑ܹك‬Ь
ˁࢿִ HFRQRP\VHFWLRQ
‫ی‬ୣִ VRFLDOFROXPQ ‫ی‬ԆҚ‫߾ࢇی‬۰̛ۢЕ‫ی‬ʢࢇΟ‫ˈی‬Е‫ۉ‬ୠֱ߾ΟࠟЬ
‫ח‬୘ִ FXOWXUHFROXPQ ̐ࠒ୘߾оଥߊˈ‫ࡶֱ୕הִࡳݮ‬ʦۛଥ‫و‬
‫ݛ‬૦ৌִ VSRUWVVHFWLRQ ࠠսକˁ̛߾оଞ̛‫ی‬Е‫ૣݘ‬৉ֱ߾۰୙ࢉଜ‫ࡁۿ‬
؏‫ܞ‬ଜЬ WREURDGFDVW ੫Ԧ‫߾ࢷٸ‬۰߅৚ٕਫ਼،Нʯ̧एࠠսକˁ̛ձ،‫ܛ‬଩ߪ࠾
‫ؿ‬ѦଜЬ WRUHSRUW ࠝЖ߅৚߾Ѝ‫߾ݛ‬۰߭ࢿ΢਼‫ۏ‬ٙ߾оଥ‫ؼ‬ѣ଩ߪ࠾
̛࢕ɼ̐߅ࢇձࢆਜ਼٨଩Вѓ߅‫ڃ‬ɼ‫ޱ‬Ԝࣇ۰‫ה‬উкଢ଼ବएփ
ࢉਫ਼٫ଜЬ WRLQWHUYLHZ ߅‫ڃ‬ձ‫ۑ‬ԮߞʵЬЕۢɽࡳԻଝˬ߾۰ؑࡋоԻବЬˈ
ֆଜшԂ
Ѱࠒۘࡶࢿ࢖ଜЬ WRPDNHYLGHR ̛‫ی‬ձ࢖‫۽‬ଞ୯߾ࢉਫ਼ϒЍ‫ࠠ߾ݛ‬ռѭࠏ‫࢓ࢼࡳە‬଩ߪ࠾
ࡪࠀࢇࠆԜΟԂࢂ߭ջࢇҚࡶоۘࡳԻ߲ցΟଭ‫ـ‬ଞएձ
࣏‫ی‬ଜЬ WRLQYHVWLJDWH
࣌‫ۉ‬଩ВѓଖԄҖ߅ࢇҚࢇɼࢠքࢇଭ‫ـ‬ଜЬˈзࡶବо
ীࢢଜЬ WRFROOHFWQHZV ˬ੼‫ˈی‬ɼ਺ʯΟ۰ঽ࢟ଙԫВ̛࢕ҚࢇքࢇֿԮ࠱߭ࡁ
̛‫ی‬ձ࢖‫۽‬ଜЬ WRZULWHDQDUWLFOH ࠆԜٗࢇ‫࢕̛חݦ‬ɼѹЬִ߭Ӂ̘‫ۉ‬ծ࢓‫ۺ‬ଙˈ‫"ࡁ߭ݮ‬
WRVHDUFK ࢉਫ਼٫ձଜ̛ࢷ߾֠ࢵ̐‫ی‬Ԇ߾оଞࢺ‫ؼ‬ծʣۘଙˈओ‫ࡶח‬
ࢽ‫ؿ‬ձʦۛଜЬ
LQIRUPDWLRQ փҚʠࠖࡁ

Ȼ߻‫
ݘ߻߽ݘ‬616Ȼ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
6RFLDO1HWZRUNLQJ ߻‫
ݘ߻߽ݘ‬505ЕࠆԜɼएࢠࢺࡶɼएˈ࢑एփѰ‫߾ݤ‬
߾‫ݛ߾ࠀݛ‬616
6HUYLFH ࡉչҚ߾ʯΟ‫ࠒۀ‬ଯࡶࣲܹѦ࢑‫ݡ‬ТЬ
ଞ˲ࢂएଜঋ߇߾۰Е‫ݛ‬ցઝ૨ࡳԻʯࢎࡶଜʠΟࠒ୘ձ
ֻ‫ࢵݦ֩ࢊ؂‬ PRELOHPHVVHQJHU
‫ؿ‬Е‫ی‬Ԇָ‫ࢲݣ֦ࢇ׿‬ձଜЕ‫ی‬Ԇࡶ࢕࣯‫࢑ܹك‬Ь
߾‫ݛ߾ࠀݛ‬616ձ੼ଥ۰ࢽ‫ؿ‬ձ‫ڃˈݒ‬ծʯːࡧଟܹ
˓ࡪ VKDULQJ
࢑Ь
৖˱ɼ‫ؿ‬βળࢊࡶЩࡈԸғଥ۰ΰ৷ଈਫ਼߾ࢵࢠଟܹ
ЬࡋԻҖ GRZQORDG
࢑߭ࡁ
߶ԻҖ XSORDG Ѱࠒۘળࢊࢇֻѿ߳ԸғѸִࠬՎձϼճТЬ
֩‫ۿ‬एձ‫ؿ‬γҶࢄָન਌ࡶ‫ࡈی‬ଥ۰шࢢ‫࢑׵‬Е̐սࡶ
ࢇֻફਏ HPRWLFRQ
‫ؿ‬γܹ࢑߭ࡁ
ࡪऑ߅ࢇ‫ی‬ऑࢇ͗ࠒ୘ؑࡉঈԠࠖ‫ڿ‬ʯΟ࠱ό
଎Իଗ‫ی‬ऑ SURILOHSKRWR
ࢇ‫ی‬ऑࡳԻଋԸଔ‫ۉ‬ऎࡶଥԂ
UHDOWLPHVHDUFK ए΢࣯߾؈૲ѹ%76‫ݡݥࢇˉݦ‬ɻʣۘߪ ࡢձ
‫ݤݨ‬ɾʦۛ߭
ZRUG ८एବ߭ࡁ
ΰ߾‫ݛ߾ࠀݛ‬616߾߭ࢿࢵϖ߾৖˱Қ˕०ࡵ‫ی‬ऑࡶ
ф̔ FRPPHQW
ࠠԵЕі৖˱Қࢇࢢ‫࢑׵‬Ес̑ࡶքࢇбߑ߭ࡁ
ࢵЕ৖˱ɼ߾‫ݛ߾ࠀݛ‬616߾֥࢑Е‫ی‬ऑࢇΟࢢ‫࢑׵‬Е
ʯ‫ݤ‬ଜЬ WRSRVW
̔ࡶʬ‫ݡ‬଩ࡳҶěࣚ߅ࡁĜձЀԜࡁ
˓ʎଜЬ WRUHYHDO ࢉਫ਼ϒ߾ʎࢉࢽ‫ؿ‬ձːʋଜҶЕ࣏‫ݪ‬ଥߞଥࡁ
࢕ࠉ‫୎ؿ‬ձࡢଥࢇ۹߾࢑ЕѪࡶɼएˈΟɼЕʨࡶ
̖एଜЬ WRSURKLELW
̓ऌଟПЩ
ࢵࢠଜЬ WRVDYH ࢷ‫ܞ‬؇ࡵળࢊࡶЬࡋԻҖଥ۰͗ࢲ࢝ଙ‫࠾ۼ‬
ࢉਫ਼ϒ߾̑ࡳࠝնֱࠠչЕѰ‫˃ۿࠟࢇ̔̐߾ݤ‬Ի૊ࣇ
̔ࡶࠠչЬ WRPDNHDSRVW
Οʀܹ࢑߭ࡁ
WRPDNHD
ф̔ࡶбЬ ߾‫ݛ߾ࠀݛ‬616߾с̑ࡳЮʝΜ̔ࡶࠠռܹ࢑Ь
FRPPHQW
ળࢊࡶࢷ‫ܞ‬ଜЬ WRWUDQVIHUDILOH ΰࢊࠝࢷ̧ए̐રࢇࡳࢴ‫ܛ‬ଢ࣯‫ࡁۿ‬

ȻЩઇ˒ࡆࢺ
4XDUUHODQG)ULHQGVKLSȻ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
Яझ EHVWIULHQG όЬचߊԧ‫ݛ‬Е߭ҡ߾ʇ߭"
ěࣰցˈࡉĜЕ߭ջ‫ٕࢸݤ‬ਫ਼оΟ‫ה‬ԻֆࡶփҚ߭੉ˈଡ͉ϣы
ऑࢽଞ৖˱ WUXHIULHQG
৖ଞ৖˱ԂЕӵ࢏ТЬऎࢺଛ৓ˮԂˈѦଟܹ࢑࣫
ЬઆЬ WRTXDUUHO ࢵЕ࢖ϗ߾Яझࢇ߹ыߊԧ‫ࠪݛ‬Щઅࢶࢇ࢑߭ࡁ
࣏‫ݍ‬Е৖˱Қࢇࢠ΢ࡶঙѦ୘ձ࢚ΰए߉ˈ৖˱ɼ
ҬएЬ WRQLWSLFN
‫ܹݨ‬ଜʠΟ࢚‫ࡶ׃‬ଥѦҩऌऌ߉ЕЬ
࢚‫׃‬ଞࢊࢇ࢑ࡳִ‫ֵس‬ଙऌֆˈ̐ξ‫ܙ‬ऐଜʯ‫˕ی‬ଜЕʯ
‫ָض‬ଜЬ WRPDNHH[FXVH
ࣚ߅
‫ڎ‬ϪЬ WROHDYHRXW ԻԂɼΟփ‫ڋ‬ϧ˅৖˱ҚࢇԊܹ˳оЕʨࡶ‫ࡁ߭ي‬
ஏࡶ‫ؿ‬Ь WREDFNELWH ҂ࢇ̐ԥʯ۰Ի஌ࡳ‫ؼ‬хПʼ˲৖˱ΗչЬઆʯۢˀ߭ࡁ
ԻԂɼࢵֿԎ৖˱Қ˕ܶ˰нʨࡵࢿۢࢊΤ̭झળફձࠊ߭
ܹ˳оЬ WRWDONLQZKLVSHUV
࣯Ԯˈବ̛Ҷ‫ݡ߹ࢇח‬ТЬ
࢚‫׃‬ଜЬ WRGRZURQJ ֆଞ‫׀ࢗء‬ଙВ‫؂‬Ԇ߾৖˱ձࢍʯۢˀ߭
୘ଥଜЬ WRUHFRQFLOH ৖˱ࠪЬઈ୯߾߭ӊʯ୕ଢ଩ߪ࠾"
୯ୣଜЬ WRUHJUHW ߭ࢿ৖˱Ԋ‫ˈࡉݯ‬Ο۰ěΰɼ࣏̖փॳࡶʤĜଜˈ୬ୠ଩ߪ࠾
WRUHVROYHD
ࠝଥձૻЬ ΟЕԻԂଞ੨‫˕ی‬ձବˈ۰Իࠚଢѣ૸ʬѸ߹‫ݡ‬ТЬ
PLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJ
ࡉࢽࢇ̳एЬ WREUHDNIULHQGVKLS ο‫ה‬ʡࢽଜएցοஜ҂ࢇ̐ԞࢊԻࡆࢺࢄ̰ऐն߷߭
ցࡸࢇυЬ WREHJHQHURXV
ऑ୎Еࡪ৔ࡕҶٕਫ਼‫࣯ࠝ߅̈ی‬Ԏѹ৖˱Ի‫˅̣ࢄܓ‬վࡵࢄ
ςߪۭΟԊ਺ʯ‫ࡶ࡙ݯ‬ҶѦତۘ֠ࢵ‫˕ی‬ձବ߭
‫̦ࢇܖ‬Ь WREHFRQVLGHUDWH
WREHQDUURZ
‫ࣕࢇܖ‬Ь ࢿɼ‫ۭ߂࣒ࢄܓ‬৖˱ࢂଭѰࡶࠝଥଞʨʋ߅ࡁ
PLQGHG
ॳࡶ‫߷ࢇ۽‬Ь WRODFNSDWLHQFH ΰɼ॰ࡳ‫߂࢕ߴࣔࢄۺ‬όɼࢇଥଥࣹ
‫ض‬щ‫ݛ‬ԡЬ WREHXQSUHGLFWDEOH ΰɼ࢕Ͱցࡸࡶ‫Ͳ؂‬Ьˈߊԧ‫ݛ‬ɼΟ‫سˈؿ‬ц‫ݘ‬Ԟл

Ȼْੇ˒ʝࢵ
)DYRUDQG5HIXVDO Ȼ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ѧ۰ଜЕ‫یࢺࢺࢇ˗ݡ‬Ԃएˈ࢑Еɼࢠ਼ࢄࡧЕ
ࢇࡪ UHDVRQ ॺ‫ؿ‬ЬЕ৷ଈਫ਼ࢉਫ਼ϒஉоࢷ୘ʋࡵʨࡳԻ‫ݤ‬ɾࡶ
‫ؿ‬ΰЕଝۢҚࢇЖ߭Οˈ࢑̛Ҷ‫ࢇח‬Ь
ߟ‫ݤܖ‬ɾ߾࢕࣯НЕ৖˱ଞ੨۰ࢷ୘ɼ࠱Еі‫˕ی‬Е
‫ָض‬ H[FXVH
߇ଜˈ࢕Ͱ‫ࡶֵس‬ଥࡁ
ٕ੊ࡶ؇Ь WREHDVNHG ʠࢸଜ̛஦Ҙْੇࡳ؄ࡲࢶࢇ࢑߭ࡁ"
ࡪऑࢇߵցɼࢿ‫ݤ‬৞ߵցଞ੨‫ی‬ऑࡶ०߭бԂˈ
ٕ੊ࡶҚ࣯߭Ь WRGRDIDYRU ٕ੊ଜ܏߭ࡁ̐Ԏ۰ࢿ‫ݤ‬৞ߵցЕࡪऑࢇߵցࢂْੇࡳ
җߪ࣬‫࠾ߪ܌‬
৖˱Қࢇࠒ୘‫ؿ‬Ԝɼ࢕ˈଜЕіʋࢇɼԮִ֠ࢵ
ରԃࡶ؇Ь WRJHWSHUPLWWHG
ߵցଞ੨ଭԀࡳ؄߂ߛଥࡁ
ী‫ܕ‬ଜЬ WRFDQFHO ࡪऑࢇࠪփΟ̛ԻବЕіʄ࢕̛ࢊࢇۢʷ۰ঽ‫ܒ‬଩ߪ࠾
ੵࡁࢊ߾঵˱ય˕ଞ̔ଝˬɼ‫ݤ‬ɾࢇʾঙࡁ̐Ԏ۰
۴੔ଜЬ WRFKRRVH ঵˱ય߾Қ߭ʀएଞ̔ଝˬ߾ЬХए҂ࣸ߾ଜΟձ
۱ੑଢߛଥࡁ
ॺࡶѦ۰˗߾؆ΨଥߞଜЕіʀ‫ݤ‬ɾࢇ߷߭۰৖˱ଞ੨
ʠࢸଜЬ WRUHIXVH
ٕ੊ବएփ৖˱ɼΰٕ੊ࡶʝࢵ଩ߪ࠾
ٕ੊ࡶʠࢸଟҶЕٕҖԜࡋ૲ୃࡶ‫ނ‬۰ʝࢵࡳзଙВ
ʠࢸࡶкଜЬ WREHUHIXVHG
‫ی‬Ԇࢂցࡸࢇۘଜए߉ѦԼ࣏‫ݪ‬ଥߞଞЬ
‫ۘܖ‬ଜЬ WREHXSVHW ΟЕ߇ࣚࡵࢊࢇ࢑߭۰‫ەܓ‬ଜҶЕփ୘ձ̐ջЬ
۰ࠒࢇЕ࢕̛؄߾ֿԂࡁЬհ‫ی‬Ԇۢɽࡶࢷୁ߇ଜЕ
ࢇ̛ࢶࢇЬ WREHVHOILVK
ࢄ̘ࢳࢆ‫ی‬Ԇࢇ߾ࡁ
ѪԮ۰ֆଜЬ WRWDONDURXQG ‫ܙ‬ऐଜʯֆଜԮЬɼ৖˱ɼۘঈձ؇ࡶ̧‫و‬ѧԫۭփ଩Щ
ۘঈձ؇Ь WREHKXUW ‫ࡉݣ‬Е৖˱Қࢇੁɼ࢖ЬˈϣչЕֆ߾‫ە‬অծ؄ߎߪ࠾
৖˱ɼʯࢎ̛ձ‫ٻ‬ԮбԂˈٕ੊ବЕі‫߇׵‬ଜ̝ବएփ
ऐࢻࢶࡳԻֆଜЬ WREHEOXQW
‫ٻ‬Ԯ̛࣯‫ݩ‬ЬˈऍࢸࢳࡰԸփ଩ߪ࠾

Ȼୋ৚࣎сփ
$SSHOODWLRQDQG+RQRULILFȻ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
؆ֆ FDVXDOVSHHFK ߭հҚ͉‫؃‬փࡶଜЕʨࡵࠖࢂ߾̘߭ΟЕࢊࢇ߾ࡁ
߅‫؟‬एࠪ߭֞Тɼ߭հҚ͉Е؆ֆࢇ߅ТԂ࣎сփࡶ‫ߞނ‬ଞЬˈ
࣑фֆ KRQRULILF
ɼծঙ࣯܏߭ࡁ
߭஁ YRFDEXODU\ ߪ୾ձࠉʼଥ۰‫ࡶࢠח‬փҚԮִ‫ߞ߅ߊ࢚ࡶئח‬ଥࡁ
‫ئח‬ JUDPPDU ଞ˲߭Я߭Ο‫ֿ࢚ࡶأה‬Ԃ۰ֆଟҶ‫ܹݨ‬ձքࢇଥࡁ
୎ঢ় DSSHOODWLRQ ଞ˲‫ی‬ԆҚࢇ‫ࡈی‬ଜЕୋ৚߾Е߭Ӂࢂ‫׵‬ɼ࢑߭ࡁ"
ʽ‫ܘ‬ଜЬ WREHKXPEOH ‫ش‬Е࢈ࡶܹԼˈʎձܺࢇˈ‫ی‬Ԇࡵ‫ܺ۽‬ଟܹԼʺ‫ܕ‬ଢऎЩ
ֆࡶࠝ‫׿‬իʬଜԮִ‫ئח‬Ѧ࢚ߊ߅ߞଜएփ̐ΟԂࢂ‫ח‬୘Ѧ
ࠠ‫؂‬ծЬ WREHULJKW
ߊ߅ߞଞЬ
࣑фֆࡶ‫ࡈی‬ଟҶЕ‫ی‬Ԇࡶϩࠆߞए‫י‬ʢࢇΟѨࡶϦࢄВʨࡵ
ϩࢇЬ WRUDLVH
࢚‫׃‬ѹ‫ࢇୃ૲ئח‬Ь
ě৲ଔΟࠝ܏‫ݡ‬ТЬĜěࠆ̛ʠ‫ݛ‬ղѨࢇ‫ࡁۿ‬Ĝࠪʋࢇ࣑фֆࡶ࢚‫׃‬
࣑ࣸଜЬ WRUHVSHFW ‫ࡈی‬ଜЕˁࡉɼ࢑Ь߅ցѦ‫ܘ‬Чࡶ࣎ࣵଛЩЕࢂ‫׵‬Իࢇԥʯ
ֆବʵएփࢇԞֆࡵ‫֍߾ئח‬ए߉Е૲ୃࢇЬ
߭հҚ͉‫י‬ʢࡶҖռҶѿ‫ࡳܘ‬ԻҖչЕʨࢇࠓࡿɹ‫׿‬խ
ࠖࢂɼ‫؂‬ծЬ WREHSROLWH
ଭѰࢇ߾ࡁ
߭հҚ߾ʯ࣑фֆࡶ߇‫یִޱ‬ԆҚࡵΟձ‫ב‬ԴଙЩˈۢɽଟ
‫ה‬ԷଜЬ WREHUXGH
ʨࢇ̛Ҷ‫߭߾ח‬հҚ˕ࢇߞ̛ଟҶЕш࣏‫ݪ‬ଞЬ
Ѱۢ߾ʯֆଟҶęଟ߅‫؟‬एɼɾЬĚԂˈֆଜִଟ߅‫؟‬एձΩ঱В
ά঴Ь WRORZHU
ʨࢇ̛Ҷ‫߾ח‬ęଟ߅‫؟‬ए͉۰ɼ‫ݦ‬ЬĚԂˈֆଥߞଢТЬ
۰આծЬ WREHFOXPV\ ଞ˲߭߭஁Ο‫ۭ߾ئח‬આԙۭֆଟҶ‫ܹݨ‬ձքࢇଥࡁ
WRJRDJDLQVW ࡁऋ‫ی‬ԆҚࡵփΟ۰ࢇߞ̛ձଜЬɼѦણփΟִஉоࢷ୘ձ
ࠖࢂ߾̘߭ΟЬ
HWLTXHWWH ҚࠆЬ‫ࢉޤࢊ̛ؿ‬і̐Ԟʢࠓࡿ߻ߪ̕ΜВଭѰࢉʨʋ߅ࡁ
ଞ˲߭Еˁ߭‫߭ࢇئ‬Գ̛Ҷ‫߾ח‬ɼΒଞ˲‫ی‬ԆҚѦ࣑фֆࡶ
࢚‫ࡈی׃‬ଜЬ WRPLVXVH
ࢗ‫ࡅۉ׀‬ଙВˁࡉɼ࢑߭ࡁ

Ȼଛ̑(Hangeul) Ȼ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
࢒ࡵࡶփҚҶ؈‫قࡶߦֻࢂ˗̛۽‬ҿ۰֠ࢵěɉɌə
࢕ࡸ FRQVRQDQW
ɝɟĜЬ‫࢕̔ۻ‬ձփҚ߹Ь
ָࡵࡶঈࡸփҚ߹ࡶҶࢂ̛‫࢕̔ق‬ЕěŘɹɻĜ‫ۿ‬
ֻࡸ YRZHO
ɼएࠑЬ
૞ࡵࡵࠖ‫ܕی‬չԂˈଜֲěɉĜěɏĜěɚĜěɝĜěɠĜɼ
ૡࡸ OD[SODLQ
ૡࡸࢇЬ
ʵࡵࡵܾࢇʠ‫ۿ‬ʯΟࠝЕ࢕ࡸࡳԻěɣĜěɤĜěɥĜěɢĜɼ
ʸࡸ DVSLUDWH
ʸࡸࢇЬ
ˁࡸ WHQVH ʾࡵࡵѹ‫ܕ‬չԂˈଜֲěɊĜěɐĜěɛĜěɞĜěɡĜɼˁࡸࢇЬ
؄ৗࡵଞ̔ࡶࢶࡶҶֻࡸ̔࢕߅Ԏ߾؇ঙ‫ޱ‬Е࢕ࡸࡳԻ
؇৚ ILQDOFRQVRQDQW
͖տ‫ܕ‬չԂˈѦଞЬ
‫ی‬ԆҚࢇ࢕̛ۢɽࡶ૲ୃଜ̛ࡢଥփҘ‫ܕ‬չΟ‫࢕ח‬ձ
߯߭ ODQJXDJH
߬ߪԂˈଢТЬ
‫࢕ח‬ OHWWHU ‫࢒ה‬ЕֆࡶϾࡳԻࢋࡶܹ࢑ʯΟ੉βʨࢇЬ
ˈࡪ߭ QDWLYHZRUG ߭Ӂ߯߭߾ࡕԎ࢑߹ыֆࡶ˅ࡧߪԂˈଞЬ
੫Ԧ‫ࢷٸ‬Ԃҡࠝҟ˕ʋࢇ࠹˲߭ɼҚ߭ࠪ۰ଞ˲߭߾
࠹Ԏ߭ ORDQZRUG
Ѱ୘Ѹ߭ଞ˲߭Ի‫ࡈی‬ѸЕֆࢇ࠶ԋߪࠖࡁ
ଞ࢕߭ 6LQR.RUHDQZRUG ଛ࢒ߪЕଞ࢕߾̛টଜࠆփҚ߭ऑֆ࢏ТЬ
ଞ̔ࡵࠆԜɼए‫ܕ‬չձ࢚ࢶࡶܹ࢑ˈؑࡉ̛‫ࡓݍ‬۰
˕ଝࢶࢇЬ WREHVFLHQWLILF
քࡵଝ࢕Қࢇ˒ଚࢳࢄ˅ࡉܹଞ‫࢕ח‬ԂˈֆଞЬ
‫ࣗۿ‬о࠲ࡵ߭Գˈɼ΢ଞ‫ی‬ԆҚࢇ࢚‫࢑ܹۑ‬ѦԼΟԂࢂ
ࡉܹଜЬ WREHVXSHUE ‫ˈ߹Ͱ؂ࡶئ‬ΟԂձࡢଥࢊଟܹ࢑Еࡆܶଛଝ࢕Қࡶ
̟ԜΰЕ˒ѦփҚ߹Ь
૲̛ଜЬ WRZULWH ଞ˲‫ی‬ԆҚࡵଞ̔Ի࠹Ԏ߭ձ૯̘ଙ̘ѣଥࡁ
‫ܕ‬չɼΟЬ WRVRXQG ଞ̔ࡵ‫ܒ‬նɹΜВоԻ૲̛ଜЕ૲ࡸ‫ࡁࠖ࢕ח‬

Ȼ‫ە୕ה‬क
&XOWXUDO6\PEROȻ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ଞ˲ࢂটҟଝۢҚࡵଞ˲ࢂ࡟ࢆҚࣸ߾۰ϼ˱ձɼࢠ
ࡢࢉ JUHDWPDQ
࣑ˁଟ̧"
଎Ԋ‫ەࢂݛ‬क‫߾ࡵז‬૖੏ࢇ߅Х̧ࡁ"քࡵ‫ی‬ԆҚࢇ଎Ԋ‫ݛ‬
ۘघ‫י‬ V\PERO
ଜִ߾૖੏ࡶۢɽଟʠʋࡵіࡁ
‫ח‬୘ۘघ FXOWXUDOV\PERO ଞ˲ଝˬܺࢿԻଞ˲ࢂ‫ە୕ה‬क߾оଥ࣏‫ی‬ձ

ବ‫ݡ‬ТЬ৖˱ָ߾ʯଞ˲ଜִҼࠚիВʨࡶߩ̛ଥ
ҿࠝծЬ WRFRPHWRPLQG ‫ؿ‬ԂˈବЕіࢿࢊքࡵࡻзࢇ̡৔ࠪ੓̀Ѧࠑ‫ݡ‬ТЬ
ۘघଜЬ WRV\PEROL]H ‫ٸ‬҂̛Еૡ୘ձ‫ە‬कଙВۚ࢏ТЬ
࣑ˁଜЬ WRUHVSHFW ࢵЕૡۢ߭Ԯࡋ‫ی‬ԆҚࡶࡢଥࢊଜ‫֞߭ݦ‬Тձ࣎ʾଢ࠾
WREH ۰ࡌࡵଞ˲ࢂܹѦࢇִ۰ଞ˲߾۰ɼࢠл૯ࢳࢆѦ‫ݤ‬Ԃ
о૲ࢶࢇЬ
UHSUHVHQWDWLYH ֻծЕ‫ی‬Ԇࢇ߷ࡶࢽѦए
‫ࢇࢶ˃ۿ‬Ь WREHJOREDO
ࡉչୣ‫ی‬Е‫ۼ‬ˀࢳࢆ̛߶ࡳԻ‫ࢠ۽‬ଜࠆଞ˲‫ڸ‬փ߅ТԂ
࠹˲߾̧एπն߇ԫࣉЩ
σչߊչЬ WRVSUHDGZLGHO\
WRKDYHDELJ ě‫߾ط‬۰ࠟ̐оĜԂЕҖԂցщٗ߾࠹˲ࢉҚࢇଞ˲߾քࢇ
ࠒଯࢇ਺Ь
LPSDFW ࠟоࡁ࠹˲ࢉҚଞ੨ҖԂցࢂࠏବࢄਹʨʋ߅ࡁ
WRKDYHUHVSHFWIRU ଞ˲‫ی‬ԆҚࡵଞ̔ࡶփҖ‫ࣗۿݦ‬о࠲߾ʯ࣎ʾ‫ࡳݧ‬ʆ˅
࣑ˁ‫ࡶݪ‬ʉЬ
VRPHERG\ ࢑Ь
WREHSURXGRI
࢕Ԋ‫ݛ‬ԜࡓଜЬ VRPHERG\ փչࢠ‫ی˲ࣸࡵ۽‬ԆҚࢇɼࢠ࢒ԇ‫ݘ‬ԙࡐଙВࡪࢶएࢇЬ
VRPHWKLQJ

Ȼѭ‫ەז‬क
$QLPDO6\PEROVȻ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
̤৑ЕٕएԞଜЬЕࢂ‫׵‬ձɼएˈ࢑߭۰۶Τࢂ
̧৔ PDJSLH
ࢇ‫׵‬ए࢚ࠪ֍ЕЬ
ଞ˲߾۰Е̤վ̃Еࣚए߉ࡵ‫ࢷࡶݥܕ‬ଥ࣯ЕۚԂˈ
̧ց̆ FURZ
ۢɽଞЬ
̧ց̆ঈԠΟԂΟ‫࣍״‬ցЬࢇ‫׵‬एձЬծʯۢɽଜЕ
‫࣐׷‬ HWKQLFLW\
Ѱ‫߾י‬ЕӖ‫ע‬ɼ࢑ࡶ̧"
ࢽ۰ HPRWLRQ ߅չԊࡶҚࡳִଞ˲ࢉࢂࢺۭձГΚܹ࢑Ь
Ѫ߅ɼ‫ݦ‬ଟ߅‫؟‬एଟ֞Тʋࡵࡑ߭հҚࡶ࣌‫ࢇە‬Ԃˈ
࣏ۘ DQFHVWRU
ଢТЬ
‫ࡪٸ‬ଜЬ WRFRPSDUH ‫ݪࡂ੼ؿ‬քࡵ‫ی‬ԆࡶѶए߾‫ࡧٵ‬ଛЩ
ۘۘଜЬ WRLPDJLQH ΟЕ ϗ୯߾۴ۢЧࢇѹΟࢂֻ‫ەەࡶݡ‬ଢ‫ي‬Ь
ࢇߞ̛ձ੼ଥ࢕‫߭ࢇݦ‬Ӂ‫ی‬Ԇࢉएձ࢚૯ୀଙВʨѦ
૲ୃଜЬ WRH[SUHVV
МԯࢇЬ
୎ԊࢇЕ‫ה‬۰ࡋѰ‫̛ࢇי‬Ѧଜएփ̆ࠎˈ৖̒ଞ
ଥ۱ѸЬ WREHLQWHUSUHWHG ࢇ‫׵‬एѦ࢑߭۰ए̧̖एଞ˲‫ی‬ԆҚ߾ʯքࡵ‫ی‬Ԋࡶ
؇ˈ࢑Ьˈଢ‫ۮ‬ѶЩ
ࠇ‫ࢇࢶی‬Ь WREHKLVWRULFDO ࠄ‫יࢉࢆࢳۉ‬Қࣸ߾۰ࠆԜٗࡵϼ˱ձࢿࢊ࣑ˁଥࡁ"
ࢇ୘ɼࢂ̐սࡶ‫ִؿ‬Ѱ‫࢑߅ۑࢇי‬Еʨʋࡵ۟ѭʀࢄ
ۢѰʃࢇГ͏एЬ WREHOLIHOLNH
А͌ओПЩ
ࡉչߵցЕ੓̛̑ձ‫ִؿ‬Ͼ‫ࢇי‬΢Ьˈଜ܏߭ࡁΟѦ
ߕ˲‫̛ۢࢇݪ‬Ь WREHFRPHSDWULRWLF
ࡉչΟԂ˲̛ձ‫۟ࢄݧ˯ߒִؿ‬ʴ࠾
ૡ୘ձۘघଜЬ WRV\PEROL]HSHDFH ‫ٸ‬҂̛Е૞୕ծ‫ە‬कଙВۚ࢏ТЬ
ଭࡋࡶࢂ‫׵‬ଜЬ to signify good luck ࡉչΟԂ߾۰Е݀࢕ ࢇପࡈࡳࡿ‫ײ‬ଛЩ


Ȼ‫
ݡ‬3RHPȻ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
࢕‫ۢࢂݦ‬ɽࡶडࡵ̔ԻͰ‫ୃ૲ࢇ߷׻‬ଜЬ‫ִؿ‬ϼ˱Ҙए
‫ࢉݤ‬ SRHW
୲խଞ‫ࢇࢆݡ‬Ѻܹ࢑Ь
ʃࢽ HPRWLRQ ʀࢺࡶ‫ݤࢂࡢ߭ݨ‬ձΫ‫ܞ‬ଥ‫ࡁۿؿ‬
߭ջࢇΤࡶ֍߅߭ջࢇҚ߾ʯܻܹଞѭ‫ˈࡉ̳ࢊࡶݧ‬
Ѱ‫ݪ‬ FKLOGOLNHLQQRFHQFH ࢢМࡶ؈஁ଟܹ࢑Е̛ୣձࢿ˓ଜˈ࢕߭ջࢇѰࡁ
ٕծ̛оୣձʎফଢТЬ
ࢇ‫ࢿ࣯ࢂ࢝ࢇ؏ء‬ЕěΟࢂѦࢷĜěΟࢂ͵Ĝ࢏ТЬॳɼଞ
ؒࢊࢠ ZULWLQJFRQWHVW
߭ջࢇҚࡵࢇ࣯ࢿԻѰ‫ݤ‬Οܹଗࡶ‫ִޱ‬ѼТЬ
ࢇ‫߾ࢠࢊؒء‬۰ ҟۘࡶ؇ࡵܶ‫ࡵּࢿࢂ࢓ە‬ěΰɼ
ܹۘ࢖ DZDUGZLQQLQJZRUN
‫ی‬ԊଜЕଟ֞ТĜ࢏ТЬ
‫ݤ‬ख ERRNRISRHWU\ ‫ݤ‬ձࠆԜ૜ֻ߅փҘॺࡶ‫ݡ‬ओࢇԂˈଞЬए"
୉‫ݥ‬ IRUPDW ‫ݤ‬ΟѰ‫ݤ‬ձ޴ҶЕ୆‫֍߾ݢ‬ʯ‫ߞނ‬ଢТЬ
ؒࢊࢠ߾۰ࢵЕě̐չࡋࡉչଟ֞ТĜԂЕࢼֹࡳԻ
ࢿּ WLWOH
ଟ֞Тɼࡉչɼ࣐ࡶ߲ցΟ‫ی‬Ԋଜ‫ݤ‬Еए߾оଥ‫ࡁ߭މ‬
ଭ OLQH
‫ࢂݤ‬ଞࣲଞࣲࡶପࢇԂˈଢТЬ̐չˈଭࢇࠆԜࣲ
ֻࢉʨࡶࠆࢇԂˈଜЕіࠉࢇֻࠆଞ૜ࢂ‫ݤ‬ɼѼТЬ
ࠉ VWDQ]D
WRVHDUFKIRU ̔ࡶ޴ҶЕ࣯ࢿ߾֍Е̑ʀࡳॵ߂ۭ૲ୃଜˈ‫ࡵݮ‬
̔ʃࡶॸЬ
DZULWLQJWRSLF ΰࡈࡶ࢕ࡪՀʯ‫ִޱ‬Ѷࡁ
ࡪऑࢇѦଞ˲ֆࡶ࢚ଜЕ૜ࢇТ̧Ѱ‫ݤ‬ձնҙ߻֊হ࢚
չҜ߾֍঴Ь WRZULWHWRDUK\WKP
޴ܹ࢑ࡶʠࠖࡁ
ΟЕ‫ݡ‬ծऔВ֥ऑ‫ࢇࢉݤ‬Ѻʠࠖࡁ࡬Ѱ࣯‫ݤࢂࢉݤ‬ձ
‫ݤ‬ձगЬ WRFRPSRVHDSRHP
ঈࡸࢋ߹ࡶҶΟѦ͗‫ࢇࢉݤ‬ѸʵЬˈۢɽବ߭ࡁ
Ϋ‫ܞ‬ଜЬ WRUHFLWHDSRHP ߭ࢿܹ߶‫ݤ‬ɾ߾‫ݤ‬ձ‫ނ‬۰৖˱Қߔ߾۰Ψ‫ܛ‬଩ߪ࠾


Ȼ‫ה‬ଚ
/LWHUDWXUHȻ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ˬୱ OHVVRQ ‫߅ۑ‬ɼЕіѦࡏࢇѸЕɼծ৚ࡶ˩୮ࢇԂˈଞЬ
*RRGWULXPSKVRYHU ěਔࣼાࣼĜࢂˬୱࡵ९ଞ‫ی‬Ԇࡵ‫ࡶـ‬؇ˈΟ‫یۀ‬Ԇࡵ
̀۴घ߆
HYLO ‫ࡶأ‬؇ЕЬЕ˽۱क߃࢏ТЬ
ě‫ݪ‬ঐࢷĜࢂ࣯ࢉ˓‫ݪ‬ঐࢇЕցࡸࡶЬଥ߅‫؟‬एձࢽ‫͆۽‬
୪‫۽‬ ILOLDOGXW\
ֻ‫ݤ‬Е୧‫ࡁࠖࢇ߅ࡵ̦ࢇۺ‬
ěசٕࠪϣٕĜࢇߞ̛߾ΟࠝЕѰۢࡶˮ‫؀‬ଙВ‫׃‬ѹ
˱‫؃‬ଜЬ WRDEXVH
ϣٕ߾ʯѰۢࡶ̐փ˱‫؃‬ଜԂˈ૜एձ‫"ࡁ̧كނ‬
Ѱ୘ě‫ݦ‬іԩԂĜࠪěਔࣼાࣼĜ߾Е९ଞ࣯ࢉ˓ࡶˡԽடВ
ˤՀ஢Ь WRKDUDVV
ۚ߭֞Тࠪ‫׃‬ѹ߯ТࠪѰۢࢇҟࢠଢТЬ
୎ԊࢇЕ‫୎ࡶܖۏ‬Զଜ̛Ѧଜएփ‫ی‬Ԇ߾ʯࡲେծ
ࡵ୊ձʌЬ WRUHWXUQRQHĜVIDYRU ʉʝΜ˔ʃࡶ‫ה‬۰ࡓଜЕҟ߭չ۱ˈࢢ‫࢑׵‬Еֻ‫ࡳݡ‬Ի
̐Ԯࣇ࢑Ь
WRUHJUHWRQHĜV ϣٕЕ࢕‫ࡳ׀ࢗࢂݦ‬Ѕࡆ৑˅ѰۢசٕࠪࠝԎࠝԎ
࢚‫ࡶ׃‬Јࡉ৔Ь
PLVWDNH ଭ‫ـ‬ଜʯ‫ݡߑۑ‬ТЬ
WREHGHYRWHGWRHDFK ࡪऑࢇࠪࡪ࣯Е߯ࢿ‫و‬Ѧ‫ࢇی‬ɼࣚࡵࢽֆࡆߒɹ̣ࡲ
ࡉߕɼ̦Ь
RWKHU ୉ࢿࠖࡁ
ࢿ‫ݤ‬৞ଞ੨ଞ˲߭ܺࢿɼ߭ԳЬˈଜТ̧Ѧࣱࠪх߭
ցࡸ޽ɼࣚЬ WREHJRRGKHDUWHG
ࢿ‫ݤ‬৞Е߲˵Ѧࠖ‫ۀ‬іվࡵ޺ѣࣗ߂
‫۽‬ʸࢇ‫׃‬ѸЬ WREHEDGWHPSHUHG ાࣼࠪ‫ݦ‬іԩԂࢂۚ߯ТҚࡵ‫ۺ‬ʵࢄ‫׀‬Ѵߪ࠾
ϣٕЕ‫ࡳؠ‬؄߂ֻҘʨࡶࢍˈɼ΢ଥए࢕சٕ߾ʯ
‫ࡶأ‬؇Ь WREHSXQLVKHG
ѦࡏࡶঐଜԜʇ‫ݡ‬ТЬ
ΟԂցЬ९ଞ‫ی‬Ԇࡵ‫ࡳؽ‬؄˅Ο‫یۀ‬Ԇࡵ‫ࡶأ‬؇ЕЬЕ
‫ࡶـ‬؇Ь WREHEOHVVHG
ˬୱࡶ࣯Е‫ݢٸ‬ଞࢇߞ̛Қࢇ࢑‫ݡ‬ТЬ


Ȼːْ،‫
أ‬6W\OHRI6WXG\LQJȻ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ࠖ‫ݡ‬ SUHYLHZ ΟЕ‫੼ؿ‬Ьࡸ‫ݤ‬ɾ߾ؑࡌٕٗࡶ‫׵‬չࠓ‫ݞ‬ଢТЬ
ΟЕ֐ࢊ̐Τؑࡋʤ‫ݞؽ‬ଜִ۰࠹ࡉ̛Ѧଜˈ
‫ݡـ‬ UHYLHZ
࢓߭‫؟‬ջʢ˓ॺ߾о‫ݤ૲ݦ‬ଜ̛Ѧଥ
,QWHUQHWVLWHIRU
ࢉਫ਼ϒଝ‫ࢇیݡ‬ઝ ΰɼ࢚ɼЕࢆਜ਼Ϗଚ‫ࢄۉݞ‬ચЕě.KDQ$FDGHP\Ĝߞ
OHDUQLQJ
ϠԎձٕծʠΟ߆̛ࠉ‫ࡶݡ‬ଟҶ࢚߇ѸЕ˒ࡵࠆԜ
؆‫ـ‬ଜЬ WRUHSHDW
‫ؽ؃ܖ˃ء‬ଢۭࠉ‫ݡ‬ଜִ࢚ѸшԂˈ
ߎ̛ଜЬ WRPHPRUL]H ˓ٕձ࢚ଜЕଝۢҚࡵ‫ࡋؑ੼ؿ‬ʨҚࡶ࢚ߋ̘ଛЩ
Яܻ஢ˬ˕۰߾࢑Еΰࡈࡶ࠹ࡉЕʨࢇ߅ТԂࠆ‫ە‬ଙВ
ࠉۘଜЬ WRDVVRFLDWH
؏‫ࡈࢇࡶئ‬ଜִଝ‫߾ݡ‬ш୪˕ࢶࢇЬ
࠹ࡉЬ WROHDUQE\KHDUW ‫ࡈ࠶ࢽ࢖ה‬Щ˅ଥ۰ࠝԎ̛߮ଟܹ࢑Еʨࡵ߅ТЬ
ܹଝ‫ݤ‬ଵࡶ‫ي‬Еі‫ݤ‬ɾࢇֻ࢕Ԃ۰ցएւ‫ࢼה‬В૸ऌѣ
‫ࢿח‬ձૻЬ WRVROYHDTXHVWLRQ
‫׃‬ବ߭
‫ݤ‬ଵࡶࣱ‫ٸ‬ଟҶ֠ࢵ˓ٕଥߞଟʨࢇ‫ࢉ߸ה‬ए
˃୤૲ձजЬ WRVFKHGXOHWLPH ߯ࢿٕਫ਼‫ࡶ࢖ݤ‬ଟʨࢉएˀୡ૯ծङֱѦࡏࢇքࢇ
ѹЬ
WRZULWHLQD ܹ‫ࢇٺ‬Е˓ٕଟҶࣸࡁଞʨҚࡵ࢓߭‫؟‬չए߉ѦԼ
˓ॺ߾૲‫ݤ‬ଜЬ
QRWHERRN ːॷ߻૯‫ݡ‬ծଙхӿ˅
WRKDYHDJRRG
̛߮ԯࢇࣚЬ ࢿ৖˱ࢿ‫ݤ‬৞Е̘߫Ԭࢄࣗࡲ૜࢏ТЬ
PHPRU\
WRKDYHDJRRG
खࣸԯࢇʈଜЬ ओࣵԬࢄʅଛ‫ی‬Ԇ߾ʯ֍Е୪˕ࢶࢉ˓ٕ؏‫"̧פࡵئ‬
FRQFHQWUDWLRQ


Ȼऎଚ
(QWHULQJ6FKRROȻ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ଝֻٕ SDUHQWV ଚָْЕଝۢࢂ߅‫؟‬एΟ߭֞Тʋࡵ‫࢕୎ؿ‬ձֆଢТЬ
ܹଵۢ H[DPLQHH ࡉչ߯ТЕ6$7‫ݤ‬ଵࡶࣱ‫ٸ‬ଜЕܶଲ۟ࢇЬ
ࢇ‫ۚ߾ء‬Ի࢏ଝଞ‫۟ࢌݣ‬Қࢇଝˬ߾࢚ࢶࡻଟܹ
‫ۢ࢏ݦ‬ IUHVKPDQ
࢑ѦԼ৖ࢸଜʯоଥ࣯࢕
ࠔѦ‫ۚ߾ݤ‬Ի̝ۢоଝˬЕֻ̍Е࢖एփˬܹЧࢇΟ
۴ؑ XSSHUFODVVPHQ
۱؎җ˒ࡿˬզѦքˈࢠଝ̖Ѧքࢇࣹ۰ࢉ̛ɼϩо
HQWKXVLDVPIRU ࡉչଟ֞ТЕ୉૜ࢇ߭ԮࡋіѦ̐ࠛΤ߾ߵցձ۰ࡌԻ
ˬ࡫ࠊ
HGXFDWLRQ ࡪଝ‫ؿ‬ΰ‫ݨ‬փਾ˩ࡨࠇࢇϩࡵ૜ࢇ܏߭
ଝۢҚࢂச‫׵‬ձۢɽଜए߉ˈˬ‫ی‬ɼࢊ؏ࢶࡳԻˬ࡫
࣯࢏‫࡫ˬݥ‬ WHDFKLQJE\URWH
ΰࡈࡶࢷбଜЕ࣬ࢌ‫طࡵࡨ˩ݢ‬Ի୪˕ࢶࢇए߉߅ࡁ
࢕̛‫۽‬ʸࢇΟࢳ‫ˈߊ࢚ࡶۺ‬ʠ̛߾֍Еࢷ˓ࡶࢽଜִ
ࢶ‫۽‬ DSWLWXGH
୯ୣଜए߉ࡶʠࠖࡁ
ܹ‫߯ࢇٺ‬ТЕߵঐ΢ːٛ‫ؠ‬ԣߞ‫֟؍‬Е‫ݤ‬ɾଜˈ࢕Е
˓ٞ‫أ‬Ԧ QHUGJHHN
‫ݤ‬ɾփ‫ˈڎ‬ଜՔࣗࢊॺۘ߾߈߅࢑шԂˈ
ऑଝଜЬ WRHQWHUVFKRRO ࠆԜٗࡵоଝ߾ऎଚଢۭ߭ӁऑԻձ۴੔ଟۢɽࢇ߾ࡁ"
ě͵ࢂଝˬĜ߾۰Еࠒ୘ࢿ࢖߾˗‫࢑ࢇݪ‬Еঐ‫ܕ‬ϗҚࡶ
ˬ࡫ଜЬ WRHGXFDWH оۘࡳԻࠒ୘ʃѧࢇऐࢻࢿ࢖؏‫ࡨ˩ࡶئ‬ଙВ
଎Ի̐ԒࡶଞбѰ߇‫ݤݨ‬ଟࠖࢽ࢏ТЬ
‫ࠒࡵࢽ˕࡫ˬق‬୘ࢿ࢖߾˗‫࢑ࢇݪ‬Еঐ‫ܕ‬ϗҚ߾ʯ
ऑԻձ੎ۛଜЬ WRH[SORUHFDUHHU ࢕‫˕۽ࢶࢂݦ‬ऎԸծੋۘଙ˅࢕‫ୃݨࡶ͵ࢂݦ‬ଥ‫ܹك‬
࢑Е̛ୣɼѺʨ࢏ТЬ
ࢿ‫ݤ‬৞ܹࠪ‫ࢇٺ‬Еоଝˬ߾ɼ۰‫ࢴݝה‬ːࡳ۱ੑଜ̤߾
ࢷ˓ࡶ۴੔ଜЬ WRVHOHFWDPDMRU
оଥࢇߞ̛ଜˈ࢑߭ࡁ
߯Тɼоଝˬ߾ࢌଚࡒۭծδࡰП̤ࢇࢿʼ˕ձ
࢏ଝࡕ۰ձΰЬ WRDSSO\IRUDGPLVVLRQ
̛Ьչ̛փଜִѶࡁ


Ȼ‫ۺ‬ʵ
3HUVRQDOLW\Ȼ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ࠖܽɼ DUWLVW ࠓܺɹҚࣸ߾Еʃ‫۽ࢉࢶ۽‬ʸࡶɼऑ‫ی‬ԆҚࢇք߅ࡁ
ΟЕ۴ۢЧѦѸˈ‫ࢽˈݮ‬৔ɼΟ‫ݧ‬ն‫ە‬гɹѦѸˈ‫߭ݮ‬
‫ݪ‬չۘжɼ SV\FKRWKHUDSLVW
˼̖ଞऐ߶ࢇο‫ה‬ք߅
ࢽ৔ɼ SROLWLFLDQ չш‫࢑ࢇݫ‬Е‫ی‬ԆࢇԂִࢺ৑ɹɼѸִࣚࡶʨʋ߅ࡁ
ۘо؏ࢂࢇߞ̛ձ࢚Қ࣯߭ˈΧࡶ࢚ؑԮଥ࣯Е
ࢽ‫یࢂ˕ݦ‬ SV\FKLDWULVW
‫ی‬Ԇ߾ʯЕࢺ‫ۉࡿ˒ݣ‬Ο‫ݪ‬չۘжɼɼ࢚֍Еऐ߶ࢇ࣫
‫۽‬ʸࡪ୉ʦ‫ی‬ձବЕіΟЕ࠹ଯࢶࢇˈ࢕ࡪԻࡉִ۰
ࡱ੼‫࢑ࢇ۽‬Ь WREHIOH[LEOH
ʃ‫ࢎࢄۺ੹࡮ˈࢇࢶ۽‬В‫ی‬ԆࢇԂˈΟࠪ
ԻԂЕ࣌‫ࢎࢄۺݧ‬В‫۽‬ʸࢇԂ۰‫࢖ݤࡶࢊݝה‬ଜ̛ࢷ߾
࣏‫࢑ࢇ۽ݪ‬Ь WREHZDU\FDUHIXO
ۢɽࡶքࢇଥࡁ
‫࢑ࢇ۽ˬی‬Ь WREHVRFLDEOH ߊԧ‫ݛ‬Е‫یۭߪࢎࢄۺ˩ۉ‬ԆҚ˕࢚एβЬ
DOZD\VWRSODQ ࢿ‫ݤ‬৞Е‫ߞی‬ଟ‫י‬ʢࡶࢶ߭Ϫˈܱଛଜˈ؏ࢽչࢽѨѦ
˃୤‫࢑ࢇ۽‬Ь
DKHDG ࢚ଜЕˀୡ‫ࢎࢄۺ‬В‫ی‬ԆࢇЬ
ܹऑࢇЕʹЬԬࢄࢎߪۭ߭ԮࡋࢊࢇۢʷѦ߭ӊʯଟए
ʼЯԯࢇ࢑Ь WREHGHFLVLYH
ʼࢽଜЕʤ‫ط‬Ի֌۶ࢇए߉߅ࡁ
նх‫ࢎࢄݨ‬В‫۽‬ʸࢇԂִϼɼ؆ࢠࢇѸшԂѦࡉչ؆ࡶ
չш‫࢑ࢇݫ‬Ь WRVKRZOHDGHUVKLS
࢚ࢇΏ߭ʀܹ࢑ࡶʠࠖࡁ
ֆܹɼքЬ WREHWDONDWLYH ܹऑࢇЕփܶɹց߂ۭɼΒֆ‫ܹݨ‬ձଥࡁ
ࡪऑࢇঈԠॷࢋʀࢄʅଛ‫۽‬ʸࢇԂִࢇࢊࡶ֎ʷѦࣚࡶ
ॺࢎʃࢇʈଜЬ WREHUHVSRQVLEOH
ʨʋ߅ࡁ
࠹ଯࢶࢇˈࠇࢺࢳࢆ‫۽‬ʸࢇԂִ‫ی‬ԆҚࡶքࢇփΟЕ
ࠊࢽࢶࢇЬ WREHSDVVLRQDWH
ऐ߶ࡶʉЕʯࣚʵ߭
ΟЕʀ‫۽ࢆࢳۺ‬ʸࢇˈΰ৖˱Еࢇ‫۽ࢉࢶ۽‬ʸࢇएփ
ʃ‫ࢇࢶ۽‬Ь WREHHPRWLRQDO
ࡉչЕ۰ԻЬհٕٗࡶ࢚ࢇଥଜˈ࣑ࣸଥ࣯Е‫ߞࢇی‬
‫ࡶࢊݝה‬ʼࢽଟҶθࢽଜʯશЯଟܹ࢑ЕМԯ࢑ˈ
ࢇ‫ࢇࢶ۽‬Ь WREHUHDVRQDEOH
ࢄ‫یࢆࢳۺ‬ԆࢇѸˈ‫߭ݮ‬
‫ی‬ԆҚࡵ‫ۘ੼ؿ‬о؏ࢂࢇߞ̛ձ࢚Қ࣯߭ˈ؎ԫଢ࣯Е
ؑԮଜЬ WREHFRQVLGHUDWH
‫ی‬Ԇ߾ʯˈ‫ࡶ׷‬੡߭Ϫˈ‫߭ݮ‬ଜएࡁ

Ȼऍ߳
-REVȻ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ࢶ‫۽‬ʦ‫ی‬ DSWLWXGHWHVW
ࢳ‫ۺ‬ʣ‫ۉ‬ձବЕіࢉ˓एМԻ‫ࡶن‬փҖЕːଚٔߛɼ
ࢿࢶ‫֍࢚߾۽‬Еоࡁ
˓ଝٗߞ ILHOGRIHQJLQHHULQJ
ˬ࡫ٗߞ ILHOGRIHGXFDWLRQ ˩ࡨٔߛ߾۰ࢊࡶଜԮִ߭Ӂऐ߶ࢇࣚࡶ̧"
ΟЕ‫یחݦ‬Ο؏‫࢝˲ܞ‬ए‫ی‬ʋࡵ߬Ժٔߛु߾۰ࢊࡶ
߯Խٗߞ ILHOGRIMRXUQDOLVP
ଜˈ‫߭ݮ‬
ࡪऑࢇЕ߭ռҶٕਫ਼̐ս̐չЕʨࡶࣚ߅ଜˈ࢚ଥ۰
ࠖܽٗߞ ILHOGRIDUW
ࠓܺٔߛ߾ࢢМࢇ࢑Еʢ߅Фɼۢɽବ߭
ࢂଝٗߞ ILHOGRIPHGLFLQH ࡉչࢇֻЕࡿଚٔߛ߾۰ࢊଜЕࠉ˱ࡕࢇ‫ࡁۿ‬
ଞ˲ऐ߶Мԯʎ؈ࡕ߾۰ЕࣸˈҟଝۢࡶоۘࡳԻ
۴୎ଜЬ WRSUHIHU ۱ୋଙВऐ߶߾оଥ۶‫ی࣏ח‬ձ‫ݤݨ‬ବЕі ࡢɼ
ࠉࠖࢉࡳԻ࣏‫ی‬Ѹ߹‫ݡ‬ТЬ
۴ۢЧࢇࣔ૜ॱࡳ‫܈‬۰‫߾ࡕػ‬ɼ܏ЕіЬଭ஢
ऑЯଜЬ WRPDNHDGLDJQRVLV
‫߾ࡕػ‬۰Е਼‫ࢿח‬Е߅ТԂˈऑЯବо
ěए˱ࢂΤĜࡵ࢕ࠉࡶ‫୎ؿ‬ଜ̛ࡢଥփҘΤࢉіࢇձ੼ଥ
ࢂ‫ضࢇݥ‬୘ଜЬ WRFKDQJHRQHĜVPLQG
୚ˁ߾˗‫߷ࢇݪ‬ы‫ی‬ԆҚࢂࡿ‫୕سࢄݢ‬ଙ˅࢑Ь
WRQXUWXUHRQHĜV ࢵЕ‫ݤ‬ɾࢇࠝԎʤչшԂѦࢳ‫ێࡳۺ‬չܹ࢑Еࢊࡶ
ࢶ‫ۑࡶ۽‬չЬ
DSWLWXGH ॸˈ‫ࡁ߭ݮ‬
ࢇЬࡸ߾߭Ӂऐ߶ࡶ۴੔ଥߞଟएֿ࢚Ԃ۰۴ۢЧ͉
࣏߯ࡶ˱ଜЬ WRVHHNDGYLFH
࣌߬ࡳˮଙԫ˅ଥ
ࡪ‫ࢇٺ‬Е۴ۢЧѦѸˈ‫ࢽˈݮ‬৔ɼΟ‫ݪ‬չۘжɼѦѸˈ
୎̛‫ࢇݪ‬ʈଜЬ WREHFXULRXV ‫̖˼ˈݮ‬ଞऐ߶ࢇο‫ה‬քࡵʨࡶ‫ؿ‬Тୋ̘‫ࢄݧ‬ʅଛʨ
ʋ߅
ী‫׵‬Ի‫۔‬Ь WRGRDVDKREE\ ΟЕঽ‫ˊޱࡶ̔߂ۑײ‬ଜЕіࢽֆࢢ‫߭࢑׵‬


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)XWXUH6FLHQWLILF7HFKQLTXHȻ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ࡉ࣯ XQLYHUVH ࡆ࣬߾ࢽֆ࠹˃ࢉࢇ‫"̧ࡶ࢑ˈۑ‬
ࠝЖʎ‫ه‬ଞ˓ۘ˕ଝࠒ୘Е࣯ࢉ˓ࢇࡆ࣬۱ࡶ੉ˈ
ࡉ࣯۴ VSDFHFUDIW
ࡉ࣯ԻΤ߅ɼ۰ए˱ձ˱ଞЬЕߩ̛Ԃִ۰"
ࡆ࣬ࠃପࢇɼМଥऑЬִࢉɾࢂ‫׵‬ԎЕ߭ӊʯ‫ض‬ଟʨ
ࡉ࣯ࠆଭ WULSWRWKHXQLYHUVH
ʋ߅ࡁ"
࠹˃ଭ‫ࢇ۽‬Ο࠶ˀࢆࢇΟࠝЕࠒ୘ࣸ߾۰ࢿࢊ̛߮߾
࠹˃ࢉ DOLHQ
ΧЕʢ߭Ӂʠࠖࡁ"
˓ۘ˕ଝࠒ୘ VFLHQFHILFWLRQILOP ς֒ΤԻ‫ࢇن‬Ο‫׵‬ԎձЬՖː‫˒ە‬ଚࠏ୕փ‫ؿ‬шԂ
˒ଚ̘ܺࢂ؈ࢷࡵߔࡳԻۚԻࡋऐࣗ˕ࢊ࢕չձփҚ߭
˕ଝ̛ܽ VFLHQWLILFWHFKQLTXH
γʨࢇЬ
߭ԵࡶҶ‫ࠒق‬୘ě‫ࡓ੉ݛ‬इĜ߾Οࠟࡉ࣯ࢉࢂֻ‫ࢇݡ‬ο‫ה‬
‫̛ݦ‬ଜЬ WREHDPD]LQJ
‫̘ݣ‬ଢۭ̐Ҷٕਫ਼ࡉ࣯߾оଥքࡵۘۘࡶଟܹ࢑߹Ь
̐Ѱ߇ࢉզЕ࠹˃ࢉࢇ࣑ࢢଞЬЕऎʠձॸࡳԮˈքࡵ
ऎָଜЬ WRSURYH Ϡԯࡶବएփ߅ऐ̧ए‫ࢿݨ‬Ի࠹˃ࢉࢇ࢑ЬЕʨࡶ
ऋֵଙऌВ‫׃‬ବЬ
ࠝЖʎ‫ه‬ଞ˓ۘ˕ଝࠒ୘Е࣯ࢿɼ॰‫ݣ‬ଛіЬɼࠒ୘ձ
ॳ‫ݦ‬ଜЬ WREHRULJLQDO ‫ࢿݨִؿ‬Ի‫ٴ‬ԏ୑ࢇΟࡉ࣯ձࠆଭଜЕГΛࢇҚ߭۰
߅࣯˟ॱߑ߭
ए̧̖ए‫ࠒق‬୘Қࣸ߾۰ࢿࢊ஗‫ײ‬ऎऎଛࠒ୘Ԋࢿࢊ
ச‫׵‬ऑऑଜЬ WREHH[FLWLQJ
एՔଞࠒ୘ձଞ૜޾ֆଥ‫ࡁۿؿ‬
Ѧо঑̐ࠒ୘ɼֹ࣬ࡳΈВࢇࡪɼ‫ע‬ए"ΰɼ‫ࠀ̛ؿ‬
ּ࣯ࡶΏЬ WRWDNHQRWLFHRI
̐ࢵ̐ԥыі
֐‫ݛ‬৷ࡶ
WRFDWFKPHGLDIUHQ]\ ࡁऋ֍‫ݘ‬৴ࡳҼҗ‫ހ‬ଙʬଛ‫ی‬ʢ߾Е‫ע‬ɼ࢑ࡶ̧ࡁ"
ҿҚ‫ރ‬ଜʯଜЬ
WRWUDQVFHQGVSDFH ˓ۘ˕ଝࠒ୘߾Еࢉɾࢇ‫ݡ‬ːɻࡳӥߪσࡳܹ࢑ʯ
‫˓ݤ‬ɾࡶӨ߭φЬ
DQGWLPH փҚ࣯߭ЕѦ˱Ի੉ࢎ֞‫ࢇݦ‬Οࠪࡁ


Ȼ‫ײ‬ԋऍࣔ
)XWXUH-REȻ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ए̖࢑Еࢇ࢒նࢂɼ ϗΰ߾‫ی‬ԂएʠΟ
ࢊ࢕չ MRE
‫؂‬ΆЬЕіߔࡳԻࡉչЕ߭Ӂࢊࡶଜִ۰‫ۑ‬ʯѺ̧"
ߊԧ‫׵ࢿ߭ݛ‬Ԏࡧ։ऍࣔ߾оଞЬਸ਼֫ਫ਼չ؏‫ܞ‬ଜЕ
ࡪ֌ऐࣗ SURPLVLQJMRE
ʠ‫ي‬Т"
ߔࡳԻЕ‫ࢇࢠݪ‬Οϯʋࡵ‫ߞٗࢉࢶٕۿ‬ձࢷ˓ଞ
ࢷ‫ࢂח‬ PHGLFDOVSHFLDOLVW
ࢴ‫ࡿה‬ɼɽ˝ࡶ؇ʯѺʨʋЬ
ָܹ OLIHVSDQ ࡁऋࡵࢂଝࢇ؈бଥ۰ֵܶࢇࢺࢺ̟߭एˈ࢑߭ࡁ
ࢉਫ਼ϒ˕‫ݛ‬ցઝ૨ҟࢇ؈бଜִ۰‫ࡳܘ‬Ի޳૜एձ
ʃ‫ܕ‬ଜЬ WRGHFUHDVH ‫ؿ‬ΰЕ‫ی‬ԆҚࢂܹɼʀ‫ܒ‬଩̘Ҷ‫ࡉ߾ח‬঑੼ࢇ‫ی‬Ԃएˈ
࢑Ь
ߔࡳԻЕքࡵࢊҚࡶԻ‫ࢇن‬л‫ݣ‬ଙʬѸТ̧Ϩ‫ی‬ձएࡶ
о‫ݦ‬ଜЬ WRVXEVWLWXWHIRU
‫ی‬ԆࢇԂҘए੔‫ݤ‬Ο‫ݛ؟‬ձࡋࢷଟ‫ی‬Ԇࢇଗࡁ߷ʯѹо
ࠖࢷ߾Е‫ی‬Ԇࢇଜыࢊࢇ߹एփए̖ࡵ̘ˀ୕Ѷࢊ߾Е
̛˃୘ѸЬ WREHPHFKDQL]H
‫ע‬ɼ࢑߭ࡁ"
ࠠଥٕਫ਼Ѧ۰˗ࢇ࢒ѭ୕ѳۭࢉਫ਼ϒࡶࢇࡈଜִ
࢕Ѱ୘ѸЬ WREHDXWRPDWHG Ѧ۰˗߾ɼए߉߅Ѧख߾۰Ϣ‫ࡶח‬Ьࡋ؇߅۰‫ܹك‬
࢑߭ࡁ
‫ࢇۘۿ‬ο‫چה‬չ‫ض‬ଜТ̧ѿԮࡋۢɽѦҚ߭ߔΤࡶ
оঈଜЬ WRFRSHZLWK
ΰЬ‫׵ߞ߭࢑ܹك‬Ԏձ࢚лঅଜܹ࢑ࡶ੪іֆࢇߞ
ࡪ֌ଜЬ WREHSURPLVLQJ ܹ‫׵߅ٺ‬Ԏ߾Е߭Ӂऐ߶ࢇࡧ։ଜʨʋ߅"
WREHLQWKH ୃо‫ی‬ୣ߾۰‫ی‬ԆҚ߾ʯɺ˚؄Вऐ߶ࡳԻЕ‫ע‬ɼ
ɽ˝ࡶ؇Ь
OLPHOLJKW ࢑ࡶ̧ࡁ"
‫ٸ‬Լ‫ݤ‬ɾࢇࠝԎʤչЕଞࢇ࢑߭Ѧ࢕‫֍߾۽ࢶࢂݦ‬Е
WRGHVLJQWKH
‫׵‬Ԏձ۶˃ଜЬ ऐ߶ࡶॸ߅‫ࣸݦ‬ଜʯ‫ײ‬ԋծ۳ˀଙВʨࢇࣸࡁଜए
IXWXUH
߉ࡶ̧"
ߔࡳԻЕֵܶࢄ̜ߪऌֱۭଞ‫ی‬ԆࢇࢊۢѰ߇ࠆԜ
ָܹࢇ̟߭एЬ WROLYHORQJHU
ɼएऐ߶ࡶʉʯѹо
WRSUHGLFWWKH ‫ࢇۘۿ‬ο‫چה‬չ‫ض‬ଜТ̧ѿԮࡋۢɽѦҚ߭ߑΡࡳ
ߔΤࡶΰЬ‫ؿ‬Ь
IXWXUH έЩ‫࢚ߞ߭࢑ܹـ‬оঈଟܹ࢑ࡶ੪іđ

Ȼ੹‫&
ݣ‬RPPXQLFDWLRQȻ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
߲ցࢷ߾‫ܘ‬૜एձ؇ߑЕіࢽֆҬӵଞГΛࢇ߹Ь
ࠎ۰ SRVWFDUG ΟѦߔࡳԻઞ‫ط‬ଞ৖˱ଞ੨Еऐࢻ޳৞ҖΟࠋۭձ
‫ؿ‬ΰߞʵЬ
ࡁऋࠀ‫ࡈیࡶࢊ֩ࢇ੼ؿ‬ଜТ̧ࡉ૜ࡳԻࠎ۰Ο৛ғձ
৞Җ FDUG
؇ࡳִш؆ɼࡌʨʋ߅
૙ऌ‫ل‬ઃ߾࣯‫ࡉࠪܕ‬૜‫୎ء‬ձ‫૲ࡉˈޱ‬ձ٠ࠆ۰
૜ए‫ه‬આ HQYHORSH
ࡉ঑੼߾ϋࡳִࡉ঑˲߾۰ۘо؏߾ʯࢷбଥࣶТЬ
ऐࢻ޳‫ܘ‬૜एձ৖˱߾ʯ‫ؿ‬ΰԮִ࣯‫ࡆࠪܕ‬૙‫؞‬ୋձ
ࡉ૜‫୎ء‬ SRVWDOFRGH
ߊ߅ߞଥࡁ
ࢉਫ਼ϒփࠉʼѸִࢇ֩ࢊࡶࢇࡈଥ۰߯ࢿ߭ҡ۰Ο
‫ݒܘ‬Ь WREHHDV\ ɼࢠ‫ڃ‬ծˈ‫ݏܕ‬ʬࠆԜ‫ی‬Ԇ߾ʯଞ̿‫ࢷࡶݥܕ߾ء‬ଟ
ܹ࢑Ь
‫ݛ‬ցઝ૨ࢇ؈ָѶ۰ࠆԜֻԻ૙նଢࣉऌրɼ࣐Ηչ
૜չଜЬ WREHFRQYHQLHQW о୘Ешࣲ߭Қ߹ˈख߾۰ʯࢎփଜЕߕҚࢇш
ք߅࣌Ьˈଥࡁ
‫ࡳܘ‬Իऐࢻ޳૜एձ؇ࡵ‫ی‬Ԇࡵۘо؏߾ʯ
ɾऐଜЬ WRWUHDVXUH
ˈցࡓଜˈ̐૜एձ‫ࣸܕ‬ଜʯɻऍଟПЩ
ۢࢊʋࡵΤ঵ଜ৞Җо‫࢕חݦ‬Οࢇ֩ࢊࡶ‫ؿ‬ΰЕʢ
‫ࢂ۽‬ɼ߷Ь WREHKDOIKHDUWHG
ࣔ‫ࡿۺ‬ɹߴߪ‫ࢉؿ‬Ь
ࠖࢷ߾Е૜एΟࢷ୘ձքࢇବएփࡁऋ߾Е‫੼ؿ‬ЬҚ
߇ٕձ‫ט‬Ь WRDVNDIWHU
ࢇ֩ࢊԻ߄ْծ‫ˇו‬ଥ
ࢽ‫ࡶ۽‬ҚࢇЬ WRDWWHQGWR όɼࢺ‫ࡳۺ‬җࠃցࡸࡶࢷଞЬִ৖˱Ѧࠝଥձૻʠߞ
ࢇ‫ߵء‬ցۢ‫߾ݦ‬Еऐࢻ޳‫ܘ‬૜एԻοࢂऎ‫ࢴࡳݧ‬ଙВ
ऑ‫ࢷࡶݪ‬ଜЬ WRFRQYH\VLQFHULW\
ʯ߭Ҷ"
ܹ‫ࢇٺ‬ଜˈЕଞࢊϗࢷٕਫ਼ࠆԀࢄ΋ʽߪ࢚एΰЕए
ࠉԃࢇΎ̛Ь WRORVHFRQWDFWZLWK
˼̖ଜό
‫ی‬ԆҚ˕‫˅࣬ࡳݢܒ‬؄В؏‫ࡳئ‬Ի‫ע‬ɼɼࢠ
‫ˈ࣯ࡶݥܕ‬؇Ь WRH[FKDQJHQHZV
୪˕ࢶࢊ̧ࡁ"
ɼΒ޾ࠖࢷ߾०ࡵ‫ی‬ऑࡶ̿ΰ‫ֲؿ‬঱߫ࡳѵ̘ۗВʬ
঴߮ࡶѸ̛ۚЬ WRUHFDOOPHPRULHV
ΰী‫ߞ׵‬

Ȼୗʾ‫(
ࢼה‬QYLURQPHQWDO,VVXHVȻ
Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ߊԧ‫ݛ‬Еࢇ‫ࠆء‬ղ؏ଝ߾Ѧঐ‫ܕ‬ϗ࢒ࡒ‫ۉل‬୛Ѱ߾
࢕ࡕ‫یه‬ YROXQWHHUZRUN
ɼए"
YROXQWHHUZRUN एࠇ‫ی‬ୣձѮ̛ࡢଥʋࡵۢɽࡶɼऑ‫ی‬ԆҚΗչ
‫یه‬Я঑
JURXS ֻࠆ۰‫ۉل‬Ь঎ձփҚ߹߭
ࢴ‫ה‬ɹԄࠝԔѰ߇߭Ӂٗߞձࠉ˱ଜʠΟ̐ࢊ߾
ࢷ‫ח‬ɼ H[SHUW ࣗ‫ی‬ଜࠆ̐ٗߞ߾оଞۘкଞए‫˕ݥ‬ˁଵࡶɼऑ
‫ی‬ԆࡶֆଞЬ
ࢇ̛ۘ୯Ҷ‫ֹ߾ח‬ϗध‫ٸ‬ɼࠝए߉߅۰‫ݪ‬ଜʯɹ‫ࢇי‬
ɼ‫ל‬ GURXJKW
ҘएࠇࢇࢺࢺЖˈ࢑߭ࡁ
ୖܹ IORRG ࢇ‫ࠆء‬ղࢠցঋ߾Е୓ܶɼΤփਾ‫ٸ‬ɼքࢇ࠱߭
‫יٿ‬ UDLQZDWHU
ܹऑࢇɼɼ࢏ଞ‫یه‬୛ѰЯ঑߾۰Е‫࣐ٕࢇי‬ଞ˒߾۰
‫ܹݥ‬ GULQNLQJZDWHU ‫ܶݢ߅ֻࡶזټ‬Ο۟୘ࡅܶԻ୛ࡈଟܹ࢑Е̛ܽࡶ
ߊԮ࣯ˈ࢑߭
ۢ୛ࡈܹ ZDWHUIRUOLYLQJ
ࡖ ࢊࡵě‫ࢂי˃ۿ‬ΤĜࢉіࡁࡪࠀ81߾۰Еܹओ

ࠝࠍ SROOXWLRQ ࠚࠊࢇΟɼ‫ל‬Ҷ‫࣐ٕࢇי߾ח‬ଥएЕ‫ࢿח‬ձए˱ড
‫ی‬ԆҚ߾ʯߊչԮˈࢇΤࡶփҚ߹Ьˈଥࡁ
‫˲࣐ٕי‬ɼҚࡶѮЕ‫یه‬Я঑Қࣸ߾Е̐एࠇ߾۰
ࢽ̛ܹ ZDWHUSXULILHU ‫ݒ‬ʯ˱ଟܹ࢑ЕࢢՎձࢇࡈଥ۰ࢺ̘ܶձփҚ࣯߭Е
˒Ѧ࢑Ь
FRXQWU\RIZDWHU ࠆԜ‫یه‬Я঑Қࢇ‫˯ْ࣍ז‬ɹࢂɼ‫ࢿחל‬ձଥʼଜ̛
‫˲࣐ٕי‬ɼ
VKRUWDJH ࡢଥߔࢠ۰шТۘଢ଼ࢇ࣏̖޾‫ض‬୘ଜˈ࢑Ь
ए̖ࢊ߭Οˈ࢑Е୚ˁ‫߾ࢿח‬л‫ٵ‬ଙ̘ࡢଥࡉչɼଟ
о‫ٸ‬ଜЬ WRSUHSDUHIRU
ܹ࢑Еࢊࡶॸ߅‫ٸ࢕ؿ‬Լ‫ݤ‬ɾࢇʤչшԂѦ
WRSURYLGHD ̒‫ࡳࢶق‬Իо‫ٸ‬ձଟܹ࢑Еࠠ‫؂‬հଢʹॷࡳॵ߂έВ
ଥʼॺࡶॸ߅ΰЬ
VROXWLRQ ʨࢇࣸࡁଟʨࢇЬ
‫঻ؿ‬ଜЬ WRUHSOHQLVK ‫ࢽࡶיٿ‬୘ଥ۰ٕ࣐ଞ‫ܹݥ‬ձ‫ؼ‬সଜܶࢎЩֱ‫ࢇי‬

ٕ࣐ଥ۰˅੹ࡳʶ˅࢑Еࢊٕ߅଎չ৞˲ɼҚ߾ʯЕ
ˈ੼ࡶʹЬ WRVXIIHUSDLQ ࢽֆ਼ѦࡏࢇѺʠߞ
ࢎऑ࠳Ԅк‫˳قࢊݤ‬Қࡵ࣏۴ࢂѦ࢕̛̛ܽ࢕Қࡶ࢕̛
WRSDVVGRZQWKH
̛ܽࡶࢷଜЬ ΟԂԻΏˈʇˈ̐Қࢇࢊ‫߾ق‬Ѧ࢕̛փҖЕ̘ܺࡳ
WHFKQLTXH
ࢴଢ࣬߶Щ


Ȼओࡿࡧ୆
+RXVHVȻ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
জɹओࡵ‫ع‬छࡶࠈ߭۰एٟࡶփҘखࡳԻࠆղ߾Еଫ‫ࢂؼ‬
টɼख WKDWFKHGURRIKRXVH
ࠊ̛ձւ߅࣯ˈʷࡌ߾Е॰̛ࡋࡶւ߅ࣱЬЕࢇࢺࢇ࢑Ь
̘ࠧओࡵϾ˕‫߾ٸ‬ʈଞ̛ࠪԻएٟࡶѕ߭۰փҚ߹ࡳֲ
̛ࠪख WLOHURRIHGKRXVH
ࠛΤٕਫ਼ٕࠪ̀ࡢձۘघଜЕखࢇ߹Ь
μࠧओࡵʈࡕѦएࠇ߾۰քࢇ‫࢑ܹك‬Ь‫ܕ‬Ο‫ה‬Ο‫ה‬શࡳԻ
οࠪख VKLQJOHURRIHGKRXVH एٟࡶѕ߭۰փҚ߹̛Ҷ‫ٸ߾ח‬ɼࠠҶ‫̛ݡ‬ձւ߅࣯Е
ࢠࢺࢇ࢑Ь
࣯ۘ‫ـ‬ଢ߅ળઝ PL[HGXVHDSDUWPHQW ফ̒߾Е࣯ʠ˓ɾ˕ۘ߶‫ݤ‬۶ࢇଞʢ‫࢑߾י‬Е࣬‫ؽە‬ଟ

߂રચΟ߶‫˓ה‬ɾࡶ࣯ʠࡈѦԻѦ‫ࡈی‬ଜЕࠚ଑‫ݘ‬੨Ѧ
VWXGLRHIILFLHQF\ քࢇ‫࢑ܹك‬Ь
ࠝଔ‫ݛ‬੫
DSDUWPHQW
߅ળઝ DSDUWPHQW
ࠖࢷ߾ЕЬѤ࣬ੑࢇ࣯ձࢇՔ߹ࡳΟѦ‫ݤ‬୘ࢽॺ࣯੔ٕ࣐
Ь‫ۿ‬о࣯੔ PXOWLIDPLO\KRXVH ୃۘҟࡳԻए̖ࢂЩ‫ۼ‬л࣬ੑࢇΟ߂રચҟ˕ʋࡵЬߦଞ
ࡪ୉ࢂखҚࢇۢʷΟʯѸ߹Ь
Яѧ࣯੔ GHWDFKHGKRXVH
ࢴࡒ࣬ੑࡵϨডएࠇࢇΟѦ‫߾˖࠹ݤ‬एࡵखࡳԻѦ‫ݤ‬ձ
ࢷࡕ࣯੔ FRXQWU\KRXVH
ҿΟ‫یࡵݮˈۑ‬ԆҚ߾ʯࢉ̛ɼք‫ݡ‬ТЬ
ࢄѭ‫࣬ݢ‬ੑࡵࢇѰࢇɼМଞ࣏վ‫࣯ݥ‬੔ࡳԻएִ˕
ࢇѰ‫࣯ݥ‬੔ PRELOHKRPH
ٗչѸЕ˱࣏ࢇ̛Ҷ‫ࢇ߾ח‬ѰࢇɼМଜЬ


ȻЩߣଛ̘୬
&OLPDWHV¢Ȼ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ࢶѦ࣯‫ض‬एࠇࡵ ϗΰΰ̛ࠟࢇϩˈʈܹԛࢇքࡵࠇл
ࠊо̛୯ WURSLFDOFOLPDWH
̘୬ࢇЬ
ʟ̘࣌୬Ԅࠉૡ̎ʈܹԛࢇPP ‫׵‬փࢉएࠇࢂ̛୯ձ
ʢ̛࣏୯ GU\FOLPDWH
ֆଞЬ
ࠜл̘୬एࠇ߾۰Е‫߾ࢸ˃ی‬Ҭհ̛ࠟࢂ‫ض‬୘ɼ
ࠟо̛୯ WHPSHUDWHFOLPDWH
ӠԴଜʯ‫ࢉؿ‬Ь
εл̘୬एࠇࢂʷࡌࡵ‫ה‬উ̟ˈ঴ࡋ؆ִࠆղࡵ֐ࡉ
θо̛୯ FRROHUFOLPDWH
डˈҬӵଜЬ
ଞо̛୯ SRODUFOLPDWH ଛл̘୬एࠇࡵٖ̑ࢇΟΧ̑߾۰ɼ̮Ь
˅‫̘ی‬୬Еଥ؈P ɼφЕϩࡵ˒߾ࡢ৔ଞएࠇ߾۰
ˈ‫̛ۏ‬୯ PRXQWDLQFOLPDWH
Ο੉ΟЕ̛୯ࢇЬ
WREHKLJKORZ ࠊоएࠇࡵए˱߾۰ɼࢠ̘ࠜࢄϦࡲ˒ࡳԻତۘࠆղ
̛ࠟࢇϩЬάЬ
WHPSHUDWXUH Τ޽ձ‫ࢉؿ‬Ь
WRKDYHKLJKORZ ࠟо̛୯एࠇࡵ̛ࠟࢇҬӵଟ‫ڸ‬փ߅ТԂʅܶԘѣ
ʈܹԛࢇքЬࢶЬ
SUHFLSLWDWLRQ ց߂ۭ‫ش‬Ϩ‫ࡪ߾ی‬չଜЬ
WRVKRZDKLJKORZ ˚ࡵࠆղ߾ѦΤ޽ɼࠟ୘ଜˈ‫ݞ‬ѣɹΩ߂ۭ˗˝ʏҚࢇ
‫ݡ‬ѦɼϩЬάЬ
KXPLGLW\ քࢇॸЕЬ
DYHUDJHDQQXDO
ࠉૡ̎ʈܹԛ
SUHFLSLWDWLRQ ଞ˲ࢂࠆ૞̘̋ࠜࡵ‫ ޽ۺ‬ѦࢽѦࢇֲࠆ૞̋ʅܶԘࡵ
DQQXDODYHUDJH ߟ PP ࢏ТЬ

ࠉૡ̛̎ࠟ
WHPSHUDWXUH
ʢ̛ GU\VHDVRQ ࠊо‫؂ی‬Ο̛୯एࠇࡵࠉֹࣸʎࡖѰ߇खࣸࢶࡳԻ‫ٸ‬ɼ

քࢇΰչЕࡆ̘ࠪ‫ٸ‬ɼࢷୁΰչए߉Еʟ̘ԻӠԴଜʯ
ࡉ̛ UDLQ\VHDVRQ ˱ٗѹЬ


ȻЩߣଛ̘୬
&OLPDWHV£Ȼ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ࡉչɼ‫࢑ˈۑ‬Е˒ࡵ߭Г̛୯एࠇ߾‫ܖ‬ଟ̧"Ӗ߭Ӂ
࢕ࠉࢢଥ QDWXUDOGLVDVWHU
࢒ࠆ࢟ଢɼ࢕࣯ࢊ߭Τ̧ࡁ"
ɹ‫ࢇי‬Ԅܹϗ߾ʤঙ‫࣐ٕࢇ̗˓י‬ଞۘ੓ձֆଜЕі
ɼ‫ל‬ GURXJKW ɹ‫ࠒࢂי‬ଯࡶ؇Еएࠇ߾Еۢ੓˃ࠪϨ߶߾‫ݨ‬ओࢶࢉ
঻ʸࢇ࢑Ь
ୖܹ IORRG ୓ܶԻʈ‫ࢇי‬ٙ߭Ο۰࣯‫ض‬ѦԻɼ੼ࢿѸ߹Ь
੐૽ࡵ؈ۢଜЕएࠇ߾ҬԂࢇղࢇбԂएЕіٖ੓ૡߦ
੓଀ W\SKRRQ Ѱٕٖࠪо۰ߦ۰ٕ߾۰؈ۢଜִରչৼࢉࢉѦߦ˕
Χ੓ૡߦ߾۰؈ଭଜִ‫ࢇی‬਽ԽࢇԂˈଞЬ
ěࠝइࢂց‫یئ‬7KH:L]DUGRI2]ĜЕ‫˲׵‬২࢕इ.DQVDV߾
ੵόࢇѦ WRUQDGR ‫ۑ‬ы‫ܕ‬ϕѦԻ‫ݤ‬ɼੲωࢄѣ߾ஆ޴Ԯ‫ٸݦ‬ଞΟԂࠝइ߾
ʇЬɼखࡳԻѪ߅ࠝЕࢇߞ̛ࢇЬ
૧۶ KHDY\VQRZ ૤۳ࢇΰչִˬ੼ࢇ੼ࢿѸˈତ˓̛ࡋତѦࣸएѹЬ


Ȼ߻μऌ
(QHUJ\¢Ȼ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
੐ߣࠇ߻μऌЕ੓ߦࠊࡶ஘ܹଜࠆࢷ̛߾οएԻࢷ୚ଞ
੓ߦࠊ߾οए VRODUWKHUPDOHQHUJ\
ʨࡳԻ‫ࢇ੼ؿ‬ձʢ‫ࢂי‬θ΢؏ҟ߾୛ࡈଞЬ
VRODUUDGLDWLRQ ੐ߣ˚߻μऌЕ੓ߦ˝ࡶऐࢻࢷ̛߾οएԻ‫ض‬୚‫੃ݤ‬

੓ߦ˝߾οए
HQHUJ\ ʨࢇЬ
ଢߣ߻μऌձۢ‫ۏ‬ଜЕଥۘ଀ԯ؈ࢷࡵ࡫एࠪɼ̧ࡋ‫؂‬Ь
ଥߦ߾οए PDULQHHQHUJ\
ࡢ߾۰ʠоଞ଀८ձѪԮ۰ࢷ̛ձۢ‫ۏ‬ଜЕʨࢇЬ
‫߻ࠚࢄ׿‬μऌԄѰ‫ؑࢂי‬۶‫ࡈࢇࡶי‬ଜࠆʎ؈ଞ߾οएձ
‫߾ࠝࢇ؂‬οए ELRHQHUJ\
ֆଞЬ
૽Ԭ߻μऌЕ‫؂‬Ԇࢂ஦ࡶࢇࡈଜࠆʠоଞ଀८ձѪԮ
଀ԯ߾οए ZLQGSRZHU
ۢ‫ۏ‬ѹЬ
ܹԯ߾οए K\GURHQHUJ\ ࢖ࡵʈࢇΟ૧૦ܹձࢇࡈଜࠆܶԬ߻μऌձۢ‫ۏ‬ଞЬ
ૢ̛‫ضࡶי‬୚‫ݤ‬਄ࠉՎ‫߾؀‬οएձۢ‫ۏ‬ଜЕ૟̘‫߻ז‬μऌ
ૢ̛‫߾י‬οए ZDVWHHQHUJ\
ʎ؈̛ܽࢇࡁऋࢉ̛ձΏˈ࢑Ь
ऌࠇ ߻μऌձ ۢ‫ۏ‬ଜ̛ ࡢଥ۰ ‫ ੼ؿ‬Ҵ ‫ ࢂܖ‬Ӯʠࡋ ‫ࢇי‬Ο Ѫ

एࠊ߾οए JHRWKHUPDOHQHUJ\
ҟࡶ ߾οएࡕࡳԻ ‫ࡈی‬ଞЬ.
‫߻۟࢟ݣ‬μऌЕ‫߾ۢݦ‬οएࠪࢢۢ߾οएձଢঙٕծЕ
QHZUHQHZDEOH ֆԻ̛࣑ࢂ୘۱ࠉՎձ‫ض‬୚‫ݤ‬਄ࢇࡈଜʠΟଫ‫ࢇڂ‬Ο‫י‬
‫߾ۢࢢݦ‬οए
HQHUJ\ ʋࡵࢢۢɼМଞ࢕ࡕҚࡶ‫ض‬୚ࢇࡈଜࠆۢ‫ۏ‬ଜЕ߾οएձ
ֆଞЬ
ए˱ձ୚ˁࠝࠍࡳԻٕਫ਼‫୎ؿ‬ଜˈঊࠉ࢒ࡒࢇˈʀѸए
࢕ࡕ UHVRXUFHV
߉ѦԼଜ̛ࡢଥ˲ࢿࢶࢉ୆ԯࢇଗࡁଜЬ
л঎߻μऌԄ̛࣑ࢂ୘۱ࠉՎɼ߅Ф୚ˁ߾ࠒଯࡶࢶʯ
о঑߾οए UHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\ ‫׵‬৔Е߾οएࡕࡶ‫ࡈی‬ଜࠆۢ‫ۏ‬ѹ߾οएձ૦˘ࢶࡳԻ
ɼչੁЕֆࢇЬ
HOHFWULFLW\ ࠠࠆղࡵ̛ࠟࢇૡϗ‫ؿ‬Ьϩ߅۰ࢴԬ‫ٵܒ‬Ԙࢇऎɼଟ
ࢷԯ‫ٸܕ‬ԛ
FRQVXPSWLRQ ʨࢇЬ
ࢽٕЕ ϗ̧ए‫߾ۢࢢݦ‬οए‫࣏ ߾߶ی‬ձઆ࢏ଜ̛Ի

HQHUJ\LQGXVWU\LQWKH
‫׵‬Ԏࢂ߾οए‫߶ی‬ ବЬ‫ײ‬ԋࡿ߻μऌ‫ࡵ߳ۉ‬ΰܹ‫ࢂࢠݤ‬୛‫۽‬୘ܹࠪষ߾Ѧ਼
IXWXUH
ࠒଯࡶ‫׵‬৘ʨࢇЬ

Ȼ߻μऌ
(QHUJ\£Ȼ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ୃࢢ‫ࡈی‬ଜˈ࢑Е߾οएࡕࢇ˅ɽѷҶձо‫ٸ‬ଥ۰
ˈʀˈʀѸЬ H[KDXVWLRQWRUXQORZ
ۚԻࡋ߾οएࡕࢂʎ؈߾஦‫ߞނ‬ଞЬ
‫ה‬ଞଜЬ WREHLQILQLWH ੓ߦࠊ߾οएࢂࢠࢺࡵ߾οएࡕࢇ‫ב‬ଛଙЩЕʨࢇЬ
‫߾ۢࢢݦ‬οएЕ‫؂י‬Ԇଫ‫ڂ‬ҟ࢕ࠉࢂ஦ࡶࢇࡈଥ۰
߾οएձʎ؈ଜЬ WRGHYHORSHQHUJ\ ʋ؅ଙВ߻μऌࢇ̛Ҷ‫ˈ߾ח‬ʀࢂࡢଵࢇ߷ˈ୚ˁ
ࠝࠍࢂɼМ‫ࢇ۽‬άЬ
ࢷ̛ձࢸߟଜԮִ߻μऌ୧ࡪࢄϦࡲɼࢷࢿ૽Қࡶ
߾οए୪࡭ࢇϩЬ WREHHQHUJ\HIILFLHQW
‫ࡈی‬ଜЕʨࢇࣚЬ
WREHHQHUJ\ ࠝԎѹɼࢷࢿ૽ࡵ߻μऌ୧ࡪࢄΩ߂ۭࢷԯ‫ֻܕ‬ɼ
߾οए୪࡭ࢇάЬ
LQHIILFLHQW ‫ݪ‬ଜЬ
੓ߦ˝ࡶ WRFRQYHUWVXQOLJKWWR ۚԻʎ؈ѹ੓ߦ˝શϏࡵ੐ߣ˚߾οएձऐࢻࢴ̘
ࢷ̛߾οएԻ‫ض‬୚ଜЬ HOHFWULFHQHUJ\ ߻μऌԸ‫س‬ୗ‫ݡ‬ੀЩ
WRXWLOL]HVRODUKHDW ੓ߦࠊ߾οएۢ‫ࢠۏ‬৔ձࢇࡈଥ੐ߣࠇࡶ஘ܹଜࠆ
੓ߦࠊࡶ
IRUKHDWLQJDQG ࢷ̛߾οएԻࢷ୚ଞЬࡸ̐ʨࡶʟ‫ז‬εΟ،Ҝ߻
ʢ‫י‬θ΢؏߾୛ࡈଜЬ ୘ࡅଛЩ
FRROLQJV\VWHP


Ȼ лߣ л࣬،࡟ࠧ࡟৑¢Ȼ

/RFDWLRQLQWKH:RUOG

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
߅‫߅ݤ‬ $VLD ߂‫ܖ߾߂ݡ‬ଞо૲ࢶࢉΟԂЕଞ˲࢏ТЬ
ࡪԡ (XURSH ࠒ˲˕ࢇੌչ߅ЕࡧԞоէ߾‫ܖ‬ଥ࢑Ь
߂ଋն৛ЕࢇखઝΟߊࢿչʋࡵΟԂҚࢇ‫ܖ‬ଥ࢑Е
߅଎չ৞ $IULFD
оէࢇЬ
ࠚ‫߂ۼ‬П߂߾Еࠝ‫ݛ‬ઝԦࢊչ߅ࠪЍओԐҖ̐չˈ
ࠝ‫߅ۿ‬Т߅ 2FHDQLD
֬Ԃό‫ࠪ߅ݤ‬ʋࡵ੓ૡߦࢂࠆԜ۹Қࡶ૦ଡѹЬ
ٖ߅֩չ৞ 1RUWK$PHULFD ‫˕˲׵‬০ΟЬЕٓ߂֦ն৛߾‫ܖ‬ଞ˲ɼҚࢇЬ
Χ߅֩չ৞ 6RXWK$PHULFD ‫ٱ‬Ԃओ˕৘ԦЕΤ߂֦ն৛оէ߾ࡢ৔ଞЬ
ٓ̎ଢЕٖ̑ࢺࡶࣸ‫ࡳݪ‬ԻࡪԂ‫֩߅ٖࠪ߅ݤ‬չ৞Ի
ٖ̑ଥ 7KH$UFWLF2FHDQ
҂Ԝ‫؂ࢉݯ‬ЬԻٖ‫ࢇߦڀ‬ԂˈѦଞЬ
Τ̎ଢЕΧ̑оէࡶ҂Ԝ‫࢑ˈݯ‬Е‫؂‬ЬࢇЬЬհоߦ˕
Χ̑ଥ 7KH$QWDUFWLF2FHDQ бչ࡫एԻ҂Ԝ‫࢑ࠆݯ‬ए߉߅एչࢶˁ˃ɼָ୙ଜए
߉Ь
о۰ߦ 7KH$WODQWLF2FHDQ лۭߣࡵ߅֩չ৞ࠪࡪԡ‫ࡢ߾ࢇی‬৔ଞ‫؂‬ЬࢇЬ
ࢆѣߣࡵ‫߾˃ۿ‬۰ ‫ء‬धԻ਼‫؂‬Ьࢇֲࢷ঑‫؂‬Ьִࢶࢂ
ࢉѦߦ 7KH,QGLDQ2FHDQ
ߟ ձ८एଞЬ
੓ૡߦ 7KH3DFLILF2FHDQ ੐૞ߣࡵ߅‫֩߅ࠪ߅ݤ‬չ৞‫࢑߾ࢇی‬Е‫؂‬ЬࢇЬ
ٕ߼˕߇؏σ०ଞоঐ˕࢖ࡵ؏ࡳԻ߇ؑѹࡢॹЕ
؏ࡢ GLUHFWLRQV
،࡟ɼΧଯࢇ߹ˈđ‫؃‬ˁչੵए!
Ѱ۰Χٖ HDVWZHVWVRXWKQRUWK ѭۭΤٓЬѪ߅Ьϕ‫و‬Ѧΰˈଯփଞіɼ߷Ь


Ȼ лߣ л࣬،࡟ࠧ࡟৑£Ȼ

/RFDWLRQLQWKH:RUOG

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ࢳѣए؏ࡵ ϗΰΰёˈ˃ࢸ߾ҬԂΤ޽ɼ਺ʯ
ࢶѦ HTXDWRU
бԂएए߉ЕЬ
ࠒੵ WHUULWRU\ ࠏੲࢂ਺̛ԻҬए࢕ִԜ‫߅ݤ‬ɼ‫ࢇࡢ ˃ۿ‬Ь
࡟ѣЕࢶѦձࣸ‫ࡳݪ‬ԻૡଭଜʯΧ̑˕̧ٖ̑ए̐ࡵ
ࡢѦ ODWLWXGH
۴ࡳԻ࡟ѣɼ‫ݢٸ‬ଜִΤ޽Ο̛୯ɼ‫ݢٸ‬ଟܹ࢑Ь
ଞ˲˕ʾѣɼ‫ݢٸ‬ଞΟԂ߾ЕٖुࡳԻЕࣸ˲Ԝ‫߅ݤ‬
ˁѦ ORQJLWXGH
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đ߾‫ܖ‬ଜЬ WREHORQJWR ଞ˲ࡵ߅‫߅ݤ‬оէ߾‫ܓ‬ଛΟԂࢇЬ
đ߾ࡢ৔ଜЬ WREHORFDWHGLQ ৼιЕ߅଎չ৞оէࢂѰु߾࡟৑ଛЩ
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đࠪ˕ࢻଜЬց࣯ଜЬ WRERUGHUIDFH ‫ࡵ˲׵‬۰ुࡳԻЕ੓ૡߦѰुࡳԻЕлۭߣ˒ࢸଢࢎЩ


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Ьߪ
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‫ٸܕ‬ FRQVXPSWLRQ ˁࢿࢶࡂ֌ࡶࡢଥࢢ୘ձ‫ֻܕ‬ଜЕʨࡶ‫ٵܒ‬ԂˈଞЬ
एষ H[SHQVH ऌ঴ࡵ߭ӁּࢶࡶࡢଥѨࡶए̗ଜЕʨࢇЬ
ࢲলࠆٕձ‫ט‬Еओ‫߾ח‬ěࢷୁଜए߉ЕЬĜԂЕࡻзࢇ
ࢵ঵ VDYLQJ
ԻɼࢠքߑЬ
ଟնࢳࢆऌ঴ࢇԄɼएˈ࢑ЕѨࡶˈԮଞɼࢠࢶࢸଞ
ଢչࢶࢉएষ UHDVRQDEOHH[SHQVH
۴੔ࡶ੼ଥফоփ࣐ࡶ߱ЕएষࡶֆଞЬ
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ࢸߟଜЬ WRHFRQRPL]H
ѨࡶֻࡳЕʯΩЬˈۢɽଢТЬ
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˱֐ SXUFKDVH
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঻Ѱ˱֐ձଜЬ
LPSXOVH ୯ୣଜʯѹЬ
Ϋ‫ٸ‬ଜЬ WRZDVWH ˃୤ࡶ‫ٸܕࡓۿ‬ձଜִѨࡶΨ‫ٵ‬ଙВࢊࡶࣲࢊܹ࢑Ь
‫ࡶځ‬एЬ WREHLQGHEW ‫ٸܕ‬ɼ‫ܕ‬җࡶφ߭۰ִ‫ࡳپ‬ऌʬѹЬ
਺ԦҨ৞ҖԻ‫י‬ʢࡶ‫ˈی‬ঐ˱۰о̖ࡶ࢚ΰִ‫ࡳࡅݣ‬
‫ݸࡶࡈݦ‬Ь WREXLOGFUHGLW
‫࢑ܹࡳݵ‬Ь
‫ܕ‬җ‫ؿ‬Ьएষࢇքࡳִ‫ࡶځ‬ए̛‫̐ˈࢇۘݫ‬ԥʯѸִ
‫ࢍࡶࡈݦ‬Ь WRORVHFUHGLW
‫ࢊࡳࡅݣ‬ʬѹЬ
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࣏չ‫ئ‬ FRRNLQJPHWKRG
փҚ߭‫ࡁۿؿ‬
॥Ь WRVWHDP ॢВ࣏չ‫ࡵئ‬ӀࢇΟփѿձ࢈஢Еі‫ࡈی‬ѹЬ
ΰѰۢࡵֵ৔‫߅ࣚࡶࡸف‬ଜЕіΟЕ‫ط‬Իࣚ߅ଜए
‫ف‬Ь WRVWLUIU\
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ΑࢇЬ WRVLPPHU ࡉչߵցЕ֐ࢊ‫ؿ‬չ८ձΎࢄ‫࠾ۼ‬
‫ࡲې‬бʚ˕‫ࢇی‬Ьଞ‫̛ࡵػ‬८ࠆଭࡶʀҶࢿࢊࢉ̛ɼ
‫ۓ‬Ь WRERLO
࢑Еɾ‫߹ࢇݥ‬Ь
‫̖ݤ‬৔୎‫˱ˈ؃‬ցܻʋࡵΟ‫בࡶי‬খ‫߾؍ٽٸ‬ϋ߭
‫ה‬৔Ь WRVHDVRQ
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˲‫࢑ࢇי‬Еࡸ‫ݥ‬ VRXS
ࣚ߅ଜ‫ࡁۿ‬
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Ьߪ
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шଜЬ WRDGG ΰѰۢࡵ ଝϗࢉіхଙ̘ձ߅ऐѦֿ࢚Ԃࡁ
‫ڎ‬Ь WRVXEWUDFW ߾۰ ձ‫ֱ߲ڋ‬ցए"
ˑଜЬ WRPXOWLSO\ ο˱ˎଙ̘˱ɼ‫ף‬एߊ߅"
ࢺ‫ݪ‬ʅࢇֻѿ бԜΟ࠱߭ࡁ ָࢇТ̧ бԜձ

ΟϼЬ WRGLYLGH
ࡳԻΜϹֱଞ‫ی‬Ԇк бԜ޾ΰִѸʵόࡁ


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Ьߪ
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ࡕ‫ڹ‬ FRQH
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‫ࡳߦֻ̘҃ࡒࡶػי‬ԻփҚִЬհֻߦࢂ̛҆‫ؿ‬ЬࢢՎɼ
ࡕ̛҆ F\OLQGHU ࢶʯҚएփ‫ࡵי‬шքࢇжࡶܹ࢑ˈ‫ࡶי‬ց‫̛ݤ‬Ѧш
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˓ɾ VSDFH ːɻएɽМԯࢇӨ߭΢‫ی‬Ԇࡵ̟ࡶ࢚ॸˈ࣯८Ѧ࢚ଥࡁ
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ࢺ۴ִ GRWOLQHIDFH
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‫ض‬ɽ VLGHDQJOH Ьɽ୉ࡵ‫˕سࢂۘࢇ܅‬ɺࢇ࢑ЕૡִѦ୉ࡶֆଞЬ
۰ࡌ߾۰ࢿࢊϩࡵʢ‫ࡵי‬ՁіࡖҖ੉ࡓࢉіϦࢄɼߟ
ϩࢇ KHLJKW
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҂ԦɼࢊࢽଞѦ୉ҚࡶࠆԜʎࢇ߭٠ࠑࡶҶણࢇ
υࢇ DUHD
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ܹଝࢶࡳԻѿԣࢂ̟ࢇɼࢊࢽଞѦ୉Қࣸ߾۰υࢇɼ
҂Ԧ FLUFXPIHUHQFH
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‫ۿ‬Ի OHQJWK
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WREHVTXDUHVKDSHG
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‫ח˃ۿ‬୘ࡪ‫ࢉ୎ ۏ‬ળծ੨Ϣ‫صࠬࢇࢷݦ‬ଞ߅ղЬࡏࡶ
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WRIDFH
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aࢂ্ࣛࡉ্߾ WREHORFDWHGRQWKH
ࡢ৔ଜЬ OHIWULJKWVLGHRI


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एࡕଜЬ WRDSSO\
ऌࡒଙʬѸ߹‫ݡ‬ТЬ
ֱࢸࡳ‫ـ‬ҳВ‫ܕ̛࢕੼ؿ‬ʎձଜʯѼТЬ࢕̛‫ܕ‬ʎ
ִࢻࡶ‫ؿ‬Ь WRLQWHUYLHZ ‫ݤ‬ɾࡵ‫ࢽٗ ੼ؿ‬Ѧɼࣚ߅ࡁЬհ‫ی‬Ԇࢇ̛࢚߮ଟܹ
࢑ѦԼ࢕̛‫ܕ‬ʎձଥ‫ࡁۿؿ‬
ࢢԎ‫҆߾ࢠݤ‬एձટࢹࡵࠖܽࢉҚࢂ࢟Йْ̘ɼ‫ࢂࢠݤ‬
ࢢМ̛ٕ WDOHQWGRQDWLRQ
୛ԯ‫ܕ‬ɼѸˈ࢑‫ݡ‬ТЬ
‫یه‬Ѱ߅չ߾Қִ߭ࠝएࠇঐ‫ܕ‬ϗ‫܁‬ਫ਼ձएࡕଜ̛ࡢଥ
ֻ̖୛Ѱ IXQGUDLVLQJ
ָ̓୘ѭࡶଜʯѹЬ
ࢵЕ‫ۉل‬୘ѭࡶͰࣱ஢ଜࠆࢇࡑ‫ی‬Ԋ‫ݨ‬ঊ߾
‫یه‬୛Ѱ YROXQWHHUZRUN
ߔࢠ۰ʵ‫ݡ‬ТЬ
ࡉչɼ࣐ࡵࡪТ‫ۿ‬଎81,&()8QLWHG1DWLRQV&KLOGUHQ
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୯ࡕଜЬ WRVXSSRUW )XQGձ੼ଥ֐бփࡕ޾߅଎չ৞߭ջࢇҚࡶ
୬ࡒଟПЩ

Ȼࠓܺɹ࢟ЙϝԬ
$UWLVW7DOHQW(IIRUW¢Ȼ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ࢵЕքࡵ‫ی‬ԆҚࢇଡ͉˓ʃଜˈˈ‫׷‬ଟܹ࢑Е‫ی‬ୣࢶࢇ‫ݕ‬ձ
ࠖܽɼ DUWLVW
ࢿ‫ݤ‬ଜЕʨࢇࠓܺɹࢂࠇଟࢇԂˈۢɽଥࡁ
ࡵ߃ɹЕࡸ߆ࡶࢷ‫ࡳח‬ԻଜЕ‫ی‬Ԇࢇֲࢇ߾Е࢖ˉɼ࢖‫ی‬ɼ
ࡸ߆ɼ PXVLFLDQ
ए஁࢕ࠉ࣯࢕‫߆۽‬ɼҟࢇ࢑Ь
࢖ˉɼ VRQJZULWHUFomposer ঔչ‫ݛ‬ઝࢠଞΟЕ߅ࢇҚ߾ʯ਽Ԏ‫ܕࡶ߆ࡸݥ‬ʎଜ̛ࡢଥ

ऌ୾࢒Ի‫ݦض‬ଜࠑЕіए஁ձ˓ٕଜִ۰࢓ˆɹ߾оଥ۰Ѧш
ए஁࢕ FRQGXFWRU քࢇߊʯѸ߹ЬˈଞЬ
‫߆۽‬ɼ࣏ܹ‫׵‬Еę‫ࡵ׹ٸࢂ˓۽‬ě࢕‫ݦ‬ʃĜࢇֲ࢕‫ݦ‬ʃࢂ‫ࡵ׹ٸ‬
‫߆۽‬ɼ YRFDOLVW
ěߵঐ΢ࣱ‫ٸ‬ĜࢇЬĚԂˈֆବ߭ࡁ
୘ɼ SDLQWHU
ԦࠝΟծѦЬ‫ٺ‬৔Е୕ɹࢇֲʟলɹࢇЬ
ʢ঵ɼ DUFKLWHFW
‫ࡅב‬ɹʈܹऑࡵę߭ࢿձφ߭۴ࠝЖࡶ‫ی‬Еʨࢇʨࢇΰ‫ࢂۓ‬
‫ࡈה‬ɼ GDQFHU
ֻੵЬĚԂˈֆବ‫ݡ‬ТЬ
࢖ɼ ZULWHU ଢ଼ܻࡕࡵоଞ‫࢓ࢂ˲׷‬ɹԻЯ૜‫ܕ‬۶ę‫ܕ‬Ο̛Ěձ‫މ‬Ь
‫ݛ‬ફ‫ݛٳ‬ଗ‫̐؟‬Е‫ࠒ˲׵‬୘ࢂࠇ‫ی‬ձۚԻ‫މ‬Ьˈଟփਾ
ࠒ୘ʃѧ PRYLHGLUHFWRU ࡪָଞࠏ୕ʀѤࢇֲ̐ࢂо૲࢖૽ࡳԻЕě‫ݏ‬ҚԜչ‫ݛ‬ઝĜɼ
࢑Ь
ࠝЖࡵ଀ˁ‫ی‬ऑࡶ࣯Ի०Е‫ۉ‬ऎ࢓ɹ‫؃‬୊ࡕ޽ձ‫ܕ‬ʎଥ
‫ی‬ऑ࢖ɼ SKRWRJUDSKHU
Җչʵ‫ݡ‬ТЬ
ࠉষ࢕ GLUHFWRU ࠉ̑ࢇΟ؏‫̑ܞ‬Ҭࡢ߾۰ࠉষࡶ֎ࡵ‫ی‬Ԇࡶࠆ঴࢒ԂˈଢТЬ
ҡ࢕ࢉࡶࢷ‫ࡳח‬ԻଜЕ‫ی‬ԆࡶҞ࢒ࢄμԂˈଜЕіિ‫܊‬
ҡ࢕ࢇο GHVLJQHU ҡ࢕ࢇοࡠҡ࢕ࢇο࢕Ѱ८ҡ࢕ࢇοҟЬߦଞٗߞ߾۰
ҡ࢕ࢇοҚࢇ୛Ѱଜˈ࢑‫ݡ‬ТЬ
ଢ଼ܻࡕࢂЯ૜‫ܕ‬۶ě‫ܕ‬Ο̛ĜЕফ̒ЬߦଞࢠծԻࢢଥ۱Ѹˈ
˃̛ FKDQFH ࢑‫ݡ‬ТЬࢇЕ‫ח‬ଝ˕ࠖܽࢇࢉɾࢂ‫߲߾ۓ‬ցΟ‫ࣸܕ‬ଞ
ʨࢉए߾оଥЬ‫ݤ‬ଞ‫ۢء‬ɽଥ‫ؿ‬Еˀ̘ɼѺʨ࢏ТЬ
̡୊ऑ࢖ɼЧࡵ‫ࢉݦ‬зए߉ЬЕૡɼձ؇ˈ˃‫ݦ‬і‫ૺ࢓ࢂࢉق‬
࢖૽‫˃ۿ‬ ZRUOGRIDUWZRUN
‫ۼ‬ˀ߾оଥࣔ‫ܕ‬ʎଥ࣯‫ݤ‬ʵ߭ࡁ"
ࢉۢ˗ YLHZRIOLIH ࠖܽɼࢂ࢖૽߾Е̐‫ی‬Ԇࢂࢆ۟˔ࢇ̐оԻҖԜΟ̛ց԰ࢇЬ
‫ی‬ऑ࢖ɼ‫؃‬୊ࡕ޽ࢂࡁऋ̏୚ࢇߊԮ࣌‫ݡ‬ТЬए̖ࡵࠆܹ̒ঈ
̒ଢ଼ UHFHQWGDLO\OLYHV
۹߾࢖ࡵखࡶगˈ̐۹ࢂ˱۱˱۱ࡶ०ˈ࢑ࡳ‫ݤ‬Ьˈଜόࡁ
߶ࢶ DFKLHYHPHQW ࠖܽɼҚࢇ࢕̛ٗߞ߾۰ࢇՖ߳ࢳࡵ̐ҚࢂϠԯࢂʼ˕࢏ТЬ

Ȼࠓܺɹ࢟ЙϝԬ
$UWLVW7DOHQW(IIRUW£Ȼ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
࢖ɼЧࢂֆ޷փҚ߭Ѧॷ࢖ࢂˈ੼ࢇГ͏खТЬବ୬ˀୡࡶ
ଯ୯˃୤ IXWXUHSODQV
ࣔֆ޷ଥ࣯‫ݤ‬ʵ‫ݡ‬Т̧"
‫ࠠٸ‬չ‫ݛ‬ઝչ८ҖࡈࢢࠝХࡵࣲչ߭Җࡸо߾۰۱‫ی‬ଝࡢձ
ܹۘˁԯ DZDUGZLQQLQJFDUHHU ؇ߑࡳֲ̐Ԏ‫ۘ׵‬ѿʎٕٗࢂ୯‫߾ؿ‬Ѧࠠԉएփ߅ऐ̧एܶ‫ە‬
ʾԬࡵ߷Ь
‫ܕ‬ओ DSWLWXGH ࠆԜٗࡵ߭Ӂࠖܽٗߞ߾‫ܒ‬ऐࢇ࢑Ьˈۢɽଥࡁ"
߅‫ה‬չӥߪΟ࢟Йࡶɼएˈ੓߭ΪшԂѦࠊࢽ˕Ϡԯࢇ߷Ьִ
Ө߭΢ࢢМ JUHDWWDOHQW
‫ࢇ߾˓۽‬ձܹ߷ࡶʨ࢏ТЬ
̐‫ࠠࢇ؂‬չТ‫ݛ‬ઝЕ ‫ۑ‬Ҷٕਫ਼‫ࠠࢇ؂‬ջࡶਊЬˈଜЕіʷࡉ
ࢢМࡶ੉ˈΟЬ WREHJLIWHG
‫߾ۑ‬৞ό̛୑߾і٫ଞʨࡶ‫ִ࢟ؿ‬Йࡳ੆˅Οʨʋ߅ࡁ
‫߾ی̛חݦ‬۰‫ي‬ЕіটҟଝˬҶ۴ۢЧࢇ̡ࠉ߅۴ܹࢂ࢟Йࡳ
ࢢМࡶ؈ʺଜЬ WRILQGJLIW ؅ʷଙ˅ֻٕЧଞ੨‫ࢇৼݛ‬ઝձ‫ق‬ʸࢶࡳԻ‫ݤ‬਄‫ؿ‬Ԃˈ
̀ବоࡁ
%76 Еࢷ‫ࡳࢶ˃ۿ‬Ի੉ˈ΢࢟Йࡳࢆࢺ؄В̐ՙࢇएփ̐Қࢂ
WREHUHFRJQL]HGZLWK
ࢢМࡶࢉࢽ؇Ь ߵঐ΢Ϡԯࢇ߷߹Ьִए̖ࢂ‫˕۽‬ձʠ҂ܹ߷߹ࡶएѦ
WDOHQW
ֻհЬ
%76 ɼֲ৘ࢷ߾‫ࡶˉݦ‬؈૲ବЕі؈૲ձଜ࢕ց࢕ࡪઘ‫ٱ‬
ࢇղࡶΤչЬ WRZLQIDPH ‫׫‬ऐ‫ٸ‬ҡࠝ‫ݨ‬ʦ ࡢ߾ҟ̑ଜֲࢷ‫ࡳࢶ˃ۿ‬ԻࢄկࡳΡն˅
࢑߭ࡁ
̡୊ऑ࢖ɼЧ ϗফˈࢂ࢖ɼ‫ەܶࡳە‬ଙ‫ݣ‬ʨࡶ
ۘࡶܹۘଜЬ WRUHFHLYHDQDZDUG
঵ଜҖվТЬ
߅‫ה‬ԎѦࢿɼ‫ܽ׵‬Իন˅ࡿ࢒ն߻ࠚի̘В߭ԳʵЬЕۢɽࢇ
ফˈࢂ࢕չ߾ࠝծЬ WRVWDQGDWWKHWRS
Қ߭۰̐Ѱ߇ଥࠝы‫ٕ˓ܽ׵‬ձࢇࢿ̐փѿԮˈࡁ
‫ܽࠖࢉࢶ˃ۿ‬ɼɼѸЕʢ੉ˈ΢ࢢМѦࣸࡁଜएփΎࢎ߷Е
Ϡԯ HIIRUW
ϝԬࢂʼ˕Ԃˈۢɽଥࡁ
Ϡԯࡵࡉչձؑ‫ݦ‬ଜए߉ЕЬˈ‫ࡁ߭࢑ˈ׸‬଑ΜВϝԬࢇ
ଔΟЕϠԯ GHVSHUDWHHIIRUW
࢑Ьִϼ˱Οࣚࡵʼ˕ձʠ҂ܹ࢑ࡶʠԂˈۢɽଢТЬ
߭Ԯࡋۘଢ଼߾۰Ѧ̐Еࡸ߆୛Ѱࡶ૦̛ଜए߉ˈন۱ࡳ
ফ۴ࡶЬଜЬ WRGRRQHĜVEHVW
Щ଩‫ݞ‬ПЩ
୯ؑҚ˕ࠊ‫ݪ‬஢ࠉ‫ݡ‬ଥ۰ΰϗ߾Ешࣚࡵ˓ࠉࡶ‫ࠆؿ‬ҖչѦԼ
Ϡԯࡶ̛ࡌࢇЬ WRPDNHHIIRUWV
ϝԬࡳ̘ࡉࢄʲ‫ݞ‬ПЩ
ࠒ୘ě˲ࢿ‫ࢠݤ‬Ĝࢂ࣯ࢉ˓щܹձ੼ଥࠟʉߪԫࡌࡳʷҞ˅
߭ԮࡏࡶʺҡЬ
WRHQGXUHGLIILFXOWLHV ɼ࣐ࡶࡢଥॺࢎࡶЬଜЕ߅‫؟‬एࢂֻ‫߹࢑ܹكࡶݡ‬Еіο‫ה‬
ॳЬ ʃѰࢶࢇˈɼ‫ןࢇݠ‬਽ବЬ
߭ԮࡏࡶࢇʷΰЬ ଼Ԩ৿ԜЕ੓߭ΤҶٕਫ਼ࢠߕɼ࢑߹एփֻҘߪԫࡌࡳ
WRJHWRYHUGLIILFXOWLHV
̑‫ـ‬ଜЬ ࢄʴέ˅࢕̛‫߾ۓ‬ফ۴ࡶЬଞ‫ی‬Ԇ࢏ТЬ

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ە‬3RSXODU$UWV$SSUHFLDWLRQ¢Ȼ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
΢੉Еଞ˲ࢷ੼ࡸ߆ࢉ‫יی‬ϣࢇձୃоࢶࡳԻۚՀʯ
˓ࠉ SHUIRUPDQFH
˃‫ݣ‬ଜࠑЬЕૡɼձ؇Еଞ˲ࢂо૲ࢶࢉːࠆࠖܽࢇЬ
ě˲ࢿ‫ࢠݤ‬ĜࢇԂЕࠏ୕Еૡ‫إ‬ଞଞɼ࣐ࢂࢊо̛ձଞ˲ࢂ
ࠒ୘ PRYLH ߎࡌବы‫ࢉ̛ݤ‬ϗоٕਫ਼ϗо̧एձؑˁࡳԻ
̐չˈ࢑Ь
ࠆ̎ࡵؑࡉɼࠉষ࢕ࢂएѦ߅Ԏɽ‫߾ق‬ҬԂࠉ̛ձଜࠆ
ࠉ̑ SOD\
˗ʏ߾ʯ‫ࢇؿ‬ЕࣗଢࠖܽࢇЬ
̐࢖ɼࢂғӿվձଜѦ‫ؿ‬Ь‫ؿ‬То‫ی‬ձʠࢂ࠹ࡉʯ
ҖԂց GUDPD
ѷЬ
лࣵ‫ה‬ଚࡵࢊ؆‫ی‬ԆҚࢂச‫׵‬ձࡢଥۘ߶‫ࡳࢶּࡶ۽‬Ի
оࣸ‫ח‬ଝ SRSXODUOLWHUDWXUH
փҚ߭ऑ‫ח‬ଝࡳԻϼ˱Ο‫ݒ‬ʯࢻଟܹ࢑Ь
࢖૽ ZRUNV ࢓ૺࡵࠖܽॷ࢖୛ѰࡳԻ߱߭एЕࢿ࢖‫ࡶי‬ֆଞЬ
ؑࡉҚࢂࠉ̛ɼ DFWRUVSHUIRUP
୲խଜЬ EULOOLDQWO\
ࢇ‫׫‬ए৶˓ࠉࡵ؎ࡆҗࡿࠆ̘ѣ୯ժଙ̘ѣଜˈ‫࢟ܒ‬ѣ
‫ࢢܕ‬ɼॳ‫ݦ‬ଜЬ VXEMHFWLVRULJLQDO
॰‫ݣ‬ଢۭ஗ପ߻‫ۺ‬ː଩ߪ࠾
சଭ߾‫˓۽‬ଜЬ WREHDER[RIILFHKLW
WRKDYHLQWHUHVWLQJ ߕТ֩ࢇ‫ࠒ܊‬୘ěʷࡌ࠲˲ĜࡵѰۢ߇Οɼ߯Тࠁ‫ی‬ձ
ࣲʠչɼࢢ‫࢑׵‬Ь
VWRU\OLQHV ˱ଜ̛ࡢଥࠆଭࡶҿΟЕΰࡈࢉі࣯ʝնɹ࢟‫࠾ߪࢎײ‬
WRKDYHEHDXWLIXO
ؑˁࢇ߅ղзЬ
VFHQHV ěʷࡌ࠲˲Ĝࡵ؎ʾࢄ߂կд˅࣬ࢼˆѣࣗ߂ۭ߭հ߅ࢇ
WRKDYHDJRRG ଟʨ߷ࢇֻѿ߾ʯࢉ̛ɼքߑ߭ࡁ
࣯ࢿˉࢇࣚЬ
VRXQGWUDFN

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ە‬3RSXODU$UWV$SSUHFLDWLRQ£Ȼ

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9QTF Ӳ
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WRKDYHLPSUHVVLYH ߭ࢿ‫ق‬ҖԂց߾Ͼࢇ‫߅ޒ‬एЕΤѿ‫ی‬Ԇࢇହ߭एЕ
ࢠִࢇࢉۘࢶࢇЬ
VFHQHV ֱ࢝ࢄο‫ୁ࢓ࢇִࢠۭ̐ߪࢄࢳەࢆה‬एएɼ߉߅ࡁ
߇‫׷‬۱ʃѧࢂࠒ୘Е˗ʏҚ߾ʯ̦ࡵʃѰࡶ࣯Еଞ૜
ࠒ୘ɼࢷбଜЕ WKHPRYLHKDVDJRRG
‫ی‬ୣ‫߾ࢿח‬Ѧ˗‫ࡶݪ‬ʉʯଥࡁ̐Ԏ۰ࢵЕ߇ʃѧࢂ
֩‫ۿ‬एɼࣚЬ PHVVDJH
ࠏ୕ɹࢴЮଙВ֦‫ۼ‬ऌɹॳࣗ߂ࡁ
WRKLWPLOOLRQYLHZHU ए̖̑ࢠ߾ʤջࠒ୘߾ě ր˔ʌѧરĜԂˈ˝ˈɼ

փ˗ʏѪળ
PDUN ٠߹ыі̐Ԡசଭ߾‫˓۽‬ଞʠࠖࡁ"
‫ݤ‬ঐթ ࡢ PRVWZLGHO\YLHZHG ࢇ‫ݡ߾࣯ء‬঍զ ࡟ձଞҖԂցࢿּࢇ‫"ࡁࠖע‬
WRKDYHPRYLQJ
ΰࡈࢇʃѰࢶࢇЬ ě˲ࢿ‫ࢠݤ‬Ĝ߾۰࣯ࢉ˓щܹձ੼ଥࠟʉ߭Ԯࡏࡶʺҡˈ
FRQWHQWV
ɼ࣐ࡶࡢଥॺࢎࡶЬଜЕ߅‫؟‬एࢂֻ‫߹࢑ܹكࡶݡ‬Еі
ɼ‫ןࢇݠ‬਽ଜЬ WREHWRXFKHG έࡅࢄࢺփʀѭࢳࢄ˅ɹ‫਺לࢄݝ‬଩ߪ
ࠒ୘ձ‫ك‬Ҷ‫ݤ‬оࢶؑˁࡶ࢚ߊִࠒ୘ࢂΰࡈҚࢇш
˓ʃࢇɼЬ WRV\PSDWKL]H
ːʀࢄɹ࠾
਍Ζࢇ५ଜЬ WREHFKRNHGXS
ফ̒߾ۚԻΟࠟҖԂցě‫ݛ׵‬ਫ਼‫ࢉۣ܊‬Ĝࡶ‫ؿ‬Еΰΰ
ਊΓࢄ२ଢऌѣԹʀѭࡳ؄ߎߪ
ʃѰࡶ؇Ь WREHPRYHG


Ȼ‫ܒ‬۳ࡿ࢝ի‫ה‬ଚ
*HQUHRI1RYHO/LWHUDWXUHȻ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
‫ی‬ԆࢂۢߕΟɼ࣐ࢂࠇ‫ی‬ձ‫ی‬ୣࢶؑˁ‫߾ܖ‬۰‫ݤ‬оࢂஐղ߾
оଜ‫ܕ‬۶ HSLFQRYHO
ҬԂ˱‫۽‬ଞ‫ܕ‬۶ࡶлଙ‫ܒ‬۳ࢇԂˈଞЬ
ࢠ૜‫ܕ‬۶ IXOOOHQJWKQRYHO ˱‫࢝ـࢇ۽‬ଜˈΰࡈࢇ̝‫ܕ‬۶ࡶ࢝૙‫ܒ‬۳ࢇԂˈଞЬ
Я૜‫ܕ‬۶ VKRUWVWRU\ ଢ଼ܻࡕࢂę‫ܕ‬Ο̛ĚЕ߅࣯ࡪָଞЬ૙‫ܒ‬۳ࢇЬ
঱ն‫ܒ‬۳ࡵ‫یࣤإ‬ʢࡶܹ‫ی‬ଜЕΰࡈࡳԻ‫ی‬ʢࡶ঴չଜࠆ
঴չ‫ܕ‬۶ GHWHFWLYHVWRU\QRYHO
ଥʼଜЕ˕ࢽ߾ࣸࢺࡶѿЕ‫ܕ‬۶ࢇЬ
ࠇ‫ܕی‬۶ KLVWRULFDOQRYHO ࠄ‫ܒۉ‬۳ࡵࠇ‫یࢶی‬ʢࢇΟࢉ‫ࢢܕࡶי‬ԻଜЕ‫ܕ‬۶ࢇЬ
ࢷࢪ‫ܕ‬۶ ZDUQRYHO ࢴࢧ‫ܒ‬۳ࡵ‫ࢿݨ‬Ի࢑߹ыࢷࢪࡶ‫ࢢܕ‬ԻЬՖЬ
˒ଚ‫ܒ‬۳ࡵ˓ۘ˕ଝ‫ܕ‬۶ࢇԂˈѦଜֲ˕ଝࢇΟࡉ࣯ձ
˕ଝ‫ܕ‬۶ VFLHQFHILFWLRQ
࣯ࢿԻଜࠆ޳‫ܕ‬۶ࢇЬ
‫ܒ࢝ۺ‬۳ࡵ࣯ࢉ˓ࢂ߭ջ‫ٕࢸݤ‬ਫ਼߭հࡳԻ‫ࢠ۽‬ଜֲࢉʸࡶ
‫ܕࢠ۽‬۶ FRPLQJRIDJHQRYHO
ࠬ‫۽‬ଥɼЕ˕ࢽࡶ̐ջ‫ܕ‬۶ࢇЬ
ߕࢽ‫ܕ‬۶ URPDQWLFILFWLRQ ߒࢺ‫ܒ‬۳ࡵΧϕɾࢂ‫ی‬Ԋࡶ‫ࢢܕ‬ԻଜЕ‫ܕ‬۶ࢇЬ
‫ה‬୆‫ܕ‬۶ PDUWLDODUWVQRYHO ‫ܒୃב‬۳ࡵ‫ࢇܽה‬Ө߭΢୆ʏҬࡢࢂࢇߞ̛ձЬՖ‫ܕ‬۶ࢇЬ
˓૦‫ܕ‬۶ KRUURUILFWLRQQRYHO ːૣ‫ܒ‬۳߾Е࠳͗ʦࡵˈߦࢇɼΟࠝए"
࣯ࢿ WKHPH ଢ଼ܻࡕࢂЯ૜‫ܕ‬۶ě‫ܕ‬Ο̛Ĝࢂ࣬ࢼЕě঎‫ی‬ԊĜ࢏ТЬ
ࠒ୘ě˲ࢿ‫ࢠݤ‬Ĝࡵૡ‫إ‬ଞଞɼ࣐ࢂࢊо̛ձଞ˲ࢂߎࡌବы
ؑˁ EDFNJURXQG
‫ ࢉ̛ݤ‬ϗоٕਫ਼ ϗо̧एձ؎ʾࡳԻ̐չˈ࢑Ь
ଢ଼ܻࡕࢂ‫ܕ‬۶ě‫ܕ‬Ο̛Ĝ߾۰‫ܕ‬ϗ˕‫ܕ‬ϕɼɼ̧ࡓऑ˃̛ɼѹ
‫ی‬ʢ HSLVRGH
‫ۉ‬ʟࡵ‫"ࡁࠖע‬
ҟࢠࢉ‫י‬ FKDUDFWHUV ě‫ܕ‬Ο̛ĜࢂҜ࢝ࢆ‫ז‬ҚࢇࡉչࠪΟࢇɼ‫ݢٸ‬ଥ۰̐Ԟएːʀлɹ

࢚୆‫ۺ‬ѳ࠾
˓ʃоɼ୉‫۽‬ѸЬ WRUDLVHV\PSDWK\
WRGHHSO\OLQJHULQ
ऑଜʯࠆࡋࢇΧЬ
PLQG ࠆԜٗ߾ʯऎଙʬࠃࡈࡳΤ̚ॺࢇ࢑߭ࡁ"߅Тִց৔ࠏ୕ࡿ
ց৔ࠒ୘ࢂଞ WREHOLNHDVFHQHRXW ଛֱ࢝ʈЩ˅ۢɽଞࢇߞ̛ɼ࢑Οࡁ"
ࢠִʋЬ RIDPRYLH
WRVXUHO\EUHDNWKH ࢇॺࡵ‫ی੼ؿ‬ԆҚࢂۢɽ˕Ебչ‫ؼ‬ԁқࢄ૙ʷࡳ̰В
‫ؿ‬ԄҞࢇ૜ʺࡶ̳Ь
VWHUHRW\SH ʼֆࢇցࡸ߾Қ߭
ࢿɼ̐࢖ɼࢂ‫ܕ‬۶ࡶࣚ߅ଜЕࢇࡪЕ‫ݤ‬оࢶؑˁࡶ࢚۶ָଟ
WRKDYHRXWVWDQGLQJ
૲ୃࢇ੊ࡖଜЬ ‫ڸ‬փ߅ТԂӖ࣯ࢉ˓ࢂ‫ݪ‬չձ૯ୀଜЕ؏‫ࡓੇࢄئ‬ଙ̘
H[SUHVVLRQ
Ҷ‫ࡁ߾ࢇח‬
WRIRUHVKDGRZDQ ̐ॺ߾۰ʠࡌࢇ̳एЕࢠִࡶࢋࡶҶٕਫ਼ГΛࢇࢇۘବ߭
‫ی‬ʢࡶߎ‫ݤ‬ଜЬ
HSLVRGH ʠ̛ɼ߅ցҋ߾Οࠠ‫ۉࢉۑ‬ʟࡳߋ‫ݡ‬ଙВࢠִࢉɼ‫و‬

Ȼ‫୕ה‬५ࢄ‫˽୕ה‬¢Ȼ

&XOWXUDO'LIIHUHQFH&XOWXUDO$UHD
Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ଞ˲ࡵख߇߾۰‫ݦ‬؈ࡶ‫ۢˈا‬୛ଜˈ‫ݦࡵ˲׵‬؈ࡶ‫ˈݦ‬
ۢ୛ࠖࢸ HWLTXHWWH
ۢ୛ଜЕʨঈԠɽΟԂցЬ۟୘ࠓࢵࢇбԂࡁ
ɽΟԂցЬࡿ۟୘ࢇЬհіଞ˲ࢂଞ‫ࢂ˲ࣸ˕ـ‬८ળࠝЕ
ࢂۢ୛ FORWKLQJOLIH
̫ۛࢇΟֻߦࢇࢷୁбԂ‫ח‬୘ࢶ८ࢇձ࢚‫ࣱࠆؿ‬Ь
ଞ˲˕ࣸ˲ࢂ‫۟ݢ‬୘ࡶ‫ˬٸ‬ଜִଞ˲ࡸ‫ߦࢂݥ‬ϙࡵжؒଞ
‫ۢݥ‬୛ GLHWOLIH
؆ִࣸ˲ࡸ‫ߦࢂݥ‬ϙࡵऑଞ֋ࢇΟЕʨࢇઞघࢇЬ
ଞࣸࢊ ˲ࢂ࣬۟୘߾Е߭Ӂ‫ݢٸ‬ଞࢺ˕Ьհࢺࢇ࢑Еए
࣯ۢ୛ KRXVLQJOLIH
࣏‫ی‬ଥ‫ࡁۿؿ‬
‫ݭ‬ɼ૦ծ߾۰‫ࡈی‬ѸЕ˓‫ߪ߬ݥ‬Еࠒ߭ࣸ˲߭ֆԦࢇए߅߭
߯߭ ODQJXDJH
੉‫ֻ߭׹‬ѿ ɼएࢇЬ
ΟԂցЬ‫ח‬୘ɼЬհʨࡵɽΟԂ‫ی‬ԆҚࢂ‫˅ۉ‬،‫ࢇݢ‬Ь
‫ݥ؏ˈی‬ ZD\RIWKLQNLQJ
Ьծ̛Ҷ‫ࢇח‬Ь
˲ˁ߷Еࢂ‫ی‬ୣЕࢉࣗࣔ˩ࢽ৔ࢶ‫ݦ‬ϙࡶҿΟࢷ‫߾˃ۿ‬
ࣗˬ UHOLJLRQ
८‫߷ط‬Е˱୎୛Ѱࡶ૝৔ˈ࢑Ь
̛ѧˬ &KULVWLDQLW\ ̘Ѥ˩ٙˬࢇ‫ݞ‬ԆˬЕ‫ ˃ۿ‬оࣗˬࠖࡁ
ٖ˩ЕٕঈЧࢂɼծ৚߾ҬԂ̳бࡸࡶ̛߱ࡢଥܹଭࡶଜЕ
ٙˬ %XGGKLVP
ࣗˬࢇЬ
ࡧл˩Еֻ‫̛ࡶئ࡭ࢂۿ‬টԻ̛ࡕࢷ ‫̛ۿ‬ˁٕਫ਼؈бଞ
ࡪоˬ -XGDLVP
ࡪоࢉҚࢂ‫ࢇˬ࣐ࣗ׷‬Ь
‫ݤ‬չ߅ࢂܹѦЕЬց‫ݛ‬৲‫׷˲ˈࢇݛ‬ҚоЬܹɼ‫׸‬ЕࣗˬЕ
ࢇ‫ݞ‬Ԇˬ ,VODP
ࢄ‫ݛ‬ԃ˩࢏ТЬ
ই࣬˩Е‫߾˃ۿ‬۰ɼࢠࠝԎѹ̛ѧˬࢂଞࣗળԻࠇ‫ࡳࢶی‬Ի
ঊ࣯ˬ৞੸պˬ &DWKROLFLVP
۰ߦ‫ח‬୘߾ʠоଞࠒଯࡶ‫׵‬ছЬ
όષ‫ی‬ԆҚࡵ஡Ѽ˩ձ‫׸‬ЕЬִ۰ࡁ"̐Ԏ۰‫ח‬୘ࡪ‫ۏ‬ҚѦ
தѿˬ +LQGXLVP
оٕٗ̐ࣗˬࠪ˗԰ѹʠԂˈଜыіđ


Ȼ‫୕ה‬५ࢄ‫˽୕ה‬£Ȼ

&XOWXUDO'LIIHUHQFH&XOWXUDO$UHD
Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
˓੼ѹઞघࡶ‫ࢇؿ‬Е߭Ӂ‫ח‬୘ɼएչࢶࡳԻٗ૦ଜЕ‫ࡢإ‬ձ
‫ח‬୘̀ FXOWXUDODUHD
‫ࢇ˽୕ה‬ԂˈଜЕіЬհֆԻ‫ח‬୘एࠇࢇԂˈѦଞЬ
6RXWKHDVW$VLDQFXOWXUDO ‫ݭ‬ɼ૦ծଗչଖ‫ت‬ઝΧࡵѭΤ߂‫ܖ߾˽୕ה߂ݡ‬ଞ
ѰΧ߅‫ח߅ݤ‬୘̀
DUHD ˲ɼҚࢇЬ
ଞ˲ࡵ߅‫ࢂ߅ݤ‬Ѱु߾ࡢ৔ଥ࢑߭۰‫ח‬୘̀ࡳԻЕѭ߂‫߂ݡ‬
Ѱ߅‫ח߅ݤ‬୘̀ (DVW$VLDQFXOWXUDODUHD
‫ܖ߾˽୕ה‬ଞЬ
ӿપ‫̒ࡵ˽୕ה‬о‫߾ی‬ʤঙԂભ‫׷ݥࢂ࣐׷‬एؑձ؇ࡵ
Ԃભ‫ח‬୘̀ /DWLQFXOWXUDODUHD ࣸΧ‫׵‬एࠇࡶֆଜֲࠆ̛߾۰Е࣯Ի‫ݛ‬૓ࢉ߭Ο
૦ծઆʀ߭ձ‫ࡈی‬ଞЬ
߂Ԅ‫߅ࡵ˽୕ה‬ԇ߭ձ࣯Ի‫ࡈی‬ଜЕएࠇࡶֆଜֲ
߅ԇ‫ח‬୘̀ $UDELFFXOWXUDODUHD
‫ࡉی‬ҡ߅Ԃ‫߅ٸ‬Οࠝփҟࢇࠆ̛߾‫ܖ‬ଞЬ
߂֦ն৛‫˲ࢂ˽୕ה‬ɼҚࡵࠒ߭ձ࣯Ի‫ࡈی‬ଜֲ
߅֩չ৞‫ח‬୘̀ $PHULFDFXOWXUDODUHD
ࠇ‫ࡳࢶی‬ԻΟ‫ח‬୘ࢶࡳԻࠒ˲ࢂࠒଯࡶքࢇ؇ߑЬ
߂ଋն৛‫ࡵ˽୕ה‬ଜΟɼ߅ФࠆԜɼए‫ח‬୘ɼʾঙࣇ
߅଎չ৞‫ח‬୘̀ $IULFDQFXOWXUDODUHD
୉‫۽‬Ѹ߹Ь
୎࣯ࠪЍओԐҖҟࢇ‫ܖ‬ଥ࢑Еएࠇࡶࠚ‫߂ۼ‬П߂
ࠝ‫߅ۿ‬Т߅‫ח‬୘̀ 2FHDQLDQFXOWXUDODUHD
‫ࢇ˽୕ה‬ԂˈٕհЬ
ࡧԞ‫ࡳ˲ࠒࡵ˽୕ה‬Իо૲ѸЕ۰ࡪԡѧࢊԻо૲ѸЕ
ࡪԡ‫ח‬୘̀ (XURSHDQFXOWXUDODUHD
ٕࣸࡪԡ̐չˈԜ‫߅ݤ‬Իо૲ѸЕѰࡪԡࡳԻΟЈ߭ࣇ࢑Ь
&KLQHVHFKDUDFWHU ଛ࢒‫ࡲ˽୕ה‬ଞ࢕ࠪଞ‫ࡶח‬؇߅Қࠆ࢕˲߭߭஁ձоԛࡳԻ
ଞ࢕‫ח‬୘̀
FXOWXUDODUHD ८ࡈଞѰ߅‫˲߅ݤ‬ɼҚࢇ‫ܖ‬ଞएࠇࡶɼչ੃Ь
ࣸߒ߅‫߅ݤ‬ЕࡪԂ‫߅ݤ‬оէࢂࣸߒٕ߾ࡢ৔ଞʢ࣏एоԻ
&HQWUDO$VLDQFXOWXUDO
ࣸߒ߅‫ח߅ݤ‬୘̀ ࣵߏ߂‫ܖ߾˽୕ה߂ݡ‬ଞΟԂҚԻЕ৞࢕ஐ‫ࢇੋݛ‬Ο
DUHD
ࡉइ‫ੋݛੁت‬ҟࡶҚܹ࢑Ь


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,QWURGXFLQJD&RXQWU\:RUOG,VVXHV

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ଞ˲ࢂୃࢢࢆˮЕߟ ঊփָࢽѦࢇएփষ‫࡭ۏ‬
ࢉ˱ SRSXODWLRQ
ʃ‫ܕ‬ԻࢉଥߔࡳԻшࣲ߭ҚएѦֻհЬ
ࠆԜٗҚࡵଞ˲ࢂएࢽଝࢶ࡟৑Οࢽٕ୉੓߾оଥ
ࡢ৔ ORFDWLRQ
߲ցΟߊˈ࢑Οࡁ"
ଞ˲ࢂܶѣЕ۰ࡌࢇˈࢷࢉ˱ࢂߟ‫ࢊࢂٗی‬
ܹѦ FDSLWDOFLW\
ࢇۘࢇࠆ̛߾‫ݡ࢑ˈۑ‬ТЬ
‫ࢠהٸ‬एоࢂֱࢳࡵߟNP ࢇֲΧٖࡳԻNP
ִࢶ DUHD
Ѱ۰ԻNP ࢽѦࢇЬ
ଞ˲ࢂࢽٕ୉੓Οʢ˲ࠄ‫߾ۉ‬оଥؑࡋࢶࢇ
ࠇ‫ی‬ KLVWRU\
࢑Οࡁ"
ࣗˬΟࢆࣔɾࢂʀҟࡳԻଞΟԂ߇߾۰Ѧΰࢷࡶ
ࢉࣗ UDFH ʹʠΟЬհ̐ՙ߾‫ܖ‬ଞ‫ی‬ԆҚࡶ֐ࡉ‫߭ݩ‬ଜЕ
ˁࡉɼքЬ
‫࣐׷‬ HWKQLFJURXS ০ΟЬЕࠆԜ‫࢑ˈۑࢇ࣍״‬ЕЬ‫˲࣐׷‬ɼࢇЬ
ࣔ˩Еট࢕ࠉࢶࢉࢸо࢕߾оଞ‫੼ࡶࡸ׸‬ଜࠆ‫ࢂۓ‬
ࣗˬ UHOLJLRQ
˼̑ࢶࢉࢂ‫׵‬ձ঴˱ଜЕ‫ח‬୘঑˃ࢇЬ
ࢺ৑ЕΟԂձЬ‫ݛ‬չЕࢊԻ˲‫׷‬ҚࢇࢉɾЬࡋ‫ࡶۓ‬
ࢽ৔ SROLWLFV
‫࢑ܹۑ‬ѦԼ‫ی‬ୣओ۰ձ‫؂‬Ի࢝ЕࠇଟࡶଞЬ
ଞ˲ࡵࢷࢪࡳԻࢉଥૢରɼѸ߹एփ̐ࢇ୯
ˁࢿ HFRQRP\ ̛ࢶʋࢇ‫ڃ‬հʾࢼ‫ࢇࡶࢠ۽‬Ք߭ࡕ࣏ձ؇Е
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ଞ˲ࡵ˲‫ࢇࢉ࣯ࢇ׷‬Ѹˈ˲‫ࡢࡶ׷‬ଞࢽ৔ɼ
‫ࢂ࣯࣯׷‬ GHPRFUDF\
ࢇՔ߭एЕ‫˲ࡿ࣬࣬״‬ɼࢇЬ
л੹Գࢼࢂઞघࡵо੼Զࢇ˲ɼࡕܹࢉѰ‫߾ݤ‬
о੼Զࢿ SUHVLGHQWLDOV\VWHP
ଭࢽٕܹ؆ࢇѸЕʨࢇЬ


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,QWURGXFLQJD&RXQWU\:RUOG,VVXHV

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
˳࣯ࢿ PRQDUFK\ ࠒ˲˕ࢊ‫ࢼ࣬˰ࡵق‬ձॹ੔ଞΟԂҚࢇЬ
ࢂࡕΰɽࢿ SDUOLDPHQWDU\JRYHUQPHQW ѧࢊ‫ݛ‬૓ࢉ‫࡛ݛ‬јࡵࡿࡒέɺࢼձॹ੔ଜˈ࢑Ь
ଞ˲ࡵМԯ߾Ҭհٗؑձࡕ৕ࡳԻʎࢉࢂࢇ࡬ࡶ
࢕‫ࢂ࣯ق‬ FDSLWDOLVP
঴˱ଜЕ࢒‫یࡿ࣬ؿ‬ୣࢇЬ
ː‫ࡿ࣬ی‬Е‫ی‬ୣࢂֻҘ˱‫˓ࡶۏࢢࢇࡕ۽‬Ѱ
˓‫ࢂ࣯ۏ‬ FRPPXQLVP
‫ࡪܕ‬ଜЕࢿѦࢇЬ
ϗ߾Ԝ‫߾߅ݤ‬۰‫ۉ‬ୠ࣬ࡿୂָࢇফটԻ
‫ی‬ୣ࣯ࢂ VRFLDOLVP
؈؈ଜࠑЬ
ࣗˬΟࢉࣗɾࢂʀҟࡳԻࢉଥଞΟԂ߇߾۰Ѧ
ΰࢷ FLYLOZDU
έࢴࢇΟऎࠝ‫ࣤإ‬ɼࢊ߭ΟЕˁࡉɼքЬ
ফ̒Қ߭एऑ੓଀ୖܹʋࡵ࢒ࠆ࢟ଢҶ‫߾ח‬
࢕ࠉࢢଥ QDWXUDOGLVDVWHU
ˈ੼ࡶʹЕΟԂҚࢇшք߅࣌Ь
‫ْٷ‬ʵ५Ԅɼ΢ଞ‫ی‬ԆҚ˕ٕࡪଞ‫ی‬ԆҚࢂˁࢿࢶ
JDSEHWZHHQULFKDQG
‫ٕٺ‬ʸ८ ʸ८ձֆଜЕіࢽٕ߾۰Е‫ٕٺ‬ʸ८ձଥ‫ܕ‬ଜ̛
SRRU
ࡢଥքࡵϠԯࡶ̛ࡌࢇˈ࢑Ь
ˁࢿ΢ HFRQRPLFGLIILFXOW\ ߅଎չ৞ࢊٕ˲ɼ߾۰Еए̖Ѧࠆࢷ஢ΰࢷ

ʾࢼΟࢆ˽‫֘חࢼה‬ओ‫ݥػ‬ԛ΢ҟࡳԻ߭Ԯࡏࡶ
ࢉ̀‫ࢿח‬ KXPDQULJKWVLVVXHV ʹˈ࢑Ь
ˁࢿ‫߾ࢿח‬ЕࠆԜɼएɼ࢑एփ‫ؿ߸ה‬Ьɼࢠ
‫ݥ‬ԛ΢ IRRGVKRUWDJH
‫ݪ‬ɽଞʨࡵкࢠ֟ࡶࡸ‫߷ࢇݥ‬Е‫ݢ‬ԘΟࢇЬ
ଞ̔ࡵؑࡉ̛‫ࠆ࢕̔ࡋݍ‬۰ଞ˲߾Е‫ࢉ֕ה‬
‫֘ח‬ LOOLWHUDF\
‫ی‬ԆҚࢇʠࢂ߷Ь
ࢷࢪࢇΟ̛߅ऐ‫ࢢࠉ࢕ظ‬ଥҟࡳԻˈ੼؇Е
ओ‫ػ‬ LOOQHVV
‫ی‬ԆҚࢇࢷ‫ࡳࢶ˃ۿ‬ԻЖ߭Οˈ࢑Ь


Ȼ‫ݡ‬лˮٔࠄ‫ۉࢳۉ‬ʟ
+LVWRULFDO,VVXHV¢Ȼ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
۱‫ݡۉ‬лЕࢉզɼ‫࢕ח‬ձ؈ָଥࠇ‫ی‬ձ̛Լଜ̛
۴‫ݤی‬о SUHKLVWRULFDJH
ࢇࢷࡶֆଢТЬ
‫࢕ח‬Ի̛ԼѸ߭‫ח‬ଲۘࡳԻ̐ΰࡈࡶߊܹ࢑Е
ࠇ‫ݤی‬о KLVWRULFDOSHULRG
‫̛ݤ‬ձࠄ‫ݡۉ‬лԂˈଢТЬ
˅л‫ݡ‬лЕࡕ‫ݤݤ‬оࠪࣸ‫ݤۿ‬о‫̛ݤࢂࢇی‬Ի
ˈо‫ݤ‬о DQFLHQWSHULRG ଞ˲߾۰Еˈ࣏۴Ҷٕਫ਼੼ࢊ‫ݦ‬Ԃ‫ݤ‬о̧एձ
ֆଞЬ
ࣵ‫ݡۼ‬лЕˈо߾ࢇ߭̒о߾۴ଭଜЕ‫̛ݤ‬Ի
ࣸ‫ݤۿ‬о 0LGGOH$JHV ଞ˲ࢂˁࡉˈԮʢ˲ট̛ٕਫ਼ֵ֌̧एࢂ‫̛ݤ‬ձ
ɼչ੃Ь
ࠇ‫ی‬ଝ࢕Қࡵ̘ࡒࢴ ϗࢇࢷٕਫ਼‫؂‬ਮɼ
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ࢊۘۢ୛߾‫ࡈی‬ѹʨࡳԻ঴ࢽଜˈ࢑Ь
۱̛‫ݤ‬о 6WRQH$JH ‫ݡ̘ۮ‬лЕѪԻփҘѦ˱ձ‫ࡈی‬ଜы‫ݤ‬оࢇЬ
ঐѰ̛‫ݤ‬о %URQ]H$JH ঍ѭ̘‫ݡ‬л߾ЕঐѰࡳԻѦ˱ձփҚ߭‫ࡈی‬ଜࠑЬ
ঋԻѦ˱ձփҚ߭‫ࡈی‬ଜы‫̛ݤ‬ձঈ̘‫ݡ‬лԂˈ
ঋ̛‫ݤ‬о ,URQ$JH
ଞЬ
̛ࡕࢷ ϗ߾Я˳ࢇଞ؆Ѧ߾ঈࡸࡳԻΜӿծ
ΟԂձ‫ࡉۿ‬Ь WRIRXQGDQDWLRQ
‫ࡖۼ‬Вѓࢇʨࢇଞ˲ࠇ‫ࢇ࢖ݤࢂی‬Ь
ΟԂɼ ଞ؆ѦЕ ϗଞ˲ࢷࢪࢇ୯Χ˕ٖࡳԻ

WREUHDNXSDFRXQWU\
ٗࠊѸЬٗЯѸЬ ٔЬѵߪए̧̖ए̐ۘ੓ɼ˃‫ܖ‬Ѹˈ࢑Ь
ࢽॺࡶ ୚ˁ‫ݡݥࡳॷࢺۿ‬ଙֱ̛ۭ߶Қࢂࠝࠍ‫ؑי‬ষ
WRLPSOHPHQWDSROLF\
‫ݤݨ‬ଜЬ‫ݤ‬ଭଜЬ ࢇࣲ߭Қ߹Ь
WRVWUHQJWKHQUR\DO ϗ੓࣏ࢇ‫˃۽‬ɼ࣏۴ࡶ‫ˈࡉۿ‬ΟԂձ

࠲̀ࡶʈ୘ଜЬ
DXWKRULW\ ߇ࢽ‫ࡢ̛ੁݤ‬ଥ࠯˽ࡳʅ୕ଙࠎЩ
ϗ߾‫߾˲׵‬۰Χٖࢴࢧࢄ؅؅଩˅ࢇࢷࢪࡵ
ࢷࢪࢇ؈؈ଜЬ WREUHDNRXWRILQZDU
ϗ߾ΖࢇΪЬ
ΟԂձ৚ԘଜЬ WRLQYDGH ࢇܻ‫ࡆࡵ˳ࢠݦ‬նΜӿծࢊ‫ࢇق‬ৗԕ଩ࡳҶ

ʠٖ۴ࡶփҚˈଝ࢈ऑࢇԂЕ‫߭ڎ‬΢ࢷԘࡶ‫ࡓۿ‬
ࢷࢪ߾۰‫ݣ‬չଜЬ WRZLQDZDU ࢴࢧ߻ۭ‫ݠ‬ն଩Щ

Ȼ‫ݡ‬лˮٔࠄ‫ۉࢳۉ‬ʟ
+LVWRULFDO,VVXHV£Ȼ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ߊԧ‫ۏ‬шо࠲ࡵࢺ‫ؽ‬ଛ˒ցЬѦ‫ݤ‬ձʢ۶ବЕі
ࢽ‫ـ‬ଜЬ 7RFRQTXHUDFRXQWU\ ̐ԥʯʢ۶ѹѦ‫ݤ‬Қࢇ̐एࠇࢂ‫ח‬୘ձ؇߅Қࢇˈ
̐չ‫חݛ‬୘ձࢷળଜЕࠇଟࡶବЬˈଞЬ
WRDFFHSWYDULRXV Щߣଛ‫୕ה‬ծܶࡅଙऌ߉ˈࠒੵփυ஢ִоࢿ˲ࡶ
Ьߦଞ‫ח‬୘ձܹࡈଜЬ
FXOWXUHV ʢ۶ଟܹЕ࢑߭Ѧ‫ݒ‬ʯֵ֌ଜ̛Ѧଜए
WKHFROODSVHRIDQ ଔ‫ی‬Իɼࢇ΋Е߾‫ݛ‬ળι˳оࢂ˓ʸࡶ؇ˈ ϗ
ࢿ˲ࢇֵ֌ଜЬ
HPSLUH ࢒৞ࢼ˯ࡲֲ։ଙʬѼТЬ
Ѱѧ˕۰ѧࡳԻٗЯѸ߹ыѧࢊࡵ ϗ߾‫ٸ‬Ի‫ܕ‬
ΟԂձଜΟԻ੼ࢊଜЬ WRXQLI\WKHFRXQWU\
ΜӿծଙΜԸ੹ࢇଙࠎЩ
ׄˌࢿ˲ࡵNP ցЬࠇࡶփҚ߭˲ɼࢂָԶࢇΟ
ࢿѦձ‫ݤ‬ଭଜЬ WRHQIRUFHDV\VWHP ˓‫ח‬۰ձࢷбଜЕࠄ॰ࢼѣծ‫ݡ‬ପଙࠃυࡵࠒੵձ
Ь‫ݛ‬ԵЬ
Ο૩Ԧࠨࡵࠒ˲˕ࢂࢷࢪ߾‫ݣ‬չଜֲ଎Ԋ‫ࢂ˲ࢿݛ‬
ࠒੵձ୙ࢠଜЬ WRH[SDQGWHUULWRU\
ࠏੲծୖ࢝ଙࠎЩ
ࢷࢪࡶΖΰЬ WRHQGWKHZDU ‫ ࡵ˲׵‬ϗ߾‫ت‬ઝΧ˕ࢂࢴࢧࡳΓδЩ
ϗࢊ‫ࡵق‬ʼ˲ࢴࢧ߻઼ۭ଩˅ଞ˲ࡵҖҡ߭
ࢷࢪ߾۰િଜЬ WRORVHWKHZDU
ѧվଟܹ࢑߹Ь
WRDFKLHYH ࡖ ࢊ˝‫ࡵࢸـ‬ଞ˲ࢇࢊ‫߾ق‬ʯѤջଛʨࡶ

ѧվଜЬ
LQGHSHQGHQFH ̛ϙଜࠆࢿࢽଞ˲ˁࢊԻ ϗࢇ˝‫ࡕࢸـ‬ϗࢇЬ


Ȼ۟ߒ߳ࢳ¢Ȼ

+LVWRULFDO)LJXUHĜV/LIHWLPH$FKLHYHPHQW

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
о੼Զ SUHVLGHQW оଞ‫ࢂ˲׷‬л੹Գࡵ˲‫׷‬Қࢂઆ૲߾ࢂଥ۴ষѹЬ
˳ࢉ VROGLHU
࡭չࡉ‫ݛ‬৞ࢇ‫ی‬ծЕˈоԻցࢂ˰ࢆࢇ࢕ࢺ৑ɹࠑЬ
ࢽ৔ɼ SROLWLFLDQ
ࢇܻ‫࣏ࢇقࢊࡵ˰࢝ݦ‬۴ࡶ৚Ԙଥ۰‫߭أ‬ऑࢎऑ࠳ԄҶ
ࢠ˳ JHQHUDO
ଥ˳ࡶए஁ଜࠆࢊ‫࡙ݯ˕˳ق‬Ь
Ύࢎ߷ࢇϠԯଜЕ؅ֵɹҚщٗ߾ࡉչࢂۢ୛ࢇ
؈ָɼ LQYHQWRU
૜չଥएˈ࢑‫ݡ‬ТЬ
‫ەۉ‬ɹЕ߭Ӂ‫ࢇˈߊࡶۘی‬ձࢶ̑ࢶࡳԻ࣯ࢠଜЕ
‫ۘی‬ɼ WKLQNHU
‫ی‬ԆࡶֆଜЕіଐԂ੷ࢇΟ˓࢕ձ̐ࠖԻҚܹ࢑Ь
‫ݛ‬ફ‫ݛ࢝ٱ‬Е߅ࢇફ,7߶˃ࢂӨ߭΢‫߳ۉ‬ɹࢇ࢕
‫߶ی‬ɼ EXVLQHVVPDQ
߮փࢠ࢕ԻߊԮࣇ࢑‫ݡ‬ТЬ
ࠓܺɹЕࠖܽ࢖૽ࡶॷ࢖ଜʠΟ૲ୃଜЕʨࡶऐ߶ࡳԻ
ࠖܽɼ DUWLVW
ଜЕ‫ی‬ԆࡳԻࠖܽࢉࢇԂˈѦଞЬ
Т঑Еѧࢊࢂঋଝ࢕ࢇ࢕‫ࢇࢆݡ‬Ь۰˱ࢂࠝԐࢷ੼ࡶ
‫ࢉݤ‬ SRHW ̳ˈۚԻࡋɼ৔ձ‫࢕ˈࡉۿ‬ବ̛Ҷ‫߾ח‬ě֌৔ձҘ
ঋଝ࢕ĜԂЕ‫࢑ࢇָط‬Ь
‫ࢎیݦ‬кࡵ࣏۴‫ݤ‬оࠆզ୕ɹࢇ࢕‫ࡳࢉח‬Ի୲խଞ
୘ɼ SDLQWHU
࢖૽ҚࡶքࢇΧˀЬ
քࡵ˒ଚ࢒Қ߾Ҭծִ֠‫׵‬Ԏࢂࢉɾࢂֻ‫ࠆࡵݡ‬Ԝɼए
˕ଝ࢕ VFLHQWLVW
ִ߾۰ए̖˕Е਼८ࢇձ‫ࢊؿ‬ʨࢇԂˈଞЬ
ʈԯଞ̀ԯࡶɼ࣌ы࠯ࢇࣰ࢕̐ࢂࢿ˲Ѧˋֵ֌ଜʯ
࠲ࠆ࠲ NLQJTXHHQ
Ѹ߹Ь
߾ҡ‫ࡵݝ‬ěঊࢢԄࢂϝԬ˕Ο֞एɼࠒʃࡳԻ
Ϡԯ HIIRUW
ࢇՔ߭ऑЬĜԂЕࡪָଞֆࡶΧˀЬ
ࢷ‫߾˃ۿ‬۰ঈࡸࡳԻ WKHZRUOGĜVILUVW ࢴ‫ۼ‬ˀ߻ۭঅࡵࡰԸଜЖࡶΤߑࡶҶࢂ̛ٗࡵ߭ҽࡶ̧"


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+LVWRULFDO)LJXUHĜV/LIHWLPH$FKLHYHPHQW

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
RYHUFRPLQJKDUGVKLSVDQG
‫ݤ‬԰˕ˈ΢ࡶ̑‫ـ‬ଜˈ ܹքࡵ‫ݡ‬ԭ˒˅Οࡳ̎‫ؽ‬ଙ˅ ϗԂࢇઝ୉ࢿЕ‫ەۉ‬
VXIIHULQJ
নজԸ঎‫ٸ‬ଭ߾‫˓۽‬ବЬ
‫ۘی‬ফটԻ ILUVWHYHU
˃‫ܖ‬ѹ‫ݨ‬િ߾Ѧ GHVSLWHFRQWLQXRXV Ԃࢇઝ୉ࢿЕ঎‫ٸ‬ଭ߾‫˓۽‬ଜ̧̛एˀ‫ܓ‬Ѷ‫߻઼ݥ‬ѣ
ٙ˱ଜˈ IDLOXUHV ٖˮଙ˅ʼ਍ࣛࢸଜए߉ߑЬ
ZLWKDVSLULWRIWDNLQJRQD Ԃࢇઝ୉ࢿЕ‫ݨ‬િձѿԮࡓଜए߉Еѣࢴࢺ‫ࡰݣ‬Ըࢉզࢂ
Ѧࢷࢽ‫ࡳݦ‬Ի
FKDOOHQJH ؈ࢷ߾਼̛ࠆձଜࠑЬ
଼Ԩ৿ԜЕࠄʾࡳ‫ב‬հޮ˅Ύࢎ߷ЕϠԯࡳԻࢠߕձ
ࠇˁࡶ‫ה‬ճ‫ˈޱ‬ DJDLQVWDOORGGV
̑‫ـ‬ବЬ
‫ی‬ԆҚࢂ‫ٸ‬΢߾Ѧ GHVSLWHWKHFULWLFLVPRI ߾ҡ‫ݨࡵݝ‬ଵࢂ‫ݨ‬િ߾оଞ˃‫ܖ‬ѸЕ‫ۉ‬ԃҗࡿ‫ٵ‬Ο߻ѣ
ٙ˱ଜˈ RWKHUV ٖˮଙ˅̐ࢂ؈ָࡶ֣঴ए߉ߑЬ
੉ˈ΢‫ݦ‬঑ࢶߟࢺ߾Ѧٙ˱ଜˈ΋ࢋߴВϝԬࡳԻࢇձ
Ύࢎ߷ЕϠԯࡳԻ ZLWKHQGOHVVHIIRUW
̑‫ـ‬ଜˈ‫˃ۿ‬ফˈࢂ࢕չ߾ࠝհࡋѰ۴ܹҚࢇքЬ
؈ָଜЬ WRLQYHQW ߾ҡ‫߷ܹࡵݝ‬Е‫ݨ‬ଵ˕‫ݨ‬િΖ߾Җҡ߭ࢷ˱ձ؅ֵଙࠎЩ
؈ʺଜЬ WRGLVFRYHU ਐԠ‫ݛ؟‬Е‫ݦ‬оէࡶফটԻ؅ʷଛ੎ଵɼࢇЬ
߶ࢶ DFKLHYHPHQW ߭Ӂ‫ࢇ߶ی‬Οࠉ˱ҟ߾۰‫ࢇࢳ߳ࡶࢶ˓ࡋۿ‬ԂˈଞЬ
Ьհ‫ی‬Ԇࡶࡢଥ WRGHGLFDWHRQHVHOIWR ࢕‫ݦࢂݦ‬ϙࡶࢇՔ߭‫ی‬ୣ߾̛ࠆଜЕʨࢇˋЩխ‫ۉ‬ԃҗࡳ
ଲ‫ݦ‬ଜЬ RWKHUV ࡟ଢଯ‫ݣ‬ଙВଜΟࢂ̟ࢇЬ
WRFRQWULEXWHWRWKH ۚԻࡋ̛ܽࡶʎ؈ଡࡳԻ‫ۉނ‬ୠ߻̘ࠃଙВࢹࡵ˕ଝ࢕Қࢇ
‫ی‬ୣ߾̛ࠆଜЬ
VRFLHW\ ք߅एˈ࢑ࡳТࢽֆ࢚ѹࢊࢇЬ
WRPDNHQHZVWDQGDUG ۗԸࡈ̊‫ࢄآ‬ΜࢿѦձրҗ̘ࡢଥ۰Е˲‫׷‬આ૲Ο˲ୣ
ۚԻࡋ̍‫ࡶإ‬փҚЬ
V\VWHP ੼˕ʋࡵ‫ی‬ୣࢶࢉѰࢂɼଗࡁଜЬ
ě‫ڂࢇط‬ΟЕ،Ĝě࢕୘ۘĜʋࡵࡪָଞ࢓ૺࡳΤ̚୘ɼˈஐЕ
࢖૽ࡶΧ̛Ь WROHDYHDUWZRUN
۰ߦ‫ۘیܽ׵‬ɼࢠࡢоଞ୘ɼࣸଞ‫ی‬ԆࡳԻࠆʷऑЬ
ࢇܻ‫ߵࡵ˳ࢠݦ‬ঐ΢ࢷԯࢂࠊ‫߾ۿ‬Ѧٙ˱ଜˈࢊ‫ࢂ˕ق‬
ࢷࢪࡶ‫ݣ‬չԻࢇΏЬ WROHDGWKHZDUWRYLFWRU\
ࢴࢧࡳ‫ݠ‬նԸࢄΌ߶Щ
WREHFRPHDPRGHOIRU ‫ݛ‬ફ‫ݛ࢝ٱ‬Е‫ֻה‬ଟࢽѦԻ͵ࡶଯଥѦࢷଜЕֻ‫ࡶݡ‬
‫ی‬ୣࢂ̆ʃࢇѸЬ
WKHVRFLHW\ ‫ࡳࣵࠆؿ‬Ի‫یނ‬ୣࢂ̃ʀࢄѵ˅࢑Ь


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Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
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ࣗࢇ SDSHU
ʨࡵࣔࢄԂˈۢɽଢТЬ
VFULSWOHWWHU ଞ̔ࡵ࢕ࡸ˕ֻࡸࡶࡸࢸЯࡢԻ‫߭ז‬۰̑࢒ձ‫̛ޱ‬Ҷ‫߾ח‬
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FKDUDFWHUV ࢽ‫ؿ‬୘‫ݤ‬оࢂ৷ଈਫ਼Οஉоࢷ୘‫ۢ࢕ח‬୛߾֐ࡉࢶଢଜЬ
Μ‫ۉ‬Е‫ܕ‬Ԃࢂͅі̛ঈԠ̝ۢ‫ࡳࣗࢊࢂ׃‬Ի‫י‬ʢࡶ
Ο‫ی‬ VFUHZ
ˈࢽଜЕі߾޳Ь
ѣիԋЕ‫؂‬ਮ߾୓ࡶળˈࣲࡶʤ߭ѪչЕ؏‫ࡳئ‬Ի‫י‬ʢࡶ
ѦծԎ SXOOH\
ࡏऐࢇЕࢠ৔ԻѿԦ‫ࢇ؃‬Ο̛̛ࣸҟ߾ࢇࡈѹЬ
ѣ࢒̘Е஖ࡶ‫߾ࠟˈ߭ځ‬۰˱ࡓβ̐մࢇΟࢠ‫ࡶיݥ‬
Ѧ࢕̛ SRWWHU\ ֆଜЕіଞ˲ࢂࢷ੼Ѧ࢕̛ԻЕˈԮঐ࢕࣏ࠪ۴ؒ࢕ɼ
ࡪָଜЬ
ࢷ̛ HOHFWULFLW\ ߾ҡ‫ۑ ࡵݝ‬Ҷࢴ̘Ի࢖ѰଜЕઆ૲̛Լ̛ձ؈ָଜࠑЬ
ࢷ˱ OLJKWEXOE
߾ҡ‫ݨࢂݝ‬ଵ‫߾ݨ‬۰Еࢷ୘̛঵ࡸ̛ࢴˮࠒ୘঩ࠒ̛
঵ࢷ̛ҟࢇ؅ֵѸ߭քࡵ‫ی‬ԆҚ߾ʯϣԂࡏࡶ࣯߹Ь
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‫؂‬ਮ ZKHHO ‫׿‬ਫЕࢉզࢂˬ੼ܹЯࢂ‫ݤ‬টɼѸЕࡢоଞ؈ָ૽ࢇЬ
؈ָଜЬ WRLQYHQW ‫؂‬ਮձϼɼফটԻ؅ֵଙࠎВऌВָٗଜʯ؉ୁएए

߉ߑएփ֩‫ܕ‬૦੉‫߾ࣸࢶࡪ߅׵‬Ο‫؂ה‬ਮɼ؅ʷѹʨࡳԻ
؈ʺ GLVFRYHU\ ‫ك‬Ҷ̛ࡕࢷ ϗࢇࢷٕਫ਼‫ࡈی‬ѹʨࡳԻ঴ࢽଜˈ࢑Ь
WRFRPHXSZLWK ʄ࢕̛ۚԻࡋ߂ࢄҞߪɹҼࠚծҶЕ؆Җ‫ֻ֩ݤ‬ձଥϪЕ
߅ࢇҡ߭ɼҿࠝծЬ
DQLGHD ʨࢇࣚЬ
؈ʺଜЬ WRGLVFRYHU ࢇੌչ߅‫ی‬ԆࢉਐԠ‫ݛ؟‬Е ϗ߾‫ݦ‬оէࡶ؅ʷ଩Щ


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ה‬7UCIG
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ʎ؈ଜЬ WRGHYHORS
ࠠԮϪߑࡶҶ੉ए߉ѦԼଞʨ࢏ТЬ
߾ҡ‫ ࢿࡵݝ‬८‫˃ۿ‬оࢷࣗࢷ୯Ь‫ࡳࢠ˓ࠪܕ˱ࠉݤ‬Ի
ࠉ˱ଜЬ WRUHVHDUFK
Ѫ߅ࠪ̐Ѱ߇ࣸЯѸ߹ыࠆˮծ˃‫ܖ‬ଙࠎЩ
ଞɼए࣯ࢿձࢽଜࠆ̦ࢇੋˮଙЩ‫חࢷ߾ߞִٗ̐ؿ‬ɼɼ
੎˱ଜЬ WRVWXG\
Ѻܹ࢑ए߉ࡶ̧"
߾ҡ‫߭ࢹࡵݝ‬۰ٕਫ਼؈ָ˕‫ݨ‬ଵ߾оଥ˗‫ࢇݪ‬ք߅۰
‫ݨ‬ଵଜЬ WRH[SHULPHQW ࢕‫ࢊࢇݦ‬ଜЕ̛८ࢂ୘‫י‬ৠ߾ֿԎ‫ݨ‬ଵ̛˱ҚࡶɼࣇЬ
Ϫˈढढࢇ‫ݥ‬ଲࡳଙ̘ѣବЬ
WKHXVHIXOQHVVRI ؅ֵૺࡿ୧ࡅࡵۢ୛ࡶ૜չଜʯଜˈ‫ی‬ୣձ‫ڃ‬ծʯ
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૜ଜЬ WREHFRPIRUWDEOH
࢑ࡶʨʋ‫ݡ‬ТЬ
Ύࢎ߷ࢇϠԯଜЕ؈ָɼҚщٗ߾ࡉչۢ୛ࢇ૙նଢऌ˅
૜չଜЬ WREHFRQYHQLHQW
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˗‫۽‬ LQHUWLD
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ࣸԯ JUDYLW\ ‫˕ی‬ɼΟ‫߾ה‬۰ӂ߭एЕʨࡵࣵԬࢇ࢖ࡈଜ̛Ҷ‫ࢇח‬Ь
ٕԯ EXR\DQF\ ْԬҶ‫ؑ߾ח‬ɼ‫؂‬Ьࡢ߾ҿ࢑ࡶܹ࢑Ь
ੌ̛ܹ߾‫߾י‬஗‫ࡶࠧࡵࢾڛ‬ϋˈѪչִࠧࢇ
ࡕ‫ݪ‬ԯ FHQWULIXJDOIRUFH
‫ܞڬܞڬ‬ଥएЕіࢇЕࡒ‫ݧ‬ԬࡶࢇࡈଞʨࢇЬ
‫ٱ‬Ԧࢇ਺ձ؋ࡳִ࢕Ѱ८ɼࢽएଜЕࢇࡪЕվ९Ԭ
ցॲԯ IULFWLRQDOIRUFH
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୘ଝ FKHPLVWU\
‫ض‬୘ҟࡶࠉ˱ଜЕଝ‫ࢇח‬Ь
ࡉչɼϩࡵ‫ࠠ߾ۏ‬Ԃɼִܾ‫̛ݍ‬ɼ஦ҘࢇࡪЕ‫ܒی‬ɼ
‫ܕۏ‬ R[\JHQ
ٕ࣐ଜ̛Ҷ‫ࢇח‬Ь
࢕Ѱ८Ο˓ࢠ߾۰ؑষଜЕࢄ‫ܒੈ୕ی‬Ео̛ࠝࠍࡶ
ࢇ‫ۏ‬୘ੋ‫ܕ‬ FDUERQGLR[LGH
ࢊࡳੁˈ‫ی‬ԆҚࢂʢʈࡶࡢ୆ଞЬ
ࡁऋܶ‫ܒ‬ձࠉՎԻଜЕ࢕Ѱ८ɼ৖୚ˁ࢕Ѱ८Ի˗‫ࡶݪ‬
ܹ‫ܕ‬ K\GURJHQ
؇ˈ࢑Ь
ੋ‫ܕ‬ FDUERQ ੈ‫ؑܒ‬ষࡶࣲࢇִए˱ࠟ΢୘ձНষܹ࢑Ь


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9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
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‫ی‬ԆҚࡵ‫ࡧܒ‬ଙВʨࡶࣸࡁଜʯۢɽଢТЬ̐Ԏ۰ɼएˈ
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ख९ଜЬ WRREVHVV
WRGRVRPHWKLQJZLWK ΟЕए΢ଥࠆղ̧ए΢টձࢽ‫ݛ۽‬Ԧࢽֆࢺ‫ࡳۺ‬Щଢ
ࢽ‫ࡶ۽‬ЬଜЬ
DOORQHĜVKHDUW ̜Ԡ߶Щষঈ‫ݛࢽئ‬ЧĜ‫ !ࡪܕה‬
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࢖ϗۢࢊҶফ‫ݦ‬ʯࢎ̛ձ۴‫י‬؇ߑЕіࢇʯ߷߭ऑЬִ
۰ࡋଜЬ WRIHHOVRUU\
ࢽֆۭࡈଜʥʈ߂࠾
ૡ‫ࡶࢊ߾ܕ‬քࢇଜы‫ی‬ԆҚࡵ‫ݤ‬ɾࢇΧࡳִ૜߇ଡࢇ
ରࢷଜЬ WRIHHOHPSW\
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̐‫ࢿח‬ɼଥʼѸˈΟТ‫ה‬ʠࡋकࡶΰԮϪࡵҞցࡸࢇ
୑ɼٗଜЬ WREHFDUHIUHH
୎ɹٔଟПЩ
‫ח‬ଝ OLWHUDWXUH ‫ה‬ଚ߾Е‫ܕݤ‬۶ܹଗஜˉҟЬߦଞࢠծɼ࢑Ь
‫࡬ࢉݤ‬Ѱ࣯ɼ޳ě۰‫ݤ‬ĜЕ߭Գˈ஦Ҙ‫ݤ‬о߾؏ଢ଼ଜЕࢇҴ
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ܹଗ HVVD\
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ࠒ˲ࢂ̑࢖ɼࢉܑ࢈‫ݛ‬ଔ߭ɼ޳ஙˆࣸ߾۰ɼࢠࡪָଞ
ஜˉ SOD\
ʨࡵěଞࠆղ،ࢂ͵Ĝ࢏ТЬ
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ʃۘ‫ח‬ UHSRUW
ࢉਫ਼ϒ߾ࠠԵЬ
۳ֵ‫߭ࡵה‬Ӂ‫ݒࡶݨی‬ʯࢇଥଟܹ࢑ѦԼ޳̔ࢉіए‫˕ݥ‬
۶ָ‫ח‬ H[SRVLWRU\ZULWLQJ
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Ϣ۶‫ח‬ UKHWRULFDOZULWLQJ
޳̔ࡶϟ۳‫ࢇה‬ԂˈଞЬ


Ȼлࣵ֍঎ࡿࣔգлࣵ֍঎ࡿ୧ࡅ
0DVV0HGLDȻ

Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
ࠛΤ߾Е৖˱߾ʯ‫ࢷࡶݥܕ‬ଜԮִ૜एձࢷбଟܹ࢑߹Еі
‫ࢷࡶݥܕ‬ଜЬ WRGHOLYHUQHZV
ए̖ࡵࢇ֩ࢊࡶ‫ࡈی‬ଜТ̧‫ࢴࡳݢܒ‬ଙВѓ টѦʤչए߉ЕЬ
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ˬ࡫ଜЬ WRHGXFDWH
‫ࡨ˩ࡶئࡈی‬ଢߛଞЬ
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ࢴરԬࢄʅଟПЩ
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࢑‫ݡ‬ТЬ
‫ٸ‬શԯࡶࢍЬ WRORVHFULWLFDOMXGJHPHQW
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ʯࢎ߾ࣸѧѸЬ
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WREHKRRNHGRQ
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ࡵҁଜЬ WRVHFOXGHRQHVHOI
˗‫ࡶݪ‬ʉЕ‫ی‬ԆҚࢇࢺࢺЖˈ࢑Ь
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ࢉਫ਼ϒʯࢎࣸ߾Е߅ࢇҚࢇଜ̛߾एΟ৔ʯࢗࢉଜʠΟ૤Ԭࢳࢆ
૧ԯࢶࢇЬ WREHYLROHQW
ΰࡈࡶжˈ࢑ЕʨҚࢇ࢑Ь
‫י‬ʢ߾ओ६ଙऌ߉ˈ‫ی‬Т̧ۢ୛ࢇऊʠࡓ࣌ЬЕΰࡈࢂ؏‫ࡶܞ‬
ख९ଜЬ WRREVHVV
‫̐ˈؿ‬Ѱ߇ࢂΰ‫ࡶۓ‬Ь‫ݤ‬ѸѪ߅‫ؿ‬ʯѷЬ


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Ьߪ
9QTF Ӳ
/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
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ଞ˲߭߾Е࣏‫ײߪࠪی‬ɼ࢑ࡳֲ۰ܽ߭ձࢿ࠹ଞЬհ‫ࢠח‬
߭‫׵‬ HQGLQJ
˱‫ܕࡁ۽‬Қࡵ‫ࡪ࢕ࢶˬٸ‬Հʯܻ߭ࡶ‫࢑ܹͳ؂‬Ь
ଞ˲߭࢕ࡸěɊĜěɐĜěɛĜěɞĜěɡĜձʾࡵӖЕѹ‫ܕ‬չԂˈ
ˁࡸ IRUWLVWHQVH
ଞЬ
ܻ߭ ZRUGRUGHU
ࠒ߭ࠪଞ˲߭‫ࢂأה‬ɼࢠ਼८ࢇЕߪܸࢇЬࠒ߭߾۰Е
ּࢶ߭ɼ۰ܽ߭ҋ߾ࠝएփଞ˲߭߾۰Е۰ܽ߭ߔ߾ࠟЬ
‫ئח‬ JUDPPDU
߮ߦ LQWRQDWLRQ
ଞ˲߭ࠪࢊ‫߭ق‬Е‫ݢٸࡵئח‬ଜएփ؅ࡵ˕߫ߣࡵքࢇ
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؈ࡸ SURQXQFLDWLRQ
ଞ˲߭˕ʋࡵߪ࣍߾‫ܖ‬ଜЕ߯߭ҚԻЕઍ˱‫ࠪ߭ݛ‬ਫ਼ੁ߭
࣐߭ ODQJXDJHIDPLO\
ׄˌ߭ҟࢇ࢑Ь
ଞ˲߭ࢂۛॹ߭߾Е‫ݟٵ‬ଙऌրЬհЬߪɹքࢇࢎߪ࠾
‫ݢٸ‬ଞЯ߭ɼ࢑Ь WRKDYHDVLPLODUZRUG ࠖձҚ߭ě؈̐‫ݛ‬ԦଜЬĜࠪěٙ̐‫ݛ‬ԦଜЬĜЕ‫ݢٸ‬ଥ‫ࠆؿ‬Ѧ
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ѭ‫ۉ‬ЕěɼЬ֟ЬࡋѰଜЬĜࠪʋࢇ‫ی‬ԆࢇΟ‫ࢂיی‬
Ѱ‫ی‬ YHUE
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Ο੉ΰЕֆࢇЬ
ْ‫ۉ‬Еě߅࣯ɼΒĜ˕ʋࢇ࣯ԻѰ‫ی‬Ο୉ࡈ‫̐ࠆޱ߾ߔی‬
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ࠒ߭Е࣬ߪ۰ֹܽ߭ࢳߪܻ۰Ի‫ࡶࢠח‬փҘЬ
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/GCPKPI ࠓ‫
ה‬7UCIG
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୉੓ɼʋЬ
ଞ˲߭ࢂછकࣸଜΟЕ࣏‫׵߭ࠪی‬ɼ࢑ˈܻ߭ࢇ
ઞघ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV
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˱࣏ RUGHU ֹࢳߪۭܺߪˮ࣌ձɼएˈ࢑Ь
ଞ˲߭߾۰Еֆଜए߉߅ѦֆଜЕ‫ی‬Ԇ˕ҙЕ
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ܹ࢑ࡶҶ࣬ߪֹࠧࢳߪࡿ۟ԕࢄɹЙଙЩ
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ࢂ੓߭ɼ؈бଜЬ
PLPHWLFZRUG ઞघࣸଜΟࢇЬ


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ੵԽ GLVFXVVLRQ
࣯ࢠࢂ̒ʠձоߞଞЬ
‫ۉ‬ୠ࢒Еઞࢽଞࢂʺ߾ѰࢂଜшԂѦ࢕̛ࢂʺࡶ
‫ی‬ୣ࢕ PRGHUDWRU
૲ୃଜִ߇ѹЬ
ੵԽ࢕ GHEDWHU ЬհੲԺ࢒ɼֆࡶଟҶЕˁঐଥߞଥࡁ
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ঐࣸ DXGLHQFH
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ܿ Ьࡸ̐սࡶ‫ٺˈؿ‬ৠ߾ߊ֍ࡵ˗ࡈ߭ձ‫ނ‬ϋ߭‫ࡁۿؿ‬

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‫ࡈݣ‬८ձؒΤҋࣇ‫و‬Ԃʠ̛߾۰փߟ‫ݝה‬Я۰ɼΟִࠝΰɼBBBBBBBBBBBBBBʵЬ
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‫ݨࢂ˲׵‬չਏؔչ߾࢑Еࣸ˲̛߶Իࡄࢂ&(2զॡ୶ࡵଐԏ۰‫ٴ‬ҡ‫ݛ‬ଐԦࢇ̛ܽୂ‫ࡶݦ‬
ࢉࢽ؇߅ ϗ૦‫חࣸݛٱ‬શ߾۰؈૲ଜЕࣸ‫ ׵‬оୂ‫߾יࢉݦ‬۴ࢽѷЬк‫ݤ‬զॡ୶ࡵଜࢇ߲
&(2ࢠՔࢇ‫׷‬ҡҡ঴‫ॷݭ‬վ࢕ঐ࡛ࢇ੨‫ݞ‬Ԃ&(2ߘԞ֞‫਺ݛ‬ҟ˕BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBବЬ
164

⽊₆
਍ձΨ࢖ଜʯଜЬਓоɼ́ࢇЬ
ࡉ‫߇י‬ʎ˱չ߽৖іѕ৖ʸࢇЬ
ѦσҖઝԠ଎‫˲׵‬о੼Զীࢎࢇ୯ࡕ୘ࢂɼ৔ɼࠝծִ۰ଞ˲ࣸ‫ܹࢂ߶̛ܕ‬ষ‫਺ࢇࢶݨ‬ʯ
Ο‫࣌ڃ‬ЬBBBBBBBBBBBBBʸࡳԻ࣯ࡁˈʏࢉ‫ࢂ˲׵‬զ̛߶ࢂ࣯‫ࢇח‬ʃ‫ܕ‬ଜˈ˗‫̧ۿ‬एࠝծִ۰
ଞ˲̛߶ҚࢂଔଥɼЖ߭Οˈ࢑Ь
ࠖࢷࡉչଟ߅‫؟‬एଟ֞Т‫ۿ‬о߾Е੫Ԧ‫ࢇࢷٸ‬ΟԂҡࠝձࢿ࠹ଜˈЕࢽ‫ؿ‬ձ߱ࡶܹ࢑Е؏‫ࢇئ‬
‫ط‬Ի߷߹̛Ҷ‫߭ࢇۘۿ߾ח‬ӊʯѪ߅ɼЕएֻ࢚ծЕBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBɼѸ̛‫࡙ݍ‬Ьଜएփ
ଧҖ૨˕ࢉਫ਼ϒࢇ࢚؈бѸ߭࢑߭۰ࢷ‫߾˃ۿ‬۰ࢊ߭ΟЕֻҘࢊҚࡶʠࢂ‫ݤݨ‬ɾࡳԻߊܹ࢑Ь
঵˱‫ݤ‬ଢࡶଜ̛ࢷۘоયࡵࡉչࢂBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBʯଜʵЬˈ਼‫ܕ‬չছएփࠝ஢Ԯ
ˁ̛ΰΰࡉչયࢂࡢ‫߾ۿ‬ЀԮ࢕̛ҚࢂBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
ܿ Ьࡸࢂо୘ձࢋˈ‫ٺ‬ৠ߾ߊ֍ࡵ˗ࡈ߭ձˌԂ‫ࡁۿؿ‬
ɼ،߾ߵց࣯‫ݨה‬ҶֿԎٕ߼߾۰ԂִΑࠆ֟Еʯࢿࢊ֋࢑ए߉߅"
Ο֍߅‫੼ؿ‬ҶЕߵցɼ‫֟׃‬ʯଜ‫ݤ‬Т̧ш֋࢑Еʨʋ߅̐Ԟіߵցɼ߅৚߾ࢊ߭Ο‫܈‬۰
ख߾۰Ԃִδۚɼ΢Ьˈଜ‫ࢽִݤ‬ֆBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
£ɼ‫ࢇݠ‬६߭एЬ¤ɾ߾̛‫ط‬Ѧ߇ɼЬ
¥ɼ‫ࢇݠ‬ӮΒଜЬ¦ʤ‫ࢇݦ‬ҚչЬ
ɼܹएࠪ‫ࢇࣱ׷‬ɼˋʼ୐ଟʨʋ߅
Οࢽֆ"ˋBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBʵ˳ʼ୐۴‫י‬ʋࢇ‫"̧ۑ‬
£ˌ੒ࡶ֟Ь¤‫֟ࡶ˲ࠇ׵‬Ь
¥ѹࢠ˲ࡶ֟Ь¦˲ܹձ֟Ь
ɼଞզЕ߯ࢿٕਫ਼‫࢖ݤ‬ѹʠࠖࡁ"
Οࢊ؆ࢶࡳԻ ϗ߾؏ࠒଞҖԂցěʷࡌࠉɼĜɼଞզࢂBBBBBBBBBBBBBBˈۢɽଥࡁ
£‫ࠊࡶח‬Ь¤ॷࡶࠊЬ
¥̟ࡶࠊЬ¦૦‫ࠊࡶח‬Ь
165
ɼࡁऋଞ˲߾۰ЕࣸˈҟଝۢҚࢇࡪଭଜЕʅ‫ݲٸ‬ɼ؏ࢇΟࠧࡶοѦΟѦ‫ی‬Ԯˈଥ۰
‫ࢿח‬ɼ‫ݪ‬ɽଜЬִ۰ࡁ"
Ὁ‫ˈࣸދ‬ҟଝۢҚࢇࡓΠࡪଭ߾‫׷‬ʃଥ۰̐Ԟʨʋ߅ࡁ߭ГֻٕЧࢇΟЬ‫ܹۑ‬
࢑Еʢ߅Фіֆࢇ߾ࡁϼ˱Ο‫࢑ܹۑ‬Еɼʸࢇ߅ТԂࣔքࢇ‫ݯٸ‬шԂˈࡁ
ɼ̐ԞіࣸଝۢࢽѦִ̐ʯ߲ցΟֻٕЧBBBBBBBBBBBBBЕʢएֻձܹѦ࢑एࡁ
£ҟˌࢇࠝ‫ݰ‬ଜЬ¤ҟࡶѪչЬ
¥ҟˌࡶ‫ڱ‬Ь¦ҟˌࢇ۰ЖଜЬ
ɼࠝЖܹଝ‫ݤ‬ଵ࢚‫ي׃‬Еіଞ‫ء‬փBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
Ο‫ע‬Ԃˈ"‫و‬бԂˈଟʯҬԻ࢑ए̐ࣸࡁଞ‫ݤ‬ଵࡶ֌৔ִ߭ӀଜТ"
£Ͼ؄߾ΟЬ¤ϾࢇϩЬ
¥Ͼʃ߅࣯Ь¦Ͼ৔ձ‫ؿ‬Ь
ɼ˗˝ए߾࠱ࡳТ̧ࡉչ̛ϙ૽ଜΟ‫ی‬ʀ̧ࡁ"
Ο˗˝ए߾۰̛ϙ૽ࡶ‫ִی‬BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBˁࡉɼքࡳТ̧ࡉչɼ‫࢑ˈו‬Е୎੫̒ঈ
ցઝ߾ɼ۰‫ؿ‬ѦԼଜ࢕
£‫؂‬ɼएձ̕Ь¤‫؂‬ɼएձ޹ࡉЬ
¥‫؂‬ɼएձ८Ь¦‫؂‬ɼएձӂ߭ӮչЬ
ܿ Ьࡸо୘߾۰‫ٺ‬ৠ߾ߊ֍ए߉ࡵ˗ࡈ߭ձଜΟփˌԂ‫ࡁۿؿ‬
ɼࡖઝҡइТࢂց‫ٴ‬஢߭Իࠒ୘Еʎ‫ه‬փବЬଜִ ঊփ˗ʏࡶ୲ऴφ̛ए"
Ο̐Ԡ փ˗ʏࡶֻࡳЕʢBBBBBBBBBBBBBˈě߭‫ࢉݛࣇج‬ଔТફࡓĜЕ փࠆ‫ی‬ԆҚࢇ‫ي‬о
£ଜЖ߾‫ط‬Ҭ̛¤ϼࡓ۰Ӏ̛֟
¥‫¦ࣰ̛֟ࡵݥ‬Ҵछˈହߵ৔̛
166
ܿ Ьࡸо୘ձࢋˈ‫ٺ‬ৠ߾ߊ֍ࡵ˗ࡈ߭ձ‫ނ‬ϋࡳ‫ࡁۿ‬

⽊₆
ɾ؈ࢂ८ࢇʡࢽࢇ੓‫ࢇۏ‬Ь
ʎ‫߾؍‬ѦੵչɼԮࡋіձ࣯߭̕Ь
ɼएୱ߅οࠝЖएɽବए"
ΟࡻНʯࢊ߭Ο۰߅৚Ѧ߇֟ˈ୯ЬЭӨ߭Ο࠱ЕіBBBBBBBBBBBBBBԻ‫ݛ؟‬ձϪছ߭
ɼ6$7,,ଞ˲߭‫ݤ‬ଵࢇ߯ࢿߞ"
ΟЬࡸбࢉі˓ٕଟʯ߅࣯ք߅۰BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBߞ࢚‫ࡶ࢑ܹك‬एֻծʵ߭
ɼΰɼЬࡸбٕਫ਼ࡉչࡈѨࣔࠠԮбԂˈ߭֞Т͉ֆ޷ҖԵ߭
Οऑज"ࠇ‫ࡉݤ‬չ୉ࢇফˈߞΟѦЖࡈѨࢇٕ࣐ଥ۰߭ӊʯֆ޷Җռ̧ۢɽଜˈ࢑߹ʠҘ
ɼΰɼBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB˱Ο
ɼ࠳୐࢕ࠆ̛࢑߭"ЬҚࡋѰࢠ߾۰Ϩ˱ଜˈ࢑Еі"
ΟΟЕϨ˱ձ࢚‫׃‬ଥ۰ଜˈ‫ݮ‬ए߉߅
ɼ̐ԎѦ̐ԥʯBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBঈԠ୐࢕࢑एֆˈɼ۰ʋࢇଜЕʯ߭Ҷ"
࢕ͰʋࢇଜЬ‫؏ִ̖ؿ‬Жʠߞ

⽊₆ ₆
ϡটɼѸЬˈߦࢇࠪʎ
ʎ‫ڹ‬Ѧ߷Ьˌࢇ̦Ь
ɼࡉչ؆؆ࢠࡶ߅‫ה‬Ѧ߇ଜԮˈଥ۰ࢿɼ࢕ࡕବ߭ࡁ
Ο̐Ԏ"࠳ҚЬ߇ଜԮˈଞЬТ"
ɼ؆ࢠࡶଥѦ̛ۢЕʯBBBBBBBBBBBBі‫ע‬ଜԮˈଜιˈҚଥࡁ
ɼˈԮоଝˬࠪࠉ‫ۿ‬оଝˬଝۢҚࡵ۰Ի߇ࣚ߅ଥࡁ"
Ο߇ࣚ߅ଜЕʯ߅ТԂѿଝˬଝۢҚࢇࠇ‫ࡳࢶی‬ԻࠝԔѰ߇ˁࢪۘоࠑ̛Ҷ‫߾ח‬փΟ̛փ
ଜִBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBঈԠࡳծԤоТ̧‫ی‬ԆҚࢇ̐ԥʯֆଜЕʠߞ
ɼଞ˲˕ࢊ‫࠳ࡵق‬۰Ի‫߭ݩ‬ଥࡁ"
Ο‫߭ݩ‬ଜЕʯ߅ТԂࢊ‫ࢇق‬ଞ˲ࡶ ϗɾ‫੼׷ݥ‬৔ձଥ۰ѿΟԂɾ߾BBBBBBBBBBBBBB߭۰
̐ԞʠԄЬ
ɼࠝЖࢵϖ֟ˈ߅‫ڃ‬Ԋ‫ॺۏ‬ʀ̧"
Οࣤ‫ܞ‬ଥࡁࠝЖଝˬ߾۰бչ̛ձο‫ה‬քࢇଥ۰BBBBBBBBBBBBBB߭ࡁࢵϖ֟ˈࣔ‫ߞ߭ݍ‬
ଟʨʋ߅ࡁ

167

⽊₆
̖ࢇɼЬ̳ɼ‫߅ޒ‬एЬ
̆߾‫؃ࢇ׃‬஢Ь̐սࢂӀ
ɼЬࢇ߭ઝଟҶ‫ࢇڌ‬Ο‫ܹ˲؍‬ʋࡵੋܹ୘‫ࡶי‬քࢇ֟ࡳִ߇Ѷࡁ"
Οόੋܹ୘‫ࡶי‬քࢇ֟ࡳִ‫ڃ߇࢚ࢇۑ‬एΟ‫ࢵࡁو‬Ѧ̐Ԟߩ̛ձBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBʯ
Қ߭۰࢚ߊִ۰Ѧ‫ܹࡶ֟߇ִࡳ࢑߾ߔࢇڌ‬ɼ߷߭ࡁ
ɼࢇ‫߾ࢇ߾ࠁ߾ء‬۰ଜЕ؏ੋ‫ܕ‬ϗЯਏ۰ઝ߾ʀʠߞ"
Οࢽֆɼˈ‫ࡵݮ‬іਏ۰ઝ૲ʅࢇο‫ݯٸה‬۰Οଞ੨ЕBBBBBBBBBBBBBBࢇߞ
ɼࡪऑࢇɼۚ਺Ԧࡈࡶ‫ٻ‬ԮʇЕі࣏̖փ‫ޱ‬ʵЬˈଜˈ۰Еͱͱ஦࣯߭۰‫ނ‬۰̛ٗࢇΟ‫߭ڋ‬
Ο̐ԎѦ৖˱ࢉіόɼࢇଥଥߞए਺ԦࡈଜΟɼएˈ৖˱‫߾ࢇی‬BBBBBBBBBBBBִ‫ޱ‬ʵТ"
਺Ԧࡈࡵ߯ࢿҘएۚԻ‫߅࢘࢑ܹۑ‬
ɼଜࠪࢇΟࢿ࣯Ѧ߾ɼִ‫ٕٕ୐ݦ‬Қࢇߵঐքࢇ࢑шԂ
Ο̐ԠଜࠪࢇΟࢿ࣯ѦЕ‫ࠆ୐ݦ‬ଭएԻ˫ࢠ஢ࡪָଜ࢘߅࣯ࡢձ҂Ԝ‫੼ִࠟؿ‬BBBBBBBBBBBBBBЕ
ʆʼ୐ଞٕٕҚࢇए

⽊₆
͖չ߾͖չձ‫י‬Ьͽо‫ݦ‬в
̆ɼɼԳЬϾ‫ࢇࡌݤ‬ӮʠࡓएЬ
ɼ‫ࢵނأ‬ϖ֟ࡶ‫ݤ‬ɾࢇЬѷЕіࢇࢿख߾ʀ̧"
Ὁ‫ދ‬đđए̖ࡵઁ̒‫ݤ‬ɾࢇԂ۰ѦԻ߾८ɼBBBBBBBBBBBBBBˈ࢑ЕʨʋࡳТ̧ ٗॢ୯߾ɼ࢕
ɼࡁऋΤ޽ɼଜѦ঴ࡓ۰ֹ࣯ଜࠪࢇࢇֻख߾ɼ۰૸‫ݍ‬Ьࠝˈ‫ࡁ߭ݮ‬
ΟଜࠪࢇЕए̖ࠖߟଜ̛߭ԮࡉТ̧BBBBBBBBBBBBࢇԂˈ३ओ؏ࢇԂѦɼЕʢ߭Ҷ"
ɼࡁऋ‫ܹ׷‬ɼࣔࢇۘଥएए߉ߑ߭"ࠖࢷ߾Еࡉչଞ੨࢕࣯ࠉԃѦଜˈ‫؍‬Ѧʋࢇ֟߹࢘߅
̐Ԟі੼ࠉԃࢇ߷߭۰ʡࢽࢇѸό
Ο୏‫ݤ‬ख߇߾‫࢑ࢇࢊݝה‬ʠΟࠆ࢕৖˱ɼۢʷ۰‫ۀ؂‬ɼ"ࠆ࢕৖˱ɼۢˀࡳִࡉչଞ੨Е
ߊԮࣹߞए‫ݫ‬ϗए̛৖˱ࢉіđđ
ɼࡉչɼଜѦ‫̛ߩܹ׷‬ଥ۰ए̖‫ܹ׷‬BBBBBBBBBBBBBBʵЬࢇԥʯࡉչΗչֆփଜएֆˈ֠ࢵ
ࠉԃଥ‫࢕ؿ‬
ɼଞ˲ࢂě߅չԊĜࡶ߅‫"ࡁۿ‬
Οόߊ߅ࡁ֬Իҡɼ߅࣯߅ղЬࡓ۰ঈࡸҚ߹ࡶҶٕਫ਼BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBшԂˈࡁ
ɼ‫ی‬Еࢇଥଟܹ߷एփ߅ղЬࡉִ۰Ѧ‫ݞ‬଎ʯГ͏ࣇࡁ
168

⽊₆GG
Ͼ਍Ӳۚ߷ЬϾ߾ਔ̨एɼΗЬ
Ͼদࡶ؇ЬϾ‫׵ޅ‬ɼࣚЬ
ɼ$̐սࢇԊ%̐սࢇԊ߭ҡɼ߭ӊʯЬհएЬ‫˳ۻ‬іॸ߅‫و‬
ΟࢇԞʠߞ টִଜए΢ࡓΠBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB࢘߅
ɼΰɼࢿࢽ‫߅ࢇݦ‬Т߹ए࠳ࢵԞ‫ی‬Ԇࡶࣚ߅ବࡶ̧"
Ο̐‫ی‬ԆࢇࣔࢇۘଞʢΧҚࡵЬ߅ЕіοփBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB߭۰ֿԉыʠए
ɼࢇࢿஉоࢷ୘Еɼ؏߾ϋ߭Ԃˋࠒ୘‫࢖ݤ‬ଞЬ
Οࢇʯࢎ̖؏ΖΟࡁ
ɼࠒ୘‫࢖ݤ‬ବЕіѦஉоࢷ୘Իʯࢎଜִ‫ی‬ԆҚBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB࢘߅
ɼࡁऋ߭ӊʯएΰ"
ΟଝˬЬТˈߞ˱ࠉ‫ݡ‬ଜˈ࣯ֆ߾Еˁ̛ѦଜˈBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBࢇ‫ڃ؂‬

⽊₆
щࡶ‫ؿ‬Ьѧ߇߾Ҙࣼ
֐ࡋ֋ࡶ‫࣯ࠆؿ‬ЬѶएֳҬЕ‫ܕ‬չ
ɼࢇࢿւࢽҚ߹Еіόɼࢇ‫ی‬ɼʯѶ۰ο‫ה‬۰ࡋଥ
ΟΟߞֆԻ‫߾˲׵‬ঈࡸࠪ۰ࠒ߭Ѧ࢚‫׃‬ବЕіόBBBBBBBBBBBBBएόщٗ߾ଝˬۢ୛߾Ѧ
̖؏࢚ࢶࡻଟܹ࢑߹߭ˈցࡓ
ɼࡉչѰόѦοৌɼʯ߾ѦҀࢇҚ߹Ьִ۰"
Οࡻ̐ԞіएΟɼы‫ی‬Ԇࢇ‫ˈݦ‬ଞए ٗփ߾ˁॲࢇѦ९ଥ۰Ѩࡶ୴৔ԮыѦҀࢇʼ˲
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB‫ۿݦ‬ɼѸ߹о
ɼϼΟࢽֆϠԎ࢚‫׃‬ଞЬɼܹɼѸˈ‫ࡵݮ‬ցࡸࡵߊʵएփЬհ̟ࡶߊ߅‫ؿ‬Еʯ߭Ҷ"
Ο‫ע‬Ԃˈ"̐ԎѦBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBԻٕծЕο‫ؿ‬ЬЕΰɼ୹޿࢚ଥ
ɼΰ৷ଈਫ਼‫ޱ‬एֆԂˈବ࢘߅ए΢‫߾ء‬Ѧόɼʯࢎଥ۰ˈࢠΪ࢘߅
Οߊߑ߭ࢇࢿࢽֆ߇޴ʯߵց৷ଈਫ਼ɼˈࢠࢇΟ۰̪࢜޳ʨ‫ߞࢇڸ‬
ɼЬࡸ߾ӖΟֿԎ‫ִޱ‬BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB੨Тָ̧‫ݪ‬ଥ
169

⽊₆G
ଞࡉ‫ࡶי‬ળЬଞܽшӮЬ
‫י‬ʢοɼЬ‫؂‬Ж؏۱߾߈ࡵʨʋЬ
ɼࢵЕࢇࢿ‫ࠠࢇ؂‬ջࡶ̐փѿˈ‫ࠠٸ‬Ԃձؑࡉˈ‫ࡁ߭ݮ‬
ΟBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBߞए࢕Ͱ߆̛ձ‫עִͰ؂‬ଜΟࢿоԻࠉ࣯ଟܹ࢑Еʯ߷߭ए࢘߅
ɼѰۢଞ੨̐ԥʯ୘ΰएֆˈ࢚ɼծঙࣹߞए࠳୘ձΰТ"
Ο߅‫ה‬չ̧ٙ߭Ѧ̆ࠎЬˈ‫ࣺو‬шТࢇϕ۱ࢇ߅࣯BBBBBBBBBBB۰Οձ୉ࢇԂˈ߇ٕծˈ
ࢇղࡶٕծ࢘߅ࡁ
ɼଞ˲ࢇࢇ‫ࡖء‬Җ৸߾۰ ʈऑষࢇBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB߭
Ο߅ऐֿԂ֪‫ݤ‬਍о‫࡛ݛ‬јˁ̛߾۰֪‫ݤ‬਍ɼࢇ̟ˁࡉ߾Еଞ˲ࢇ ʈ߾ࠠԂɼʯѺʠߞ
ɼࠝԐփ߾ϠԎ؏߾࠱ࡳТ̧ࡉչ‫ݦ‬Οʯϣ࢕
ΟΟЕҭ ‫ݤ‬ɾփϣˈख߾ɼߞଟʨʋ߅Ьࡸ࣯߾‫ݤ‬ଵࢇ࢑߭۰ϣˈ࢑ЕіѦ
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB߅

⽊₆
‫ࡵࣚڂ‬ʎ‫ݸࡶص˱ۑ‬Ь
‫י‬ٙࡶɼչए߉Ь؈ҡҥણѦ߷߹Ь
ɼܹࠒࢇЕ߅‫؟‬एɼ߇˃‫܈‬۰̐ԞएѰۢࡶઞ஢࢚Ѫ‫࣯و‬Еʨʋ߅ࡁ
ΟόܹࠒࢇЕ߭֞ТձѦࠪҖչ̛ࡢଥ۰ѰۢࢊࢇԂִBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBˈΟ۰۰Ѧࠪ
࣯Е૜ࢇ߾ࡁ
ɼए΢࣯.FRQ ߾Ьϕ࠱एࡁ"߭ҽ߭ࡁ"
Οࢿɼࣚ߅ଜЕɼܹҚࢂ˓ࠉࡶ‫ࢿݨ‬Ի‫ؿ‬Т̧ऑज‫̛ݦ‬ବ߭ࡁ̐չˈ‫ی‬ԆҚࢇࢽֆք߅۰
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB߭ࡁ
ɼֻٕЧҚࡵ࠳৷ଈਫ਼ʯࢎଜЕʤ߇ࣚ߅ଜ‫"̧ݨ‬
Οο‫ה‬৷ଈਫ਼ʯࢎփքࢇଜˈࢊۘۢ୛ࡶଜִ۰փΟЕ‫ی‬ԆҚ˕BBBBBBBBBBBBBˈ‫੼ܕ‬ଜए
‫׃‬ଟ̧‫و‬ʡࢽࢇѶ۰̐Ԝ‫ݤ‬ʵए
ɼ‫ࡳܘ˕ی‬Իीʑܹ࢑߭"
Ο߅Т̐ʢ࠳"
ɼЬհ஦ࢇ߅‫ה‬չࣚ߅Ѧ߆ԯ ‫̆߅ܘ‬஦ࢇ߷ࡳִBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBԎ߆ԯࡶ̛ծִ
ଝ߶‫ࢇࢶ۽‬ϩ߅ऑЬЕࠉ˱Ѧ࢑߭
Οऑज"
170

⽊₆
ۘЬչɼٕԜएЬۛ߇ˁࡶΗЬ
؈ּࢇ࢝஢Ь‫࣐ڴ‬ଞܹɼ߷Ь
ɼ˓ٕձ࣏̖փଜˈ‫ݤ‬ଵࡶ࢚‫࢑ܹك‬Е‫"ࡁ̧ࡶ߷ࢇئ؏ࡵࣚݝה‬
Ο֐ࢊࠖ‫ݡ‬ଜˈ‫ݡـ‬ଜЕʨֆˈЕбչBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBЕʨʋ߅
ɼߵցࡸ‫ࡶݥ‬ο‫ה‬քࢇ८չ‫ݦ‬ʨʋࡵіࡁѿɼ࣐փটоବ࢘߅ࡁ
Ο‫ܘ‬ЧҚࡶটоବЕіࡸ‫࢕ֻࢇݥ‬ԂЕʨ‫ؿ‬ЬΧЕʯΩए
ɼ̐ԎѦࢽֆࢇʢο‫ה‬ք߅ࡁBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBʵ߭ࡁ
ɼΰɼࣚ߅ଜЕؑࡉ. Е߅ࢇѪষ‫ࡁ߾ࢇݦ‬
Οࠖࢷ߾Е߅ࢇѪষ‫ࡉؑݦ‬ҚࡶBBBBBBBBBBBˈ‫ؿ‬Е‫ی‬ԆҚࢇքߑएփࡁۚЕࠉ̛࢚ଜЕ
߅ࢇѪষ‫ࡉؑݦ‬Қࢇͦք߅࣌ए"
ɼࠉ̛փ࢚ଜִѸए࠳߅ࢇѪষ‫ࢇݦ‬ԂˈΟ‫ڿ‬ʯۢɽଜЕएֻծʵόࡁ
ɼऑܹߞ࠳߅ऐଝˬ߾߇ࠪ"ࡉչ‫چ‬չࠉ‫࢖ݤݡ‬ଥߞѸЕіđ
Οࣔ߭Ԯࡋܹଝܺࢿ߾BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB۰Н߭࣌߭ࢇࢿষ؈ଟʠߞ࣏̖փ̛ЬԮࣹ

⽊₆G
ؑ͜ࡶ࢝Ьୁձ८Ь
‫֟؍‬ҞଜЬ̛ؒձҚЬ
ɼܹ॰ࢇӖଝˬ߾߇࠱߭"ࡁऋܹ॰ࢇɼٕऴʼ۱ࡶBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBό
Οࡻܹ॰ࢇ߭֞Т͉۰ܹܽࡶଜ‫܈‬۰ଝˬ߾֐ࢊΟܹࠠ߷Еۘଢ଼ࢉɼ‫و‬
ɼοஜɼ࣐ҚࡵЬࢽֆϨжѦ࢚ଜ‫ݦࡳ࢑׵ࢢˈݤ‬ʠʋ߅
Ο̐ࣸ߾۰Ѧࡉչ߅‫؟‬एɼࢿࢊBBBBBBBBBBBBBBЕࢇߞ̛ձքࢇଜ‫ݤ‬Е૜ࢇߞ
ɼࡉչւΰѰۢࡵˈखࢇο‫ۿה‬۰ࡉչ‫˱ݥ‬ҚࢇЬւΰଞ੨ЕBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB߭
ΟοஜखѦ̐Ԏ"ࡉչւΰѦଞ‫̛࢕ִࡌء‬ӵоԻѺҶ̧एࡌ߭۰ࡉչֻٕЧѦBBBBBBBBBBB
171

⽊₆
‫؟ܘ‬մࢇΟ‫ڿ‬Ь‫֕ࢇܘ‬Ь
‫͜߾ܘ‬Ьܹ‫؃‬ʬଠ̛
ɼࠝЖѦ۰˗߾۰உоࢷ୘ձࢍ߭‫؟‬Ե߭
ΟࡁऋଝˬѦ۰˗߾BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB‫ی‬Ԇࢇ࢑Ο‫و‬ΰ৖˱Ѧए΢࣯߾Ѧ۰˗߾۰एʄࡶ
ࢍ߭‫؟‬Ե߭
ɼ‫׫‬ए৶ě଎Ԋ৾‫ࢉ੉ݕ‬Ĝࡵ߭Ҷࡁ"‫ك‬փଥࡁ"
Ο̐Ԡࡁě଎Ԋ৾‫ࢉ੉ݕ‬ĜࢇΖΟˈ̛߮߾ΧЕࢠִҚࡶBBBBBBBBBB߅‫ߑؿ‬шТѿ‫ࢇܘ‬
ଗࡁଜыіࡁ
ɼ‫ߞܹ׷‬οࡑࡶҶΟࣔҶչִ۰ࡑएց
Ο࠳"ࢽֆࢢ‫߭࢑׵‬۰̐ԜЕʢі
ɼοЕࢽֆBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB۰࣏̖փʢҖԮѦ߅ળ
ɼ‫ߞܹ׷‬੘р‫"߭࢑ࢶقࡓؑݛ‬
ΟࡻটҟଝˬҶ࣏̖࡙ؑ߭̐ԞіBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB‫ࡳݥ‬Իؑࡓ۰ए̖ࡵ߭ӊʯ঴Еए
Ь࢓߭‫؟‬Եए

⽊₆
߽ओԜऑ‫̳߭י‬ɼ‫ה‬ʧЬ
߭ঈ˱Тɼ߷Ьܻ଀߾ѯࡶбЬ
ɼࣸ˲ࢂ‫ݤ‬ऑଛ࣯۱ࢇ߯ࢿଞ˲ࡶ؏‫ח‬ବ߭ࡁ"
Ο ϗ߾؏‫ח‬ବ߭ࡁ̐Ԏ۰̐ࢇ୯߾ଞ˲˕ࣸ˲ࢂ˗˃ɼBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBҞࢇ
࢚கԜɼˈ࢑࢘߅ࡁ
ɼଝˬо૲Իଞ˲߭ֆଜ̛оୣ߾ΟɼʯѸ߹Ьִ۰"
Οࡻ؆৖˱ҚࢇࡻࡕѦքࢇଥ࣯ˈ̛оѦքࢇଥ۰BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
ɼࡁऋ˓‫ی‬ձ࢚‫׃‬ଥ۰Ьչɼ‫ה‬οएʠΟтࢇٟˤѸ߹ЬЕЍ‫ݛ‬ҚࡶքࢇҙЕʨʋ߅ࡁ
Ο̐ԞіࢇԞ‫ݪ‬ɽଞ‫ࡳࢉࡕࢂˈی‬Ի‫ٸ‬ɼο‫ה‬քࢇࠪ۰̐ԥЬЕBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBЕࢇߞ̛ձ
ଜЕʢ۶ୣ‫ی‬ҚѦ࢑шԂˈࡁ
ɼ/$Ьࢵ‫ݛ‬ɼ Ь‫ ۻ‬ˁ̛ ࠉб߅ ࣇ۰ ࣏ ͚ҟࢉ ʠ ࢑ए
ΟΟѦ ߭ࢿ ˁ̛ձ ‫ي‬Еі ୣ߾۰ ࢺܹձ ࣔ ΰ̛Е ବएփ ࢇ‫ ׵‬BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBࢇ߹߭
172

⽊₆
ऐ‫ૻࢇ۽‬չЬউଜִ‫۔‬ঊչ
ࠐࢠܹցࡸоԻ॰‫؍‬шࡋ‫؍‬ɼչЬ
ɼଝˬߔӀ‫ࢇف‬ɼʯЕࢊࡁࢊ߾‫"ࡁ߭ࠊ߇ࡶח‬ए΢‫߾ء‬Еࠊ߹ыʨʋࡵіࠝЖࡵ
аߑ߭ࡁ
Ο̐ɼʯЕ࢖߅۰̐ԞएBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBࠖࡁ‫੼ؿ‬ૡࢊ߾Е֐ࢊࠆЕіࢊࡁࢊ߾Е࣯ࢉࢇ
‫ڿ؂‬ʠΟ‫ܘ‬Чࢇ߷ࡶʠʋࡳִ‫ࡶח‬ашԂˈࡁ
ɼࢇࢽѦִ࢚ଞʨʋ߅۴ۢЧࡵփ࣐ଜЕіοЕ߭Ҷ"
Ο۴ۢЧࢵЕ࣏̖шࠉ‫ݡ‬ଥߞBBBBBBBBBBBBBʨʋ߅ࡁ߅ऐֹ˳іડչЕ˒ࢇ࢑߭ࡁ
ɼࢇ८‫ؿ‬Ь࣏̖ш਼८ձ‫ٻ‬չˈ‫ࡵݮ‬іࡁđ
Οए̖࢑Е८ɼࢇʠ؄߾߷߭ࡁЬհ८Қࡵࢇ‫׵‬ԨઝࠖߟࢇѸ߭࢑߭۰ࡁ
ɼ̐ԠBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBঈएɼ߅Тόࡁ̐ξࢇʤԻ‫ٻ‬Ԯ࣯‫ࡁۿ‬
ɼϼΟࠝЖ‫"߭߹࢑ࢊݝה‬ख߇ٗࡢ̛ɼ࠳ࢇԎ"
ΟBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBएς̐ʤ͗ֆଥߞ߅Т"ߵցԊ߅‫ڃ‬ɼֆЬઊࡶࣔଜ‫܈‬۰̛ٗࢇ
߇ࣚࡳ‫܈‬۰̐Ԏ

⽊₆
ࠝएԌࢇυЬߺѓࢇձ٠ࢇЬ
ਔ‫֟ࡶ؍‬ЬଜЖϩࡵֻࣲծЬ
ɼܽց‫ࢷࡋˈݤ‬ଜЬɼʤչִBBBBBBBBBBBBBB"
Ο̐Ԡ‫ࡶ̖أ‬ΰˈʃࠞ߾ʀܹѦ࢑ए
ɼࡁऋоଝˬҟԼ̖ࢇքࢇ‫ݯٸ‬एࡁ"
Ο֍߅ࡁҟԼ̖Ѧ‫ˈݯٸ‬оଝɼ࣯‫߅ض‬ળઝࢂࡖ‫̧ۿ‬एBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBˈ৔‫߭࢑ˈܝ‬۰
ʡࢽࢇ߾ࡁ
ɼܹࠒ߅ࡉչ̪࢜؄߾Οɼ۰߅ࢇ‫਺ݛ‬ս‫ˈ֟ی‬Қ߭ࠪ۰Ь‫ٕ˓ݤ‬ଜ࢕
Ο̐ԟ̧"ଜ̝ΟѦଞ‫ݤ‬ɾփएΟѦखࣸࢇ࢚߇Ѷ
ɼοѦ̐ԥ˱ΟࡉչߵցЕΟփ‫ִݤؿ‬BBBBBBBBBBBBBBˈ߈߅۰˓ٕଜЕ‫̟ࡶ˗ݡ‬ԜߞଞЬˈ
֒Τࢗ‫ܕ‬չଜ‫ݤ‬ʠҘ
ɼएୱࢇЕࡉչ؆߅ࢇҚ˕ֻѿ৖ଞʨʋ߅‫۽‬ʸࢇࣚ߅۰̐Ԟɼ"
Ο‫۽‬ʸѦࣚएփएୱࢇɼࡕԎBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB۰৖˱Қࢊ߾˗‫ݪ‬Ѧքˈॳʺଜ̛Ѧࣚ߅ଥ۰
̐Ԟʨʋ߅
173

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ࡳղࢠࡶϪЬࢿϾࢂ߇ˁ
࢏ࢇ‫ה‬ʧЬࠟ‫ࢂܖݨ‬୘ট
ɼࢿ৖˱Қࡶ‫ִؿ‬оٕٗ୉ࢿ࢕֐ɼքए߉߅۰ֻٕЧࢂ‫ی‬Ԋ˕˗‫ࡶݪ‬ѧ८एଜЕіࡉչखࡵ
Χ֐ɼ࢑߭۰ֻٕЧ͉ঢ়॰؇̛ࡢଞˁࢪࢇ৔ࠊଞ૜ࢇ߾ࡁ
Ο୉ࢿ࢕֐߷ࢇBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBঈԠ࢕Ԃִο‫ۢˈה‬ѦֻծЕě࠲࢕Ч˕˓࣯ЧĜࢇѸ̛‫ˈݒ‬
шٙ߭‫ی‬Е‫̛ࡌؑࡶئ‬ୣѦքए߉߅
ɼࢵЕ‫߭࢑ࢇࢊݝה‬Ѧࢇ‫ݤء‬ଵࡶ࢚͗‫ߞو‬ଥࡁ
Ο࠳ࡁ"
ɼࢇ‫ݤء‬ଵ߾۰ ࢺࡶφए߉ࡳִஉоࢷ୘ձ‫ڔ‬ʵЬˈߵցɼBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
ɼΰɼए̖ٕਫ਼ଜЕࢇߞ̛Е߅‫ה‬ଞ੨Ѧֆଜִ߇ѶΟԊ͗ߟ‫ܖ‬ଥߞֆଥࣲܹ࢑߭
ΟΟBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBʠ࢚ߊִ۰࠳̐Ԏ"Τ‫׸׃‬Еʢ߅Тए"
ɼΰɼ‫߾̛ؿ‬ЕࢵɼܹɼϠԎѦ࢚‫׃‬ଜˈ̐ࢵ̐ԥыі࠳ࢉ̛ɼքࡵएֻծʵ߭
Ο̐Ԏ"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBࢇԂˈΰɼ‫߾̛ؿ‬Е̛࢚ۢˈϠԎѦ࢚ଜЕʨʋ߅۰ࣚࡵіđ

⽊₆
ࣼ‫ڹ‬ѦֻծЬࣼ˱֦ࡶॸЬ
͖ࣼչփଜЬࣰࡶ‫ޤ‬Ь
ɼࠝЖࠇ‫ݤی‬ଵ࢚‫"߭ي‬
Ο߅ТBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB߭ࢿ˓ٕଞʢଜΟѦ߇Ο࠱шԂˈ
ɼ.323р‫ݛ‬਽ԡ˓ࠉ߾ʋࢇ˱ˁʀʠए"ࠠଥЕ࠳ʋࢇ߇ଥ"
ΟΟ࢖ϗ˓ࠉ߾ο‫ܹݨה‬ձքࢇଜЕ‫؂‬Ԇ߾ॷଔଥ۰BBBBBBBBBBBBBBˈ‫߭߹ݮ‬
ɼࢽֆ"ΰɼ‫߾̛ؿ‬ЕοѦ࢚ବЕіđ
ɼ߅‫ڃ‬ଝˬࢺ‫ݪ‬ʅࢇࠠԉЕіࡈѨࣔࠠԮ࣯‫ࡁۿ‬
Οए̖ࡈѨࡳԻЕ‫࣐ٕ߾̛֟یݪࢺˈ੉ݛ؟‬ଜТ"
ɼό߅‫ڃ‬Ѧ߅‫ࡈࢿࡁ߅࢘ݤ‬ѨࡵBBBBBBBBBBBBB۰ࢺ‫ݪ‬ʅࢇࠝծִшࢇۘ‫ܹ ࡶ֟یࡶ؍‬ɼ
߷߭ࡁ
ɼࡉչएୱࢇձЖ߅‫ה‬ʨѦֻծЕւΰԻփۢɽବЕіࢇԥʯ୲խଞۢɽࡶɼऑঐϗࢇ
ѸЬТđ
ΟϼΟԊ୉ࡵΰɼ߯ࢿ̧एBBBBBBBBBBBBBBЕࡪ৔ࡕۢࢉࣲߊߑ߭"ࢇʯ̐ԥʯϣԅࢊࢇߞ"
174
⽊₆
ଝࡶӋЬּࡶ঵ࢇЬּࢇ੉Ь
ୗׁࢇ߅ТЬଥɼ۰ु߾۰ӮЬ
ɼ‫̧ۘࢽۏ‬ए߲ցΟΧߑ߭ࡁ"ο‫ה‬஦Қ߭۰BBBBBBBBBBB̧ࠆ̛۰̪࢜‫߹ݍ‬Ьɼࡁ
Ο̐Ԏࡁ߅ऐଞ‫ݤ‬ɾࡵшࠠԂɼߞଜТ̧ࠆ̛۰ࣔBBBBBBBBBBBˈɼЕʯࣚʵ߭ࡁ
ɼࢇࢿˋ؏ଝࢇߞοஜଝˬЕ୏‫؏ݤ‬ଝܺࢿ࢑߭"
Ο߅Т߷߭ଞଝ̛Ѱ߇ܺࢿձο‫ה‬քࢇଥ۰ࢇࢿܺࢿ߾ЕBBBBBBBBBBBBB
ɼଜଜ̐Ԏ"̐Ԡ؏ଝѰ߇࢚‫ˈݍ‬Ьࡸଝ̛߾ӖփΟ࢕
ɼࠠଥ߾Е߅৚߾ࢊ०ࢊ߭ΟЕʯΰۚଥʼ‫ߞࢇݪ‬
Ο߅ࢇˈଞ‫ࢊࡵࢊ۔‬०ࢊ߭ΟʵएփϼΟɼ֐ࢊ߅৚ࢊ०ࢊ߭ΟִBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBʠߞ
ɼࢇ‫਺ء‬չ‫ݛ‬ց‫߾ݛ‬ଜࠪࢇ߾˃‫ݤ‬Еࢇֻп߾ϣԜɼѦѶࡁ"
ΟࢇֻɼBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBԂ۰਺չ‫ݛ‬ց‫߾ݛ‬Еࣔ‫ה‬չࢊʨʋ߅ࢇࢿˋ߅̛ձίࡳ‫ݤ‬Т̧
਺չ‫ݛ‬ց‫߾ݛ‬Е‫ۏ‬୯࣏չଜ‫ߞ܈‬ए

175
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‫̘ؼ‬
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‫̘ؼ‬
ʎ˱չࠠঁࢇࢶۢɽࡶ‫׃‬ଞЬ ˃ԄࡳԻ‫ࡢ؂‬৔̛
ʎঊ߾۰ࡈΟЬ ɼएքࡵΟ‫؂߾ה‬Ԇ࢚Τ߷Ь
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Ο‫ܹ֞߭׷ࡁפ‬Т͉۰ࢊଜ‫ݤ‬Т̧ɼ̧ࢇ‫ی‬ЕࢿɼѦࠪҖԮߞएࡁ
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ΟΟѦࢽֆɼˈ‫ݮ‬एփ߅‫؟‬एɼ৪଎Е‫׃‬ɼʯଜ‫܈‬
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‫̘ؼ‬
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‫࣏ה‬ʢ਍‫ݛ‬ઝ਍߾ɼ۰‫ی‬ʠΟѰό˕ࢊɼʯ߾۰‫ی‬Еʯࢿࢊ‫ݶ‬ʠҘࡁ
Ο̐ԥʯо୉ցઝҚࢇ‫ࡶࢊۿ‬ଥоТ̧ࡁऋࡉչѰό˕ࢊɼʯѦࢠ‫ی‬ɼ࢚߇Ѷ۰‫ࡶח‬аߑ߭ࡁ
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Οܹ۱࢏ଝࡶବࡳТ࢕Ԋ‫ݛ‬ԜࡌփѦଜό̐ԎѦѰۢࡶ‫ݤה‬ଜЕʢࣔο‫ה‬ଞі"
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ঐ‫ܕ‬ձଜִࢽֆ̳ΔଥएʠҘࡁ

182
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‫̘ؼ‬
ͽ֟ˈߊ̛֟ άֆࡵۚɼҙˈ،ֆࡵࣼɼҙЕЬ
ΧࢂӀࢇш৲‫ࢉؿ‬Ь ̧ց̆Τ࢕ؑӂ߭ऑЬ
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ΟࢵЕࡪТࠟ‫ݛ‬ਬ߭߾֠ࢵɼ‫ؿ‬ԮˈବЕі
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шࣚ߅‫ࢇؿ‬Еіࡁ
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ߊߑࡶ̧"
ΟBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBˈଜ࢘߅ϼ˳ɼҙˈֆࡶࠢˀʵए̐ԞіЬհ؆৖˱Қࢇ
ߊࢽѦִࢇ‫ࠟ׵‬ଝˬ߾‫ࢇחܕ‬Ь૊࣌ʵό
ɼࢇ‫࣯ء‬ֆ̧एΰߞଜЕܺࢿɼ࢑߭۰̐ԜЕі୉ࢇΟࣔѦࣲܹࠪ࢑߭"
Ο‫߇׵‬ଥΟѦ଎Իࣀઝܺࢿɼੵࡁࢊ̧एߞBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBԂ۰߅‫ה‬ԎѦѦࣲࠪ‫ݤ‬ɾࢇ߷ʵЬ

183
ֆଞցҡԻঊξ‫ځ‬ѦʌЕЬ Ѷएּ߾ऑּ࣯ʤࢇ
‫̘ؼ‬
ϼࡓ۰৚‫ؚ̛‬ Ѻ‫ٕ۽‬հΟ‫ה‬ЕӀ࢔ٕਫ਼ߊ߅‫ق‬Ь
ѦҀࢇࢿ؈ࢵչЬ бִ‫ִؚޱˈੁ۔‬ЕЬ
ɼࠠଥࡉչଝˬ঵˱ય‫ࢇࢶ۽‬ο‫ࢿ߭߅ࣚ߇ה‬ˁ̛߾۰ѦӖ࣌࢘߅
Ο̐Ԝʯֆࢇߞࢇ‫ݤء‬उ‫࢖ݤ‬ଞए߲ցѸएѦ߉ߑЕіࢇ‫ ݣ ׵‬િԂִ۰"
ɼࢇԥʯֆଜִBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBएփ߅‫ה‬ԎѦফ̒Қ߭ࡉչଝˬ঵˱ય߾‫ࢿח‬ɼࣔքࡵʨʋ߅
Ѧо঑߭ҡ߾۰ٕਫ਼߭ӊʯ‫ࢿח‬ձૻ߭ߞଜЕʢए੼ߊܹɼ߷ό
ɼɼܹ.޽ɼए̖ଜЕ؏‫̐ࡶܞ‬փѿʯѷоࡁ
Ο࠳ࡁ"ࢵѦ̐؏‫ܞ‬ɼΒ‫ؿ‬Еіࡁ
ɼ‫ݤ‬ঐթࢇ࢚߇ΟࠝΟ‫̐ࡁو‬Ԏ۰ࢇ‫࣯ء‬ɼցएւ؏‫ࢇܞ‬ԂˈଜшԂˈࡁ
ΟBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBшТđ‫ݤ‬ঐթࢇ࣏̖փ߇ࣚࡳִ̐ԥʯ଎Ի̐Ԓࡶʄ࢕̛߷ߕ‫؟‬չόࡁ
ɼࢵ‫ی‬Ԇࡵ࢕̛ɼଞࢊࢇ߅Тִ߅ТԂˈଜִѸए࠳ࢵԥʯ୘ձΰִ۰ߩ̛ଟ̧ࡁ"
ΟBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBˈଜ࢘߅ࡁࢵЕࢵԥʯ˕࢒؆ࡻࡶ‫ִࢇؿ‬۰߅ТԂˈଜִшࢂ‫ࢇݪ‬
ɼшԂˈࡁ
ɼࢿɼˌ଎ॹҖԂࢇ‫؟‬ɼଜΟۢˀЕі୏‫ݤ‬ଗࡁଜ‫ִݤ‬Җռ̧ࡁ"
Ο߅Т࠳ࡁ"ˌ଎߇৔‫"ࡁۿ‬
ɼόࢵЕˌ଎ձ߇৔ʠҘࡁҖԂࢇ‫؟‬Еࢿɼɼएˈ࢑߭‫࢕ي‬BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBࠖࡁ
߇‫ˈޱ‬ɼएˈ࢑Еʨ‫ؿ‬Ьˌ଎ࣚ߅ଜ‫ݤ‬Е͉ٗҖչִшࣚࡶʨʋ߅۰ࡁ
ɼࢵ߅ࢇЕࢽֆ‫چ‬չӨЕіࡁ‫ك‬एؑԯѦࣚˈࡁ৲۰঵˱۴ܹଥѦѸʵ߭ࡁ
Ο̐ԜόࡁBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBˈ߅ց঴߭ࢉࡉչɼߊ߅‫ࢽك‬Ѧִ਍৔۴ۢЧࡵ
ࢇ‫ࢢ࢜ࢂࢇ߅ࢵ׵‬ԯ߾оଥш࢚ߊˈ˃‫ݤ‬ʵ࣫"
ɼɼষଞଝۢҚࡶɼࢽࡳԻѪ߅ࠝʯଜԮִ߭ӊʯଥߞଟ̧ࡁ"
Οࡉ۴ֆଞցҡԂѦҬӵଜʯଥߞѶࡁBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBˈଜ࢘߅ࡁ۴ۢЧࢇΟ
ֻٕЧࢂҬӵଞֆଞցҡɼ߅ࢇҚࢂࢉۢࡶ‫ܹͳ؂‬Ѧ࢑߭ࡁ

184
؈߷ЕֆࢇঊչɾЬ ‫Ͱ׵‬ԂएଞցչɼࠟࡒѓࢇձஐջЬ
‫̘ؼ‬
ֻծЕʯߟ ‫؂‬ЖѦҀࢇ‫ܕ‬ѦҀѹЬ
‫ࢷقߞࣇ؁‬ ‫ࢇݥܕה‬ஜ‫ݥܕ‬
ɼࡉչଝˬ߾࢏ଝ‫ٸ‬չɼ࢑ЬЕ‫חܕ‬Қ߹߭ࡁ"
Ο߅Тࡁ̐չˈࢵЕ‫ط‬Իߊˈ‫ݮ‬एѦ߉߅ࡁBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBࢇԂˈߊ߅‫̛ٗ࢕ي‬փш
Ο‫ࠪࢿࢇˈڿ‬۰ࡉչɼ‫ܹͳ؂‬Ѧ߷࢘߅ࡁ
ɼ̐ԎѦ‫ࡶݨی‬؉ୁ۰߭ӊʯѹࢊࢉएߊ߅ߞЬࡸ߾ӖࢇԞࢊࢇѸૻࢇѸЕʤւࡶܹ࢑ए
߉ࡶ̧ࡁ"
ɼߵց߯ТЕоଝ߾ʇЬˈο‫ࠉה‬ԃࢇ߷Еʠ߅ι"ࢷ୘Ѧ֐ࢊ߇ଜˈ
Ο࢚एΰˈ࢑ࡶʠߞBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBࢇԂˈࢊଜִ۰˓ٕଜԮТ̧‫ڃ؂‬۰ࠉԃଟ‫ݤ‬ɾࢇ߷ʵए
‫ˈیݝה‬ԂѦΪࡳִ‫ࢷނأ‬୘ବࡶ੨Т̧ʡࢽଜएց
ɼۚԻࢷଝࠟଝۢҶ‫ࡁ߾ח‬ऋࡉչ؆ࢷ঑ٗࡢ̛ɼࣔࢇۘଥएˈ࢑Еʨʋ߅
Ο֍߅BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBˈ̐ଝۢࢇ̛ࠝࢷ߾ЕֻѿЬʋࢇ࢚߭ࡌչЕ
ٗࡢ̛ࠑЕіࡁऋ߾ЕΗչΗչϣˈࣔΟЈЕٗࡢ̛ɼѹʨʋ߅
ɼ ࣯ࢷ߾ࢉਫ਼٫ଞୣ‫߾ی‬۰ࠉԃࢇ߇ࠪࡁए̖ॢࠉԃࠠҶɼѷЕі
Ο ࣯ΟएΪࡳִ‫ނأ‬ʼ˕ɼΟ࠱ࡶʠࠖࡁBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBࢇԂЕіୣ‫ࠉ߾ی‬ԃࡶଞ‫ء‬ଥ
‫ࡁۿؿ‬ʼ˕ձߊ߅ߞЬࡸࢉਫ਼٫ձࣱ‫ٸ‬ଜҘएଟܹ࢑࢘߅ࡁ
ɼ߲ցࢷ߾ଞˈҟଝۢࢇ‫ی‬ԆҚ߾ʯࢷ୘ձʤ߭۰˲ୣࢂࡕࢇԂˈʠगֆࡶଜˈѨࡶঁ̛Ьɼ
ʤԵоࡁ̐Ԟі оԂ۰̐ξ߅‫أה‬Ѧ؇ए߉ࡶܹ࢑Ьˈଥࡁ
Ο̐Ԟࢊࢇ࢑߹߭ࡁ"̐ԥएփ оԂˈ‫߇ִ࣯و‬ѶࡁBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBЕֆѦ࢑Еі
߭չЬˈ۴ঈձଥִ࣯৲۰ш਼‫̛ی‬ձ৘ܹѦ࢑࢘߅ࡁ
ɼ߭ӊʯΰɼΧ࢕৖˱Ԋହ߭ऑʤߊߑ߭"৖ଞ৖˱ָֹଞ੨փ‫׹ٸ‬ԻֆବЕі
ΟBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBˈଜ࢘߅ϼɼֆବЕएЕֻծए߭ळִ̐ହ߭ऑΧ࢕৖˱ɼߩ̛ବࡶ
ܹѦ࢑ˈ

185
۰кʎ‫۔‬ϗ߾଀ࡖࡶࡷЕЬ ‫ࠟٸ‬ҋ߾Ҵࢇ˴߭ऑЬ
‫̘ؼ‬
‫ࢇࢠݤ‬؆॰ ؒ‫ء‬ҙЕʨࢇଞ‫ؿء‬Еʨփ‫׃‬ଜЬ
ؒएࢠѦ֍ҚִΩЬ ؑ‫ؿ‬Ѧؑ͜ࢇш਺Ь
ɼ؈Ԩ੉ࢉіࢇ߾ࠆ࢕৖˱࣯Ԯˈটਐտۗ߭
Ο̐Ԏ"̐Ԟі૦ࢠएɼࢽֆࠖ‫ڿ‬Ь૦ࢠҬԻବ߭"
ɼࡻটਐտࡵփࡕ࣯ˈۗЕі૦ࢠ‫ٸ‬փփࠝঊࡕҚ߹߭
Οࢽֆ"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB˱Οଜएփࢽֆࠖ‫ڿ‬ʯ૦ࢠବЬࠆ࢕৖˱ɼࣚ߅ଟʨʋ߅
ɼΟЕ̛ୣɼ࢑ࡳִ͗଎Ԋ‫ݛ‬ળչ߾ɼ۰߾૖੏ࡶऐࢻ‫߭ݮˈؿ‬
Ο߾૖੏ࡵࡓΠࡪָଥ۰‫ی‬ऑࢇΟ̐սѦք࢘߅࠳˴ࢇɼ۰‫ߞو‬Ѷ"
ɼBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBˈଜ࢘߅߅‫ה‬չଝˬ߾۰քࢇҙˈؑࡓѦ‫ࢿݨ‬Ի
ɼ۰‫ִؿ‬ГΛࢇࠬࢷЬձʨʋ߅
ɼࢇ‫ء‬଎ԻࣀઝΰɼࣔѦࣲ̧ࠪ"
Ο˟ॱ߅ࡁଞࢇડࢽѦփ،ࡶۚࡉִଟܹ࢑ࡶʨʋ߅ࡁ
ɼBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBˈଜ࢘߅̐ԥʯ୐࢕۰‫ה‬չଜЬɼ‫ࢇػ‬ԂѦΟִଝˬѦ‫׃‬ɼЕʠߊए"
ɼߵցࢵࢇ‫࣯ء‬ֆ߾ܹएԊʋࢇࠒ୘‫ؿ‬ԜɼԮˈࡁ˟ॱ࣫"
Οܹए"οए΢‫ܹ߾ء‬एԊ‫ࡓݯ‬۰‫ۘܖ‬ଜЬˈବ࢘߅
ɼ߾ࢇߵցѦđBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBˈଜ࢘߅ࡁ‫ˈࡉݯ‬Ο۰۰Իձш࢚ࢇଥଜʯѷ߭ࡁ
ɼࢿ৖˱ɼоଝ ϗѰ߇ଔٕ˕߾۰߅ծ‫ࢇ؂‬ઝձବЕіࢇࣁʠࢂଔٕ˕ࢂ‫ی‬ɼЬѷшԂˈࡁ
࡝փଞଔٕઝԜ‫ࢽٴ‬ѦЕ߭ӊʯ৔ՎଥߞଜЕएЬߊыіࡁ
ΟBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBЕֆѦ࢑࢘߅ࡁ ϗࢇΟଔٕ˕߾۰ࢊଜִ۰‫ˈؿ‬Қࡵʯ
߲ցΟքʵ߭ࡁ
ɼ‫޽ܹ׷‬ɼΑࢇЕԂִࡵࢽֆ֋࢑߭ࡁ߭ळִࢇԥʯԂִࡶ֋࢑ʯΑࠆࡁ"
Οࢿɼ࢚ΑࢉЬ̛‫ؿ‬ЬЕBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBࢇԂˈܹࠉ޽ɼତۘؑˈଐҶ֟߭۰ш֋࢑Ьˈ
ۢɽଜЕʨʋ߅ࡁ

186

‫̘ؼ‬
‫؟ۑۿ‬մࠆҘ̧एɾЬ ࡕ݁ࢇѦΟ‫߾ה‬۰ӂ߭ओҶɼ࢑Ь
ࡉ‫ࡶי‬ળѦଞࡉ‫ࡶי‬ળԂ ࡌֲʷ࢕̛֟
ɼӖθࢠˈߔ߾۰࢑όࡁ،Нʯ֟Е‫ˈࡶ˗ݡ‬ঙߞए߇̐Ԝִʢʈࡶଥ৔ʯѶࡁ
ΟBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBˈ߭ԵࡶҶٕਫ਼ࢵϖ߾ɾ‫֟ࡶݥ‬Е‫؟‬մࢇ࢑߭۰ࡁ߇ࣚࡵ
‫ࢇ˗ݡ‬Т̧ˈ৔̛Еଥߞଟ੪і،߾ؑɼˈ଎ִ࢜Ѧ߇ࠪ۰ࣔ஦Җόࡁ
ɼࡉչ߅Қࢇоଝ߾۰Ӗࢷ˓ࡶ‫Ͳ؂‬Ьˈଥ۰ʡࢽࢇ߾ࡁ
Οоଝ߾ЬТЕѰ߇߲ցҘएࢷ˓ࡶ‫؂‬ͺ۰˓ٕଟܹ࢑एࡁ̐ԞଝۢҚࢇͦք߅ࡁ
ɼࠛֆ߾BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBˈବ࢘߅ࡁࢇԥʯࢇʨࢵʨ˓ٕଜЬɼ˟஢࣒߶ଜЕі
‫ݤ‬ɾփࠝԎʤչЕʯ߅Фɼ‫߭ݮ‬۰ࡁ
ɼࢇ‫࣯ء‬ֆ߾‫ݤ‬ɾ࢑ࡳִΟԊʋࢇ˓૦ࠒ୘ΟଜΟ‫ؿ‬ԜʀԎ"
Ο‫ה‬۰ࡋߩ̛Ѧ‫߭ݩ‬ଜִ۰ʄ࢕̛࡝˓૦ࠒ୘"
ɼ‫ה‬۰ࡋࠒ୘ࢽֆ‫߭ݩ‬ଜ̛ЕଜЕіଝˬܺࢿҶ‫ߞو͗߾ח‬Ѷ
Οܺࢿߞ"̐ԠBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBԻԂѦ‫ؿ‬Ԝɼߞʵό̐Ԡʋࢇɼ࢕
ɼࢇ‫ܱء‬ઝઝԏˁ̛߾۰ए΢‫ࠠء‬սକҶ̖֩бࡶҳы‫ ؃‬22۴ܹɼ‫ܹݨ‬Իۘо۴ܹձ
‫߭׹‬۰‫ݨ‬ʸѷ߭ࡁ̐Ԏ۰ʼ˲ࢇ‫ء‬оୣ߾۰Е֩бࡶଜΟѦ‫׃‬ҳΟ‫ࡁو‬
ΟBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBшТ‫ ؃‬22۴ܹʋࢇ‫ݨ‬ԯࢇӨ߭΢‫ی‬ԆѦ‫ܹݨ‬ձଜЕ˳ࡁ
ʯЬɼ֩бࡶଜΟѦ‫׃‬ҳЬТ‫ࢽࢇ֌ݨ‬ֆ਺ʵ߭ࡁ

187

‫̘ؼ‬
छ‫ݦ‬Ѧࢿझࢇ࢑Ь ୏ӋԜʇЬɼ୏٠ࠆࠟЬ
ঊչ̟Ѧଞʤࡸٕਫ਼ एԤࢇѦ؋ࡳִ͵ડଞЬ
ɼࡁऋࢿѰۢ‫ܹ׷‬ɼ‫ی‬শ̛ࢉɼ‫̖࣏ࡁو‬փ‫ע‬ԂˈଥѦ؆ତଜˈ୘ձΰшԂˈࡁࠛΤ߾Еࢿɼ
‫ݝה‬ֆࡶଥѦ୘ձβࢶࢇଞ‫ء‬Ѧ߷Еіֆࢇ߾ࡁ
Ο‫ی‬শ̛ଜˈۘ˗߷ࢇ̐ԥʯ֒ΤϼΟɼˤՀ஢ˈ୐ΰִϼ˱ԂѦ୘ɼΟ࣫
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBˈଜ࢘߅ࡁࢇࢿѰۢଞ੨࢚ࣔଥ࣯‫ࡁۿ‬
ɼࡉչࢇֻЕ߅‫ה‬ԎѦʼ୐ଜ̛‫ݒ‬ए߉ࡶʨʋ߅ࠉ‫ۿ‬ɼҖ‫ݤ‬Т̧ࢺࢺш̧ЬԻࡓए‫ݤ‬Еʨ
ʋшԂˈ
ΟBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBˈଜЕі߭ңɼ߾ʼ୐ଟ‫ی‬Ԇࢇ؆Җ‫ࡶ࢑ݤ‬ʠߞ߅ऐʼ୐ଟҶɼ
߇Ѷ۰‫׃‬փ΢ʨ‫ࢇڸ‬ए
ɼࡉչѨࡶֻࣔ߅۰ˈҟଝˬ࣒߶ଜˈࡪԡࠆଭʋࢇʀ̧"
Ο̐Ԝִ̛ࣚЕଞі̐Ѩࡶ߯ࢿЬֻ߅"
ɼBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBԂˈࠝЖٕਫ਼ࡈѨࡶ߅͏‫ˈޱ‬ख߇ࢊѦшѦࠪҖԮ۰ѨࡶֻࡳִѸए
ɼࢇ‫ء‬ଝ̛ɼο‫ה‬஦Қ߭۰‫ݛ‬ઝԦ‫ૻࣔݛ‬Ԯˈ৖˱ձփΪʠҘࡁ̐Ԟіଜଗࢇִ̐৖˱ɼফ̒߾
Χ࢕৖˱Ԋହ߭ࣇ۰̐৖˱ଜ‫ࠉܕ‬փࢗӯҚ࣯߭Ь࠱߭ࡁ̐Ԏ۰̐ԞएࠝЖ߅৚̧एѦ
֞չɼ߅଎шԂˈࡁ
Ο̐ԕ߭"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBшТ‫ݛ‬ઝԦ‫ݛ‬ɼш‫ࠑݸ‬ʵό̐ԎѦ̐৖˱ɼˈցࡓଟʠߞ
̐Ԟߩֹ̛‫ݤ‬ɾѰ߇ࢇΟҚ࣯߭Еʢࢽֆ߭ԮࡋࢊࢇʠҘ

188
ܿ Ьࡸ̔ࡶࢋˈ‫ٺ‬ৠ߾ߊ֍ࡵ‫ܖ‬жࡶ‫ނ‬ϋࡳ‫ࡁۿ‬
‫̘ؼ‬
ɼࢢЕʯ૜ ˵߭ࠟѪࢇ‫؃‬தѪ‫ڐ‬Ь

ࡉչ࣯ࡢձ‫ۑ‬૛‫ִؿ‬оٕٗࢂ‫ی‬ԆҚࢇࢽࢂૡҟ‫ی‬Ԋૡ୘‫ݦ‬Շ࣏୘ҟࢂ߅ղЬࡋࢇۘ˕
ɼ৔ձ঴˱ଜˈ‫ୃݨ‬ଜԮˈଜएփʋࡵˈଯষ‫ࢇݦ‬ԂҘएଝˬ୯ؑ৖উࢇԂִߊʯֻծʯ
୊੔ࡶ࣯ʯѸЕҶɼքЬʯЬɼΟ‫ࢵࡶࢊۀ‬ओԣࡶҶ࣏८Ͼࡶʃ߅࣯ʠΟ‫୎ؿ‬ଥ̧̛࣯एѦ
ଜЕі‫؂‬ԻࢇԞˁࡉձɼչੁЕ‫ܖ‬жࢇęBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBĚࢇЬࡉչɼ߭Г૜߾۰ߞଟ̧
ଜЕ‫ٕ߾ࢿח‬ҫছࡶҶࠤʯۢɽଜˈશЯଥߞϼ˱߾ʯΟૡҟଜˈ‫یࡵ̛ࣚۑ‬ୣձփҚܹ
࢑Ь

50. ࡁऋ۰ࡌ߾࢑Еٖডଞࠞցࡶ‫ی‬ԆҚࡵࢺࢺք߅एЕ˗˝ʏҚҶ‫߾ח‬஦Қ߭ଜˈ࢑Ь
˗˝ʏҚࢇο‫ה‬քࢇֿչִ۰‫ޱ˕ࡸܕ‬Ԧ̛‫ࢿח‬ɼ‫ݪ‬ɽଥएЕʨࡵ‫י‬ԽࢇˈखʅࢇΟɼʯࢂ
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Ο̐ԥए‫ۑ‬Ь‫ִؿ‬Ο‫ࢊۀ‬Ѧ࢑ˈࣚࡵࢊѦ࢑ˈଜЕʠए

ɼϼΟЕ࠳ܺࢿ߇ଜˈ੫Ԧ‫ࢷٸ‬փ‫"߭࢑ˈؿ‬
ΟܺࢿձଥߞଜЕі৷ଈਫ਼ɼˈࢠΟ۰‫׃‬ଜˈ࢑߭
ɼ̐Ԡ߅‫ڃ‬Οߵցɼࠝ‫ݨ‬Ҷ̧एЕBBBBBBBBBBBࢇ˱Ο

ɼָٗ஢ࢇ̒ঈࢉіࢇۘଜόđࢵुࡳԻЬ‫ݤ‬ଞ‫ء‬ɼ‫࢕ؿ‬
Οए̖ ٗधࠆ̛۰ହ֐ˈ࢑߭ࡁBBBBBBBBBBଜएֆˈࢵɼʯ߾Қ߭ɼ۰‫ˈؿ߭י‬ɼࡁ
196
ࡉࡪٕЯࡪ߯‫ࢊ߭ٸ‬۱ࢇ࣏ࡪࡪ࢕ࢶ
⽊₆
ߕएࣸएࢇࠊ৔ࠊࢇ˱Ѱ‫ݪࢷݪࢇ۽‬
ɼ‫ܹ׷‬όख߾۰̛ծыˈߦࢇɼ߇‫ࢇؿ‬όࡁ߭ҡʇ߭ࡁ"
Ο‫ܹ׷‬ɼBBBBBBBBBBBBଜы‫׵׵‬ɼଜЖΟԂ߾ɾए‫۔ނأ‬ʎࡖࢇΟѷ߭ࡁ
ɼ߅ࢇˈ‫ܹ׷‬ɼࢽֆࠖ‫ښ‬ବЕіցࡸࢇքࢇ߅઼ʵ߭ࡁ

ɼ߭Ӂ८ձ‫ࢇ"̧ۑ‬ʢࢇԎ۰ࣚˈࢵʢࢵԎ۰ࣚˈʼࢽࡶ‫׃‬ଜʵό
Οк‫̐ࢂݦ‬ԥʯBBBBBBBBBBBBBଞ‫۽‬ʸҶ‫ע߾ח‬ଜΟ‫ی‬Ԯִࡉչɼ̛ЬչЬɼएঙࡁ
‫چ‬չ߅‫ה‬ʠΟ‫ࡁۿی‬

ɼࡁऋࠒ୘ؑࡉଞ‫ی‬Ԇࢇ‫ࢇݥܕ‬Ύʷ۰ʼ˲ࣰࡵʯ߅ТιЕ‫࢑ࢇחܕ‬ыіҚ߹߭ࡁ"
Ο߅ࠝЖ߅৚Ѝ‫̐߾ݛ‬ʢBBBBBBBBBBBBBԻ؉ୁ࣌߭ࡁ࢜‫ࠆݤ‬ଭࣸࢇ߹ЬˈଜшԂˈࡁ

ɼ৩չ૦Т߅߾‫؂ִۑ‬иɼɼɼ̧ࡓ۰࢕࣯‫؂‬Ьձ‫࢑ܹك‬एࡁ"
Οۢɽ‫ؿ‬Ь࢕࣯‫׃‬ɼࡁ৩չ૦Т߅߾‫ִۑ‬ЬҚBBBBBBBBBBBଞۢ୛ࡶଜЕࣲ߅Еіۢɽ‫ؿ‬Ь
ࠆ̛ۢ୛Ѧ‫ࡪࠆˈڿ؂‬ɼ߷߭ࡁ

ɼࠝЖܹ߶ΖΟˈ۴ۢЧࢇଞ੟‫ޓ‬ʯοஜҚ‫ݮˈ֟ע‬Т"
Ο‫਺׹؂ؿ‬ફࡁ
ɼ߅ࢇਠοஜɼࣚ߅ଜЕʢߊˈ࢑एփ̐ԥʯBBBBBBBBBBBBBBࡳԻ‫ࡳ֟؂ؿ‬Ԝɼ࢕ˈଟࣲࡵ
ֿԉό

ɼ‫ࡉߞܹ׷‬չࠝЖࢵϖ߾‫ݛ‬੨ࢇ਺˱ࡓ֟ࡶ̧"
Οࢽֆࡁ"ࢵѦࠝЖˈ̛֟ˈ‫߹ݮ‬Еі࢚ѷόࡁ
ɼ̐ԕ߭"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBࡳԻ੼ବό

ɼଟ߅‫؟‬एЕࢇшࡢ߾࠳‫˃۔‬੒ࡶ֟ࡳԜɼ࢕ˈଜ‫"ࡁۿ‬
ΟࡕԎBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBࢇԂˈшࡋࠆղ߾ЕӮʠࡋࡸ‫֟ࡶݥ‬Еʯׁ߾ࣚЯЬ

ɼ߯ТЕ࠳؏ଝҶѦ۰˗߾۰߅ծ‫ࢇ؂‬ઝձଜԮˈଥ"ࣔ‫ݍ‬ए"
ΟѦ۰˗߾۰߅ծ‫ࢇ؂‬ઝձଜִॺѦքࢇࢋˈࡈѨѦ‫߭࢑ܹأ‬۰BBBBBBBBBBߞख߾۰̐ξ
ϠЕʨ‫ؿ‬ЬЕ୹޿ࣚ࢘߅
197
࢕টएࣗࢊ૜Я‫࢕߶࢕ݪ‬җ࣯ʏࢷѦ
⽊₆
ࢊࢠࢊЯ࢖‫ࣰࢊ۔ݪ‬ցˈࡉऑܹ‫۽‬॰
ɼࡁऋ߅ࢇҚࢇ‫ޱ‬Е‫ݤ֩࢕ח‬एձ‫ִؿ‬ଞ̔֍স‫ࢽࡶئ‬ֆքࢇડչшԂˈࡁěࣚ߅ࡁĜձ
ě࣏੉Ĝě‫ࡁ߭ݩ‬Ĝձě‫ݤ‬ԜĜԻ‫ޱ‬एձ߉Ο‫ࢿח‬ɼ߅࣯‫ݪ‬ɽଥࡁ
Οࢿۢɽ߾Е৖˱ҚΗչࢢ‫׵‬Ի‫ޱ‬Еֆࡶɼएˈο‫୐ה‬ΰЕʢࣚए߉ࡵʨʋ߅ࡁ
ɼ‫י‬ԽֻҘࢊ߾ЕBBBBBBBBBBBBBBࢇ࢑एփ֍স‫֍ࣔࡵئ‬ʯ‫ִࣚࡳމ‬ʵ߭ࡁ

ɼࡁऋѦࠁ߾ࢇЬࢵ‫"ࡁ߾ࢇુݛ‬
Ο̐Ԡࡁଞ‫ࡕࠒࡵુء‬ଞુࢇ࣫߭ӊʯࣚ߅ଜЕયࡶ‫ܹͳ؂‬ɼ࢑߭ࡁ"
ɼࢽֆBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBࢇόࡁ

ɼࠝЖܹଝ‫ݤ‬ଵࡶ֌ঙ۰ߵցଞ੨քࢇ୐Ϊ߭
Οΰɼο୐Τࣲߊߑ߭߭ࣅ،̐ԥʯНʯ̧एʯࢎփଜˈॺࡵҚࠆЬ‫ؿ‬एѦ߉ߑࡳТ̧
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBࢇए

ɼࡈѨࡶ؇ࡵएࢊ࣯ࢊփ߾Ь‫؟ނ‬չִ߭Ӏଥࢵ̛ɼ۰‫ה‬ոʹˈ‫ܘ‬Қˈ߈߅࢑߭
Ο୘փΰ‫ݤ‬एֆˈBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBࡶࣔҚ߭‫̐ࡁۿؿ‬ԟփଞ‫߹࢑ࣔࢇࢽی‬ЬТ̧ࡁ

ɼࠠଥۚଥʼ‫ࣔࡵݪ‬ए੄ܹ࢑ЕʤԻଥ֒ΤएੁएѦ‫׃‬ଟ˃୤ࡵ‫ࡉۿ‬एѦֆˈ
ΟόࠠଥЕࢸоBBBBBBBBBBBBԻΖΟए߉ࡶʠࠖࡁ‫ݨ‬ঊଟܹ࢑Е߅࣯࢖ࡵ˃୤Қփ ‫ˈࡉۿ‬
࢑ʠҘࡁଜଜ

ɼ‫׷‬एЕଝˬ̛ܺ‫߾ی‬۰ϼ˱Ԋ‫ۑ‬एʼࢽବ߭ࡁ"
ΟόЬଭ஢ࡪ৔ࡕҶٕਫ਼৖ଜыBBBBBBBBBBBࡪऑࢇѦ̐оଝ߾ɼʯѶ۰ʋࢇ‫ݦ‬ঐବ߭ࡁ

ɼ८ջʢ‫ط‬Ի߷एփքࢇҖ‫ࡁۿ‬
Ο८ջʯ߷̛ЕࡁࢇԞBBBBBBBBBBBBBBࡵࢽֆࠝԐփࢇ߾ࡁ࢚֟ʵ‫ݡ‬ТЬ

ɼʼ୐‫߾ݥ‬ʀҶЕଜߠۛࡕଔ‫ݛ‬ΟҖԦ‫ݛ‬ձ࢏ˈɼִ߇Ѷ
Ο࠳"΢ଜߠۛࡕଔ‫ݛ‬؄߾߷Еіđ
ɼ‫ܘ‬Чࢇଜߠۛࡕଔ‫ݛ‬ձ࢏ʠΟ‫ؿٕݦ‬Ьшࠖ‫ˈ࢏ࡶࠧۀ‬ɼ۰‫ی‬ԆҚϾ߾ӶִBBBBBBBBBɼ
Ѹ࢘߅ʼ୐‫ݥ‬Τࡵ‫ٕݦ‬ɼࢿࢊѩ‫ࢇؿ‬ЕΤࢉіđ
198
ષ؏‫ࢉ׵‬୘Փࢺࢽঊˈց‫ٸ‬
⽊₆
ଝܹˈоୃֻߦঈ୩۶ܹ۶
ɼ߇ΖΤʨʋы‫ה‬шࡢѦʠࢂΖΟˈࢇࢿ߅৚ࢵϖࡳԻЕ‫ݳݳ‬ଥ࣌एࡁ"
Ο̐ԜТ̧ࡁࢇࢿࢽֆॺࢋ̛ࣚࡵ‫ࡕݤ‬ଞBBBBBBBBBBBBࢂ˃ࢸࢇࠟʨʋ߅ࡁ

ɼߵցۚԻࢷଝࠟࡪੁЕ˓ٕѦ࢚ଜˈ‫۽‬ʸѦࣚˈ߲˵Ѧࠖ‫ˈڿ‬ϠԎѦ࢚ٙԜࡁ
Ο̐Ԏ"ࡪੁЕࢽֆBBBBBBBBBBBBBBࢇ˱Ο

ɼࡉչଟ߅‫؟‬एࠪଟ֞ТЕଞ˲ࢷࢪҶٖଞ߾۰ΧଞࡳԻଔ΢ࠝ‫܈‬۰ࢇ‫ۏ‬ɼ࣐ࢇѸ܏߭ࡁ
Ο̐Ԡٖଞ߾࢑Еˈଯࢇࢽֆ̐չࡉ‫ݤ‬ʵόࡁ
ɼ̐Ԏ۰ૡۢ੼ࢊࢇѸ̛ձBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBଜ܏߭ࡁ

ɼοЕԂִΑࢊҶ‫ע‬ϋ߭۰Αࠆ"
ΟΟЕбʚࢇԊળձϋ߭۰Αࠆ
ɼ̐ԥएԂִ߾Ебʚࡶϋ߭ߞBBBBBBBBBBBBBBࢇए

ɼߵցܹऑࢇЕ͵ࢇBBBBBBBBBBBBBԂ۰оଝ࣒߶ଜ࢕ց࢕ʼ୐ଜˈ‫ݮ‬оࡁ
Ο̐Ԏ"ୃָଞߵց୲խଞ߅ΰɼѸЕʨѦ‫߅ࢇࢊࡋݍ‬Фіđ

ɼ΢όɼଜЕֆࡵѦ‫ה‬एߊ߅Қࡶܹɼ߷˱Ο
Οऑजࡁ"ΰɼ̐ԥʯࠊ‫ݪ‬஢۶ָࡶଥҖԵЕіđ
ɼࣔBBBBBBBBBBBଜएֆˈࡁࢺփɾЯ஢Ь‫ݤ‬ଞ‫̛ߩء‬ଥࣲԎ"

199
ܿЬࡸ߾۰۶ָଜЕ‫߭۽࢕ی‬ձ‫ࡁۿؿނ‬
⽊₆
̀۴घ߆ւ‫ה‬ɼΰଡச८‫ی‬ցࢇѰ଀
ࢇʨࡵěசٕࢷĜࢇΟěਔࣼાࣼĜࠪʋࡵˈࢷ‫ܕ‬۶߾۰࢕࣯‫࢑ܹك‬Е࣯ࢿࢇֲ९ଞ‫ی‬ԆࢇΟ
࢚ଞࢊࡵۘࡶ࣯ˈΟ‫یۀ‬ԆࢇΟ࢚‫׃‬ѹࢊࡵ‫ࣱࡶأ‬ЬЕӵ࢏ТЬʼ˲߆ࡶघ˃ଜˈ۴ࡶ
̀ࢠଞЬЕӵࡶɼऑࢇ‫߭۽࢕ی‬Е‫࢏߸ה‬Т̧"

ࡕԎࢇ‫߭۽࢕ی‬Еࣸ˲ࢂࢇؒࢇԂЕ‫ࢠח‬ɼ߾ʯ۰Ο࠱‫ݡ‬ТЬѰु߾۰ٕЕ‫؂‬Ԇࢇ ֆࢂ̆ձ
‫ݛ‬ঙɾЬЕӵࡳԻΧࢂֆࡶ̆ж߅ҙए߉ˈएΟঙகԮ‫؟‬սࡶࢇծЕֆ࢏ТЬ
Ьࡸࢂցएւ˱ࢸ˕˗԰ѹ‫߭۽࢕ی‬Е‫࢏߸ה‬Т̧"
ęए̖ࢇ߭ҡࢿоԻѹ‫ࢉۘۿ‬ɼɾˬଞͩࠪࡂ‫ࡳݪ‬Իɼҗଞ‫ה‬չҚࢇࢎ̖࣯ࡢ߾߲޿
оֲ঻‫ݦ‬Қࡶΰ৔ˈ࢑όࢇԞ‫ݤ‬о߾ΰɼ߅‫ה‬չӨ߭΢࢖૽ࡶࡷ߭‫ق‬Қ‫߸ה‬ଜʵΟ
‫י‬ଞࢗփਾѦʅ߭৔ɼ߷߭ऑ‫ࢉۘۿ‬і‫یۘۿ‬ԆҚࢇ‫˱ݤ‬ձоଜִˈʎٕਫ਼ѪչТ
Ѱु߾۰ٕЕ‫؂‬Ԇࢇ̆ձ‫ݛ‬৔Еʨ˕ց॰ɼएࢊ‫ۿ‬Ě

̟߾۰घघʠչֲߵցଞ੨Ӌ‫ޱ‬Е߅ࢇձɼΒ‫ؿ‬ʯѸЕіߵցɼ߅‫ה‬չ߅ࢇձ߭ծˈбԎѦ
߅ࢇɼࢷୁˈखࡶ́ए߉Еˁࡉ߾۰‫ࢇޱ‬Еֆ࢏ТЬࣸ˲ଞΟԂ‫ࢿה‬ҶஏϠ࣐˕ࢂࢡࡵ
ࢷࢪࡳԻؒ‫۽‬Қࢂۢ୛ࡵɼ΢ଥएˈϨ‫׷‬Қࡵ‫ࢇࢶۏ‬Ѹ߭۰ߟੌࡶࢊ‫۔‬Еࢊࢇքߑ‫ݡ‬ТЬ
ΟԂ߾۰Е˳оձ‫ؿ‬ηएփ‫ࢶۏ‬Қࡶ‫ה‬॥ձ؏‫ˈ߷ࢇئ‬ଔଥփ৲ए࢕˗˳ࢂоࢠࡵʼ˲
ࢇҚࡶ‫י‬չ৘߭॥ଥ‫ك‬Ѧչɼ߷ЬˈΟԂ߾‫ˈؿ‬۰ձࠠԵЕіࢇҶě߭॥ଥ‫ك‬Ѧչɼ
߷ЬĜࢂ૲ୃࡳԻ‫߭۽࢕یࢉޱ‬Е‫࢏߸ה‬Т̧"

࣏۴ࡶʢ˲ଞ੓࣏ࢇ‫߅ࢂ̐ࠪ˃۽‬Қ੓ࣗࢂ˗˃Еࢽ࣯ׄࢂࣰࡸࡶ˃̛ԻшΟ‫ݡ࣌ڃ‬ТЬ
࠲ࢇѹ߅Қ੓ࣗ˕ଞ˼́߾࢑̛‫߹ݩ‬ы੓࣏ЕˈଯࢉଡசࡳԻѪ߅ɼࠆۢࡶց৔̛Ի
ʼ‫ݪ‬ବ‫ݡ‬ТЬ੓ࣗࡵЗࡵ߅‫؟‬एɼ୑Իଡச߾ɼ࢑Еۘଢ଼ࢇࢽ৔ձଜЕіٕж‫ݛ‬Ԝࡓ
‫ݦی‬८‫ؿࡶی‬ΰ߭˼́ԻѪ߅ࠠʨࡶঐବएփ੓࣏Е‫ࡳࢎࣰࡶݦی‬Ի‫߅ނ‬Қࡶࡈ۰ଜए
߉ʵЬЕӵࡶɾࢻࢶࡳԻ૲‫ݤ‬ବ‫ݡ‬ТЬࢇ˕ࢽ߾۰ΟࠟֆԻě‫ی‬Ԃऑ୯ࠝԎѦԼࠉԃࢇ߷Е
‫ی‬ԆĜࡶࢊ৵Е‫߭۽࢕ی‬Е‫࢏߸ה‬Т̧"
200
ܿ Ьࡸ‫ٺ‬ৠ߾ߊ֍ࡵ‫߭۽࢕ی‬ձ‫ࡁۿؿނ‬
⽊₆
ࢺ࢏ɼˁʸ‫ۿ‬एʃ࣯ցɼ૜߅ࠉ‫ۛݨ‬
ࠠଥЕଝˬ਽ԡ୛ѰѦࠊ‫ݪ‬஢ଞіЬɼࠝৼ‫ݛ‬ઝԂࠉ‫ࢇࠉ˓˕ݡ‬քࢇ࢑߹̛Ҷ‫࣯߾ח‬ֆѦ
‫ݍ‬ए‫׃‬ଜˈ‫ڿ؂‬ʯ‫ؿ‬η‫ݡ‬ТЬ̐ԜЬ‫ؿ‬Т ࡖࢇएΟˈ‫ࢇࡖ ނأ‬Ѹ߭ࠠଥɼଞбѦ
Χए߉ߑएփ2222 ࢇԂˈшࡊٕएԞ஢ফ۴ࡶЬଥ۰ଞଥձ࢚ց‫ה‬չଜˈ‫ݡݮ‬ТЬ

о঑ҖԂցɼ‫̛ࣸܞˈע‬ɼ‫̟ע‬Ԏ߯Խࡵ‫י‬Խоଞ‫࢕ࠆ˲׷‬ҚࢇӋए߭୎ҚʄࡶӆТ̧"
‫؍‬ख߅ࣵցٕਫ਼о੼Զ̧एߔЬ઎‫̛ࣸܞ‬ձ࢏߾ࠠչТ2222 ଟ‫࢏ڸ‬ТЬ

ଞ˲ࢂ୘ࢠ૽ࢇ‫˃ۿ‬ফˈࢂ૽ओࡶ࢕ԊଜЕए̖2222 ࡶГΗए߉ࡶܹ߷Ь࠳ιଜִ
ϗоΟ ϗо̧एփଥѦΧо‫ࢂࢠݤח‬ěѦ̳‫ࢠݤ˵ٸ‬Ĝ߾۰Е‫ࢇ˲׵‬Οࢊ‫߾ق‬۰ֿԎ
Қࠆࠟ‫ˈیࢇࢼ؟ࢇ૽࣏ࡢ˕૽ܹ׹‬ષԵ̛Ҷ‫ࢇח‬Ь

ଞ৲ଔࢷ‫߾ࢺח‬оଞଢ଼кଞ‫ࡶחܕ‬҂Ԝ‫ݲ‬ϢԄࢇ৲एˈ࢑Еɼࡋі୓૓ࢇएѦଥੈࡶкଜЕ
ҟࢇ‫ی‬੓ɼ2222 ࡳԻ৔аˈ࢑Ь

201
㨂㣎☯䙂⯒㥚䞲䞲ῃ㠊㠊䥮㰧㌂㧦㎇㠊㡆㔋ⶎ㩲㩫╋
‫ࢺࢼהݞࠆߪۺ࢒ۉ‬д

2
2 ࢄࠇ৑ࠇ

۳‫ە‬ɹ‫ە‬ ࢇ‫࣌ࢄۮ‬

ˮ‫۟ࢇۉ‬

ր࢝ࢇ৑ 2
2

ߪْऌն ࢇ࢝ࢇЬ

ࢇ૙Ь‫ݧ‬
2
2
࢒߳࢒Ҕ
̓‫ݡ‬জ‫ה‬
࢒জऌࣔ
࠶ࡧέʅ
࢓‫ࢇۑݧ‬
ЩЩࢅ۱
࣭վ˅ࡆ
л̘ր‫ۺ‬
ऎܶ‫ۺ‬७
ѭ˅ѭԀ
࣬ʌࢴѣ
ѭ‫ۭה‬д
ѭ‫ׁࢄە‬
2
2
տ‫ە‬տଙ
ই˅վ‫ٵ‬
઴،‫ࢆײ‬
2
2
ଚܶ˅л
րܶ‫ב‬ʅ
‫ܶ࢝ظב‬
୕Րࢷࢺ
‫ࣵݨ‬઴ˮ
ୀָߣঅ
ْࢴ࢒ࢴ
୦۳ܶ۳
ٖɹ‫ࡿۉ‬
‫ׁۉׁٵ‬
2
2
ۗࠥऌվ
‫ॷבܶܓ‬ ˽۱क߃
ࡆ࠯ࣘ࠯ վࢄѭ૽
տ‫ב‬ɹέ
ଞ஗५‫ۉ‬
2
2
ߒऌࣵऌ
2
2
ࡆࡧْЬ
ࡧ߬‫ߪٵ‬ ࣬վɹ૙
ࡧࡧ࢒ࢳ ߂ࠆ‫ۘݥ‬
ࢄˮѭ‫ۺ‬ ʵ‫ۼ‬ऌʀ
ࢄ‫ݧࢴݧ‬ ࢷࢌɹʾ

202
한국어어휘집
집필진 임난희 (미주한국학교총연합회 부회장, UCSD 한국어 프로그램 교사)
전순란 (감사한국학교 교사)
김명희 (베델한국학교 교사)
김미영 (베델한국학교 교사)
이유선 (UCSD 한국어 프로그램 교사)
감수 이지선 (UCSD 한국어 프로그램 수퍼바이저)

교정 김유선 (미주한국학교총연합회 서기, 나침반한국학교 교감)
김은경 (미주한국학교총연합회 임원, Mt. San Antonio College ESL교수)
. 이 어휘집은 『재외동포를 위한 한국어- 영어권』 [국립국제교육원]를 기반으로 제작되었습니다.
발행 미주한국학교총연합회(KOSAA)
후원 로스앤젤레스한국교육원
재외동포재단
203

2018 재외동포를 위한한국어 어휘집 수정본

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Copyright:

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2018 재외동포를 위한한국어 어휘집 수정본

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Copyright:

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재외동포를 위한

- 관용어 [목록, 연습문제, 정답] 159

- 속담 [목록, 연습문제, 정답] 178

재외동포를위한 한국어 어휘집은 책자로 발간도 하지만, 선생님들 편의를 위해

ࢇղࢇ ‫?ࡁࠖע‬ ࢵЕ ̡ࠒࣱࢇ߾ࡁ.

Ьߪ ࢄկࢄ ‫?࠾ࠓן‬ ࢲВ ̞ࠏ࣮ࢄ߻࠾.

Ьߪ ߄ϙட ɹ‫࠾ۼ‬ ߄ϙட ˀ‫࠾ۼ‬

ཱྀ KOSAA All rights reserved.

Ьߪ ଜ߂‫؜‬ऌ ଜ֛П ߂‫؜‬ऌ

Ӳ chalkboard computer front back

Ӳ up down next inside

ཱྀ KOSAA All rights reserved.

Ьߪ ʝ‫ݥ‬ ࢴ୕ଢ࠾ ॷࡳ ࢈ߪ࠾ ੨ԣ‫࠾م ࡳࢴٵ‬

Ьߪ ْ߹ ؊ࡳ ֜ߪ࠾ ࡆࡧծ վ‫࠾܅‬ ࠾նծ ଢ࠾

ཱྀ KOSAA All rights reserved.

Ьߪ ˩‫ݥב‬ ୕࢝‫ݥ‬ ѣۭ˔ ˩‫ݥ‬

Ьߪ ϥˮծ ଙЩ ࣯σ̘ծ ଙЩ Юն̘ծ ଙЩ

Ьߪ লˮծ ଙЩ ߂ࢄ‫ݘ‬਷պࡳ ‫ۉ‬Щ ଛ˯ߪծ ɹի৑Щ

Ьߪ ଛ˯ߪծ ؎ࡆЩ ࣗ߂ଙЩ ৓ˮծ րΜЩ

ཱྀ KOSAA All rights reserved.

Ȼ࠾ࢇ(Day of the Week) Ȼ

Ьߪ ࡓ࠾ࢇ ୕࠾ࢇ ܶ࠾ࢇ ֹ࠾ࢇ

Ӳ Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday

Ьߪ ̓࠾ࢇ ੲ࠾ࢇ ࢇ࠾ࢇ

ཱྀ KOSAA All rights reserved.

Ȼ‫ݡ‬ɻ (Expressions of Time)Ȼ

Ӳ today tomorrow weekend this week next week

Ӳ twenty-first twenty-second twenty-third twenty-fourth twenty-fifth

Ӳ twenty-sixth twenty-seventh twenty-eighth twenty-ninth thirtieth

Ȼ࢟‫ࢎײ‬В ࣬փ୘ѭ(Fun Weekend Activities)Ȼ

Ьߪ Ϡࢄːࡒ Ϡࢄ̘ˮծ ੆Щ ‫ۉ‬ऎࡳ ॣЩ

Ьߪ ѭ‫ࡒז‬ ѭ‫ ࡳז‬ˮʾଙЩ ֜ࢄծ ࣬Щ

Ьߪ ‫ܮ‬ଘּ ࢝Οʀࡳ ‫ۉ‬Щ ࠏ୕ծ ‫ؼ‬Щ

ཱྀ KOSAA All rights reserved.

Ьߪ ‫ ف‬/ ҩӲଙЩ ࠃկ / юЩ ɹࡳ / ‫ࡒݡ‬ଙЩ ʴࡉ/শЩ

Ӳ spring / warm summer / hot fall / cool winter/cold

Ӳ It rains It snows The wind blows

ཱྀ KOSAA All rights reserved.

Ȼѭ‫ ࡒז‬ѭ‫(ז‬Zoo Animals)Ȼ

ཱྀ KOSAA All rights reserved.

Ȼʝ‫( ݥ‬Living room)Ȼ

Ьߪ ʬࢋ̘ ੇ࢒ ੨ԣ‫ࢴٵ‬ ‫הݣ‬ ‫ܒ‬ર

ཱྀ KOSAA All rights reserved.

Ьߪ ̍պࡳ ̍նЩ ঵ࡳ ঱Щ ϝԋծ ଙЩ ଑߂ϝծ ৑Щ

Ьߪ ੐˽ѣծ ଙЩ ؎ғ‫״‬੝ࡳ ৑Щ ࢒ࢴʝծ ੆Щ ੥П‫ݘ‬ծ ৑Щ

ཱྀ KOSAA All rights reserved.

Ӳ to be hot and spicy to taste good to taste bad

ཱྀ KOSAA All rights reserved.

one two three twelve one o’clock

ȻଙՑ ࢇ˒ (Daily Routine)Ȼ

Ьߪ ࢇߪΜЩ ‫ܶۼ‬ծ ଙЩ ࢄծ ЫЩ ߂ৗࡳ ֜Щ ଚ˩߻ ɹЩ

Ьߪ ‫߀ ࡳܕ‬Щ ࢷ‫֜ ࡳݧ‬Щ ܷࢼծ ଙЩ ֛նծ ʀЩ ࢙ࡳ ࢒Щ

ཱྀ KOSAA All rights reserved.

Ьߪ Ϡࢄਜ਼ ̍ω ‫ܒݡ‬ ‫ײ‬Έԝઞ

Ӳ playground swing teeter-totter slide

Ьߪ ܻ‫͔׿‬ऐ ‫ͳܒ‬Ϡࢄ ˮ‫ݛ‬৑̘ Ҫऌ৑̘

Ӳ hide-and seek play house marbles slap-match

ཱྀ KOSAA All rights reserved.

Ьߪ ࡈѭ۱ܶ ࠾ն‫ۉ‬ ࡿ‫ۉ‬ ‫ܒ‬،˔

Ьߪ ‫ۉ‬ऎࡳ ॣЩ ̍պࡳ ˮʾଙЩ

ཱྀ KOSAA All rights reserved.

Ьߪ ‫˔ז؀‬ ‫˔ܺײ‬ ࠏ୕˔

Ьߪ ːࠆ࢝ ѣۭ˔ ѭ‫ࡒז‬

੓̀Ѧࢠ WDHNZRQGRFHQWHU ࣯ֆցЬ੐˽ѣ࢝߾ɼ۰੓̀Ѧձࠉ‫ݡ‬ଥࡁ

঵˱ࢠ VRFFHUILHOG ࡉչଝˬЕࢗҡɼ̫ջυࡵলˮ࢝ࢇ࢑߭ࡁ

ʈк DXGLWRULXP ʅз߾۰ЕଢॷоୣѦଜˈଝˬળફѦଢТЬ

˕ଝ‫ݨ‬ VFLHQFHODE ˒ଚ‫߾ݥ‬۰Е߇ࢷܹ৕ࡶए਄ߞଢТЬ

‫̖ܕ‬ VDOW ‫̛ॳ˕̓ܒ߾؍‬ղձϋˈ࢚۲‫ݡ‬ТЬ