Concepts and Quality Considerations in Unani System of Medicine

Pൺඋඏൾൾඇ ൾඍ ൺඅ.: Jඈඎඋඇൺඅ ඈൿ AOAC Iඇඍൾඋඇൺඍංඈඇൺඅ Vඈඅ. 103, No.
3, 2020 609
Special Guest Editor Section
Concepts and Quality Considerations in Unani System

of Medicine
Abida Parveen
Jamia Hamdard, School of Unani Medicine, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jaoac/article-abstract/103/3/609/5718352 by Uppsala Universitetsbibliotek user on 20 June 2020

Rabea Parveen
Jamia Millia Islamia, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
Asim Akhatar
Jamia Hamdard, School of Unani Medicine, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
Bushra Parveen
Jamia Hamdard, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Medicine, Hamdard Nagar,
New Delhi 110062, India
Khalid M. Siddiqui
Ministry of AYUSH, Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine (CCRUM), Janakpuri, New Delhi 110058, India
Muhammad Iqbal1
Jamia Hamdard, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Department of Botany, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
T
Unani medicine, based largely on herbs, is he origin of healing art is attributed to ancient civilizations
practiced as a traditional system of medicine in of Babylon, Egypt, India, China, and Yunan (Greece).
the Indian subcontinent. It owes its origination to It is learned that Asclepius, a student of Hermes (Prophet
the Greek philosopher Hippocrates (460–377 BC) Idrees), who was reportedly in the fifth generation of Prophet
and his associates. However, it progressed and Adam (the father of mankind), was the first to develop the
got established under the patronage of Persian initial knowhow of treating sick persons. His wife (Epione), son
and Arab empires and later came to the Indian (Telesphorus), and two daughters (Hygeia and Panacea) also
sub-continent around the middle of the 14th joined the nursing profession. The miraculous results of their
century. Unani scholars have been of the view that treatment made them so popular that people started to worship
every person has their own distinct temperament Asclepius. Later, Hygeia was also regarded as the goddess of
constituted from four basic humoral combinations. health. For centuries, medical knowledge remained confined
Temperament of an individual is supposed to to the Asclepian lineage alone. It was only in the days of
be influenced by various intrinsic and extrinsic Hippocrates (or “Buqrat”; 460–377 BC) that medical education
factors such as age and mental status of individual, was opened to all and placed in the public domain.
local climate, and environmental conditions, etc.
Treatment is applied through dietotherapy and/ Origin of Unani Medicine
or pharmacotherapy consonant with the patient’s
temperament. Unani medicine believes in health The word “Unani” has been derived from “Ionion,” which
promotion and manages the disease through means “Greek.” Like Western medicine, Unani medicine also
various modes of treatment such as regimental owes its origination to the Greek philosopher Hippocrates
therapy, dietotherapy, and pharmacotherapy. (460–377 BC) and his associates. Hippocrates’s ideology
A variety of clinical studies have shown that Unani emphasized that the human body is a complete and integrated
medicines are effective with minimal side effects. system. His method of treatment was general in nature and did
Standardization, quality control, and toxicity not hover around specific sets of symptoms. He studied the
profiling of many herbal drugs and the validation of causal relations of such factors as climate, water, clothing, diet,
formulations mentioned in the Unani Pharmacopeia and habits of eating and drinking with the incidence of disease.
of India have been accomplished in the recent Moreover, he negated the elements of magic and superstition
past. Despite the mounting benefits of this system that used to prevail upon the therapeutic concepts of those times.
in the management of human health, it remains He thus transformed the raw medical knowledge of that time
under-utilized. This article elucidates the basic into a science based on facts and figures (1, 2).
concepts and a brief history of Unani medicine and In the fourth century BC, the famous Greek emperor
summarizes information about its quality control, as Alexander the Great developed a city (Alexandria) along
well as its contribution to the health sector in India. the bank of Mediterranean Sea. His brother, Ptolemy I, set
up there several educational centers including the “School
of Alexandria,” which became the first institution to offer a
Guest edited as a special report on “Analysis and Regulation of
Traditional Indian Unani Medicines” by Sayeed Ahmad.
regular study program in medicine (based on seven formal
1
Corresponding author’s e-mail: iqbalg5@yahoo.co.in courses). Persons like Herophilus (known as the father of
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.19-0284 anatomy), Erasistratus (described as the founder of physiology),
610 Pൺඋඏൾൾඇ ൾඍ ൺඅ.: Jඈඎඋඇൺඅ ඈൿ AOAC Iඇඍൾඋඇൺඍංඈඇൺඅ Vඈඅ. 103, No. 3, 2020
and Yahya Nahvi or Joannes Grammaticus (recognized as a Elementology, founded by Hakim Abdul Hameed (1908–1999)
prolific author of ancient medical science) were affiliated to of Delhi, India.
this school (3, 4). The Unani system believes strongly in the healing properties
of nature. It considers health as a condition that is achieved when
Philosophy basic components of the body are in complete harmony, while
their disbalance is a state of disease. The theoretical framework
Doctrine of Naturals of Unani medicine is based on the philosophy of Hippocrates.
The most distinguishing feature of Unani medicine is the concept
Humans have always been curious to know about their

of Tabiat (madicatrix naturae). Galen defined Tabiat as the
genesis and composition. Different schools of thought have tried potential of the body that resists and opposes every derangement
to identify the basic constituent materials of which the human in the natural state of the body by causing appropriate changes.
body is composed. Among the various ideas promoted by Comparable to a limited extent to the concept of “immunity” in
ancient philosophy regarding the composition of human body, modern medical science, it is governed by certain basic principles
the four-element theory of the Greek philosophers Empedocles called Umoore Tabiyah, which include (1) Arkan (substances), (2)
(504–443 BC), Hippocrates, and Aristotle found acceptance Mizaj (temperament), (3) Akhlat (humors), (4) Rooh (vital spirit
among Unani physicians (5). The basic constituents identified or pneuma), (5) Tabiat (potential for maintaining equilibrium),
by this theory are fire, air, water, and earth, which might (6) A’aza (organs), and (7) Afaal (functions; 8, 12).
represent heat/energy, gases, liquids, and solids, respectively.
As per the Unani concept, all creations, including the human
Some Muslim philosophers, like Shaikh-Al-Ishraq, thought that
body, are composed of four basic constituents, namely Naar
fire was a form of air itself and, hence, the basic elements were
(fire), Hawa (air), Ma (water), and Arz (earth). Each of these
only three, while Indian philosophers supported a five-element
elements is endowed with inherent binary qualities, i.e., fire is
theory wherein sky was identified as the fifth constituent (6).
hot and dry, air is hot and wet, water is cold and wet, and earth
The concept of four elements (constituent materials) prevailed
is cold and dry in nature. In fact, these four elements represent
up to the 17th century, when modern research in chemistry gave
the four states of matter, such that “air” stands for gaseous
a precise and exclusive meaning to the word “element” (i.e., a
substances, “water” for liquids, “earth” for solids, and “fire” for
substance consisting of a single type of atoms). The discovery of
energy. Mutual interaction of these materials results in several
more and more new elements has taken their total number, as of
combinations, which in turn constitute the so-called Mizaj
now, to 118. Given the modern definition of element, the four basic
(temperament) of individuals (13, 14). Thus, every living body
substances of the ancient hypothesis are not “elements” any longer,
present in the world possesses its own temperament, which is
as each of them has a mixture of a variety of particle elements.
in keeping with the functions to be performed by that body.
The tendency of the current Unani physicians to stick to the
The human body carries the best proportion of its constituent
ancient four-element theory has been criticized wisely by a few
substances and is bestowed with the finest temperament to
present-day Unani scholars like Abdul Lateef Falsafi (7) and
deliver excellent functions. Therapeutic treatment in Unani
Altaf Ahmad Azmi (8). Similarly, Abdul Hameed (1908–1999),
medicine comprises efforts to restore the normal temperament
a renowned Indian physician of Unani medicine, was a staunch
of the body in order to get rid of the diseased condition (15).
supporter of the modern scientific concept about elements; he
Hippocrates’s humoral theory suggests that the vital body
believed that a disturbance in their equilibrium in the body due
to any internal or external reason makes for the appearance of fluids contain four types of humor (Akhlat), identified as Dum
diseases (9). (blood), Balgham (phlegm), Safra (yellow bile), and Sauda
It needs to be appreciated that literal discrepancies are always (black bile), having different proportions of the four basic
likely to creep in when terminology is translated from one Arkan. Blood is hot and wet, phlegm is cold and wet, yellow
language into others. The ancient Unani literature has undergone bile is hot and dry, and black bile is cold and dry in temperament
the process of successive translations, first from Greek into (Mizaj). Each person has a specific mixture of these humors,
Arabic and Persian and then from these languages into English which determines his/her temperament. Predominance of blood,
and Urdu. The words Arkan or Ustoqus, used for the basic phlegm, yellow bile, or black bile makes the temperament of
component materials of the human body in the Hippocratic a person sanguine (Damvi), phlegmatic (Balghami), choleric
philosophy, were translated into English as “elements.” Because (Safravi), or melancholic (Saudavi), respectively (16). The
the word “element” is currently an established term of chemical concept of humors is not something novel in Unani medicine,
science and applies to materials having a single type of atoms, as it exists in Ayurveda and Siddha also, which are older than
Hippocrates’s “elements” are not elements in the current Unani (17). However, this concept appears in relatively more
scientific sense, and we should therefore stop using “elements” elaborate and refined form in the Unani system.
as the English substitute of Arkan in the Unani literature. It is The concept of pneuma (Rooh) has long been somewhat
germane to search for new and appropriate alternatives like ambiguous, often being confused with soul and psyche. Unani
“basic ingredient” or “constituent materials.” physicians have held it as a vehicle of “Nafs” through which all
Modern science confirms the presence of 80 elements in the sensuous and voluntary actions are carried out. Galen considered
human body, though the major bulk of the living mass is made it a part of the atmospheric air that goes to heart through lungs,
up of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (10, 11). thus being synonymous with oxygen. Furthermore, the Unani
The elements found in the human body are categorized as being physicians envisage that a certain energy/force is required
“essential,” “possibly essential,” and “nonessential” (10). The for the initiation and maintenance of functions vital for life.
role of elements in health and disease came under vigorous Three types of force, namely (1) Quwwate tabeiyah (physical
discussion around the end of the 20th century in two global strength), (2) Quwwate nafsania (psychic and mental strength),
conferences organized by the International Society of Medical and (3) Quwwate haywaniya (vital strength), are supposed to be
Pൺඋඏൾൾඇ ൾඍ ൺඅ.: Jඈඎඋඇൺඅ ඈൿ AOAC Iඇඍൾඋඇൺඍංඈඇൺඅ Vඈඅ. 103, No. 3, 2020 611
inherent in every human being to maintain life and reproduction. reading are rarely available now, and this great art may die
These are collectively known as Quwwate Mudabbira Badan. soon if it continues to be ignored and appropriate steps for its
Different organs are regarded to be selectively rich in these preservation are not taken immediately.
strengths so as to perform the specific assigned functions (18).
Methods of Treatment
The Concept of Health and Disease
A basic tenet of Unani treatment is the principle of opposition
(Ilaj biz Zid), which suggests that to counteract a disease caused
Etiology

by abnormal quality or quantity of humors, a drug of the
Unani medicine has developed a comprehensive classification corresponding opposite quality/temperament is required. The
of causes (Asbab) of disease. It identifies (1) internal causes excess humor produced is often modified in its consistency and
(Asbab-e-Dakhilia), which are linked to diseases induced by ill eliminated from tissues of the affected organ with the help of
temperament or structural malformation of organs and tissues, drugs. The organ then regains its normal temperament and starts
and (2) external causes (Asbabe-e-Kharjia), which are related to functioning properly. If, however, it remains sluggish even
emotional, physical, and chemical changes as well as microbial after restoring the normal temperament, it is potentiated with
interventions. All these causes are supposedly modulated by six invigorating drugs. Ailments are treated in the Unani system by
factors (atmospheric air, water and food, sleep and wakefulness, four modes of treatment, namely (1) regimental therapy (Ilaj bit
bodily movements and repose, psychic movements and repose, Tadbeer), (2) dietotherapy (Ilaj bil Ghiza), (3) pharmacotherapy
and the excretion of waste products and/or retention of useful (Ilaj bid Dawa), and/or (4) surgical therapy (Ilaj bil Yad; 18).
products), which are termed Asbab-e-Sitta Zarooriya. In the Regimental therapy.—In certain diseases, morbid material is
modern perspective, they represent human physiology and removed from the body or diverted from vital organs like the
human ecology, thus covering both the internal and external brain, heart, and liver to other parts of lesser importance by using
environments (19). Health is attributed to the equilibrium of various means such as purgation (Ishal), emesis (Qai), diuresis
humors (Akhlat) in the body, which in turn is dependent on (Idrar), cupping (Hijamat), massage (Dalak), exercise (Riyazat),
the subtle balance of these “six essential factors.” Incidence of Turkish bath (Hammam), diaphoresis (Tareeq), leeching (Irsale
disease occurs because of disturbances in their quantity and/or alaq), venesection (Fasd), enema (Huqna), irrigation (Nutool),
quality. The imbalance of humors is supposed to occur by way inhalation (Inkabab), expectoration (Tanfees), fomentation
of (1) thinning of humor consistency, (2) thickening of humor (Takmeed), diversion (Imala), cauterization (Amle kai), and foot
consistency, (3) plethora, i.e., overactivity of humor, and (4) bathing (Pashoya).
cacochyma, i.e., putrefaction of humor (8, 20). Dietotherapy.—This is the form of treatment in which the
course of action of the “six essential factors” (Asbabe Sitta
Zarooriya) is manipulated with the help of dietary management,
Diagnosis
either to preserve health and strengthen the resistance power of
the body or to get rid of the disease.
The Unani system of medicine takes into account the
Pharmacotherapy.—This involves the use of natural drugs,
complete personality of the patient for the purpose of diagnosis
most of which are herbal, whereas others are animal- or mineral-
because it considers every individual as possessing a specific
based (22, 23). The use of single drugs or their combinations is
basic structure, psychic makeup, defense mechanism, reaction
preferred over that of compound formulations, though the latter
to environmental factors, and likes and dislikes. The system
also find use in the case of complex and chronic disorders.
believes in a dynamic, peaceful coexistence of humans with
Surgery.—Surgical methods also find a place in Tibb-
their natural surroundings and considers human beings an
e-Unani when surgery becomes inevitable. The ancient experts
integral part of the cosmos in which a disturbance in any part
of the system were pioneers in this field and had developed their
of the whole will affect its bio-socio-psychological equilibrium,
own instruments and techniques. The approach to curing a disease
which is a prerequisite for health.
progresses stepwise through physical regimens, diet management,
After analyzing the temperament of the patient, diagnosis
and drug use, thus keeping surgery as the last resort only.
is corroborated by finding pulses. There are numerous pulses
found in a state of disease, and there is a specific pulse for every
specific body condition or the internal milieu. Modulation of The Concept of Personalized Medicine
pulse is determined by (1) degree of expansion, (2) impaction
on fingers, (3) duration of movement, (4) texture of artery, (5) Recently, the concept of “personalized medicine” or “precision
emptiness/fullness of artery, (6) hot/cold feeling, (7) duration of medicine” has emerged as an individualistic approach for
rest, (8) similarity or dissimilarity, (9) regularity or irregularity, diagnosis and treatment of diseases and has attracted widespread
and (10) rhythm. These features produce a variety of pulses attention and acceptance. A similar concept was proposed nearly
through permutations such as jerking pulse, wavy/undulant 1000 years ago by Avicenna in his book Canon of Medicine and
pulse, vermicular pulse, serrate pulse, intermittent pulse, has since become a well-established concept in Unani medicine,
hammer-like pulse, spasmodic pulse, tremulous pulse, double- being followed by Unani physicians in diagnosis and treatment.
stroke pulse, ant-like pulse, and tense pulse, among others. After Avicenna stated that any medication will have different effects
identifying the relevant pulse, diagnosis may be confirmed by on different persons, or on different organs of a person, or on the
the examination of urine and stool (21). It may be mentioned same person or organ at two different time points.
here that an accurate identification and interpretation of pulse According to the concept of Mizaj (temperament) in Unani
is not that easy, and expertise in this art can be achieved by medicine, every individual has some unique characteristics
dedication and experience only. It is a pity that experts of pulse depending on his/her physiological, psychological, and
morphological features (24). Inherent temperament (Mizaj- Arab Contributions

e-jabili) is attributed to the individual’s phenotype (metabolism,
behavior, mental status) and genotype, whereas acquired During the medieval period (6th–13th centuries AD), an
temperament (Mizaj-e-arezi) is supposed to be influenced by amalgamation of various systems gave rise to a new, more
environmental factors and the lifestyle of the individual (25). comprehensive system, which, despite being based on the Greek
Thus, the temperament-based therapy in Unani medicine is, to fundamentals, was dominated by the Persian and Arab concepts and
a large extent, in line with the modern concept of personalized traditions. This modified system was identified by many as Arabic or
medicine in which the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, Islamic medicine. Arab rulers heartily accepted Unani medicine; an

and effectiveness of a drug are affected by genetic and official formulary (Qarabadeen) was developed, and chemical and
environmental factors. Selecting the line of treatment on the pharmaceutical procedures were established with state patronage.
basis of the patient’s personal characteristics (temperament) The physicians of this era invented the processes of distillation,
has always been a component of the Unani system of medicine sublimation, calcination, and fermentation to promote the efficacy
since its inception (26). Although the concept of Mizaj cannot of medicine and remove impurities and toxic effects of drugs. Some
be equated with the modern concept of personalized medicine eminent physicians of this period, as described by various authors
or gene therapy, which considers the genetic makeup of patients (3, 4, 29, 31), include the following. (1) Jabir bin Hayyan (717–
in treating them with the pertinent recombinant formulation, 813 AD), a renowned royal physician, was a famous chemist, as
it resembles the latter in that it does not consider all patients well. He was the one to lay the foundation of modern chemistry. A
alike but places them in four categories on the basis of their distillation apparatus was invented by him. (2) Ibne Raban Tabari
temperament. So, the common thread between the two concepts (810–895 AD), an author of 14 books, wrote the globally famous
is the basic assumption that not all humans respond to a given Firdous-ul-Hikmat (Paradise of Wisdom), which was the first
medicine in the same ways. book of medical science written originally in Arabic. (3) Abu
Bakar Zakariya Razi (or Rhazes; 850–923 AD), who was the
first to deal in detail with measles and smallpox, described
Progress of Unani Medicine
the concept of acquired immunity and introduced the practice
of bedside demonstration and case history recording. (4) Ali
The Roman Support Ibn Abbas Majoosi (or Haly Abbas; 930–994 AD) was the
Unani medicine flourished under different empires at different chief physician of Sultan Azadud-Daulah. (5) Bu Ali Ibn Sina
points in time. The Roman Empire acquired this medical (or Avicenna; 980–1037 AD), the most eminent scholar of his
knowledge from Greece. In the first century AD, Dioscorides, period, gave a final shape to Unani medicine and redefined
a leading Roman physician, published his magnum opus in many concepts based on his clinical experiences. His book
pharmacology. Claudius Galen (or Jalinoos; 130–201 AD) was Al-Qanoon fit-Tibb or (The Canon of Medicine) was an
another big name in the Roman era of medical development. internationally accepted book on medicine and was taught in
He was at home in medicine, anatomy, physiology, surgery, medical colleges of European countries until the 17th century.
pharmacology, and even gynecology (27). (6) Abul Qasim Zohravi (or Abulcasus; 946–1036 AD) was a
renowned surgeon of his time. (7) Ibn-e-Haisham (or Hazen;
965–1039 AD) was a renowned scientist and Unani physician
Persian and Arab Patronage
of that period. (8) Ibn-e-Zohar (or Avenzoar; 1091–1162 AD),
a renowned scholar and physician, earned global fame for
This medical science also owes much to the Persian Empire
his book Kitabul Tayseer. (9) Ibn Rushd (1126–1198 AD), a
for its development. Many top-rank ancient physicians, such as
known philosopher and theologian, became famous for his
Raban Tabri, Zakariya Razi, Ibn Sina, and Rustam Jarjani, were
Kitabul Kulliyat. (10) Abdul-Latif Baghdadi (1163–1231
of Iranian origin (28, 29).
AD) is known as a fine researcher with a specific interest in
Greek medicine is supposed to have been introduced to the
human anatomy. (11) Ibne Baitar (1197–1248 AD), basically
Arab society around 600 AD, i.e., slightly before the dawn of
a pharmacognosist and botanist, earned great fame for his
Islam. The medication and healing practices of the Islamic
book Kitab Jameul Mufradat. (12) Ibne Nafees (or Qarshi; 1210–
period were greatly influenced by the teachings of the Holy
1288 AD), a keen researcher and wise interpreter, described the
Qur’an and the Prophet of Islam. The Prophet used to explain
pulmonary blood circulation and published his findings with due
the medical importance of several edibles and herbs, such as
illustrations much earlier than William Harvey (1578–1657 AD).
honey, vinegar, cucurbits, date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera),
garlic (Allium sativum), onion (A. cepa), figs (Ficus carica),
Kasni (Cichorium intybus), and Kalonji (Nigella sativa), and Indianization of Unani Medicine
of some therapeutic techniques like cupping. About 95 drugs
or diets have reportedly been alluded to in the sayings of The concept of Unani medicine came to India mainly through
Prophet Muhammad. Arabs and Iranians. When Mongols attacked Central Asia
In the Umayyad period (660–750 AD) and the Abbasid period and Persia, many Unani scholars and physicians fled to India
(750–1258 AD), medical knowledge of other regions was also around the middle of the 14th century (28, 31, 32). In the Indian
assimilated with traditional Arab ethics and practices. Emperors subcontinent, the Unani system is often called Tibb-e-Unani
Abu Jafar Mansur (754–775 AD), Harun Rasheed (786–809 or Hikmat, and its medical practitioners are known as Hakims.
AD), and Mamun Rasheed (813–833AD) of the Abbasid The following were among the eminent scholars (Hakims) of
period approved huge projects of translating the Greek, Syrian, Muslim India (29, 31, 33, 34). (1) Zia Mohammad Masood
Nestorian, Cladian, Sanskrit, and Persian literatures into Arabic Rasheed Zangi, the first known practitioner of this system,
(29–31). was active during the rule of Tughlaq dynasty. (2) Shahab
Abdul Karim Nagauri, a resident of Nagaur city in the out of his earnings from the Hamdard pharmaceutical industry
Gujarat state, was an eminent physician of the Tughlaq period and set up a university, Jamia Hamdard, in New Delhi (1989)
(1321–1413 AD). (3) Abul Qasim Farishta (1525–1623) was with a special thrust on Unani medicine and other health and
a famous physician. His book Dastoorul-Atibba established pharmaceutical sciences. Following modern clinical parameters,
his familiarity with Ayurveda and is rated very highly in the he developed some highly effective formulations, e.g., Ajmaloon
Indian medical literature. (4) Ali Gilani (1554–1609 AD), a for lowering hypertension, Lipotab for reducing cholestrol level,
court physician of Moghal emperor Akbar the Great, was also a Jigreen for correcting liver disorders including jaundice, and Qurse
keen researcher and prolific writer. Two of his books, Sharah-e- Kuliya Jadeed for restoring renal functionality. Rooh Afza has long

Qanoon and Byaz-e-Gilani, earned great fame. (5) Nizamuddin been a soothing and refreshing beverage of the Indian subcontinent
Ahmad Gilani (1586–1669) wrote several books on medicine during hot summers (35, 37–39).
and pharmacognosy. (6) S.M. Hashim Alvi Khan (1669–1749), Hakim Mohammad Said (1920–1998), the younger brother
attached to the courts of Mughal emperors Aurangzeb Alamgir, of Hakim Abdul Hameed, was a renowned physician and
Shah Alam, and M. Shah Rangila, was a great physician. (7) philanthropist in Pakistan. He headed the Hamdard Laboratories
Mohammad Akbar Arzani (d. 1722 AD) was known for his nine in Pakistan and set up Hamdard University in Karachi (1985),
books, including Qarabadin Qadri, Tibbe Akbar, and Mujarribat which placed special emphasis on promoting the cause of
Akbari, that were based on his own lifelong clinical experience. Unani medicine. He was decorated with numerous national
(8) Azam Khan (1813–1902), one of the most eminent Unani and international awards and honors, including Sitara-e-Imtiaz
physicians during the British rule in India, declined the offer of (1966) and also Nishan-e-Imtiaz (2002), the highest civilian
Avadh Sultanate and continued his medical practice at Rampur. honor in Pakistan (40).
Two of his books, Ikseer-e-Azam and Muheet-e-Azam, are
considered a prized possession of Unani medicine even today.
Quality Control and Standardization of
(9) M. Kabiruddin (1889–1976) was a dedicated scholar of
Unani Medicine
Unani medicine. He served as a popular teacher in the Unani
Medical Colleges at Aligarh, Delhi, and Hyderabad (29, 31).
The World Health Organization has defined the standardization
The first formal institution of Unani medicine was established
and quality control of herbal drugs as “the process involved
in the Oriental College of Lahore (1872). Later, the Ayurvedic
in the physicochemical evaluation of crude drug covering
and Tibbi College of Delhi was started in 1886, followed inter
aspects such as selection and handling of crude material, safety,
alia by the Takmil-ut-Tibb College of Lucknow (1902), Unani
efficacy and stability assessment of finished product, and
Medical College of Allahabad (1904), Government Tibbi College
documentation of safety and risks based on experience.” The
of Patna (1926), Ajmal Khan Tibbia College of Aligarh (1927),
herbal raw material is affected by several factors and requires
Jamia Tibbia of Delhi (1935), and Nizamia Tibbia College of
to be examined carefully for the correct identity of the plants
Hyderabad (1938). Jamia Tibbia was later renamed as Hamdard
involved; also for the seasonal variation (which has a bearing on
Tibbi College in 1963, shifted to Hamdard Nagar in 1980, and is
the time of collection), the ecotypic, genotypic and chemotypic
now the School of Unani Medicine in Jamia Hamdard, a famous
variations, drying and storage conditions, and the presence of
Deemed University in the Indian capital (35).
xenobiotic (41). Standardization of herbal drugs prescribes a
The development and progress of Unani medicine in India
set of standards or inherent characteristics, constant parameters,
owes much to some selected families, such as the Sharifi family,
and definite qualitative and quantitative values that carry an
the Azizi family, the Usmani family, and the Hamdard family,
assurance of quality, efficacy, safety, and reproducibility. Specific
which provided special patronage to the system and promoted
standards are worked out by experimentation and observations,
it all over the Indian subcontinent (28, 31, 32, 36). Hakim
which lead to prescribing a set of characteristics exhibited by the
Ajmal Khan (1863–1927) was the brightest star of the Sharifi
given herbal medicine (42, 43). Various parameters analyzed to
family. He was extraordinary in pulse reading and diagnosis.
ascertain drug identity, purity, and strength, as mentioned in The
In 1905, he started “Hindustani Dawakhana” in Delhi, which took
Unani Pharmacopoeia of India (Part I), are given as follows:
patents for 84 herbal formulae. He instituted the All India Vedic
(1) morphological and anatomical study, (2) powder analysis,
and Unani Tibbi Conference in 1906 to fight against the biased
(3) total ash content, (4) acid-insoluble ash, (5) alcohol-soluble
attitude of British rulers toward the Indian systems of medicine.
extractive, (6) water-soluble extractive, (7) loss on drying, and
In 1911, he started the Unani College in Delhi exclusively for
(8) TLC. Information on the identification, properties and major
female students. In 1916, he started a general college in Delhi
uses of single drugs, as mentioned in the Unani Pharmacopoeia
for Ayurvedic and Unani techniques, which still continues under
of India, Part 1 (Vols I–VI) has been summarized in Table 1.
government patronage. He was the person who opened the door
of research in the Indian systems of medicine; Asrol (Rauwolfia
serpentina) was analyzed under his supervision, and several Conclusions
alkaloids like Ajmalin, Ajmalanin, Ajmalacin, and reserpine,
etc., were isolated, thus paving the way for the introduction of The Unani system of medicine originated in Greece around 377
the most effective drug for hypertension in the world. BC and, having flourished in the Arab and Persian worlds over
In the previous century, two illustrious sons of the Hamdard the years, extended its roots to the soil of the Indian subcontinent.
family brought Unani medicine to its current heights of success and It provides a holistic approach to the maintenance of health,
popularity in the Indian subcontinent. Hakim Abdul Hameed (1908– prevention of disease, and effective cure through regimental therapy,
1999), a follower of Hakim Ajmal Khan, started manufacturing dietotherapy, and pharmacotherapy. Its principle of treatment,
compound Unani drugs in his pharmaceutical company, Hamdard Ilaj biz Zid, takes into consideration the patient’s temperament.
Laboratories, using modern scientific techniques. He created a trust The modern concept of personalized medicine appears to be a
Table 1. Classification of single drugs based on the plant parts used, as mentioned in The Unani Pharmacopoeia of India (UPI), Part I (Vols I–VI)a
Serial No. Unani name (reference)b,c Botanical name (family) Main constituents Properties Main Unani formulations
Stem
1 Afsanteen Artemisia absinthium Phenols, tannins, glycosides Diuretic, antipyretic, antihelminth, deobstruent, Itrifal Deedan, Arqe Afsanteen
(UPI P1V2) Linn. (Asteraceace) anti-inflammatory, stomachic
d
2 Aam Mangifera indica Linn. Tannins, procatechuic acid, Astringent, antigonorrhoea, —
(UPI P1 V4) (Anacardiaceae) catechin, mangiferin constipative, resolvent
3 Arjun Terminalia arjuna Tannins, terpenoids Astringent, antiseptic, blood purifier —
(UPI P1 V4) W. & A. (Combretaceae)
4 Bakayin Melia azadarach Lactone, kulolactone, Blood purifiers, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, Habbe Bawaseer, Majun Musakkin,
(UPI P1V3) Linn. (Meliaceae) kulonone carminative, antihelminth, laxative Darde Reham, Tila-e-Musakkin
5 Darhald Berberis aristata Alkaloids, barberine Resolvent, sedative, blood purifier, oculotonic, Qurs-e-Zarishk, Dawa-ul-Misk,
(UPI P1 V4) DC. (Berberidaceae) liver tonic, diuretic Jawahar wali
6 Gilo Tinospora cordifolia Terpinoids, alkaloids, Antipyretic, stomachic, constipative, antihelminths, Safuf Satte Gilo,
(UPI P1V1) Miers. (Menispermaceae) flavonoids anti-inflammatory, diuretic, blood purifiers Safuf Satte Gilo Sartani
7 Kaifal Myrica esculenta Glycosides, tannins, Anti-inflammatory, astringent, Habbe Mubarak, Habbe Munaish,
(UPI P1V2) Buch. Ham. Syn. flavanoids, resins, steroids nervine tonic, coagulant Roghane Surkh
(Myricacea)
8 Kath Acacia leucophloea Tannin, terpenoids Constipative, blood purifier, dessicant, styptic Zaroor-e-Qula, Habbe lemu
(UPI P1V2) Wild. (Mimosaceae)
9 Karanj Pongamia pinnata Flavones, fluranoflavones- Antihemorrhoidal, antigonorrhoea —
(UPI P1V4) Linn. (Papilionaceae) karanjin, pongapin
10 Kanakana Cinchona officinalis Alkaloids-quinine, Stomachic, exhiralant, appetizer, antipyretic, Habbe Bukhar
(UPI P1V3) Linn. (Rubiaceae) cinchonine, cinchonidine, aphrodisiac, antiseptic
tannins
11 Khirni Mimusops kauki Tannin, viscid gummy latex Exhiralant, cardiac tonic, aphrodisiac, —
(UPI P1V3) Linn. (Sapotaceae) detergent, sementogoggue
12 Lodh Pthani Symplocos racemosa Alkaloids-loturine and Astringent, semen procreator Zimad Asfar
(UPI P1V1) Roxb. (Symplocaceae) collaturine

13 Majeeth Rubia cordofolia Glycosides, phenols, Diuretic, ammenogoggue, deobstruent, Majoon Dabbed-ul-ward,
(UPI P1 V4) Linn. (Rubiaceae) flavonoids sedative, detergent Raughan Surkh, Dawa-ul-Kurkum
14 Neem Azadirachta indica Bitter principles-nimbin, Resolvent, sedative, laxative, concoctive, blood Habbe Surkh Badah, Habbe mussaffi-
(UPI P1 V4) A. Juss. Syn. (Meliaceae) nimbiol purifier, antiseptic, vermifuge, antihelminth, e-Khoon, Habbe Bawaseer,
antipyretic Majun-e- Musaffi Khoon, Marham Jadwar
15 Post-e-Kachnal Bauhinia racemose Alkaloids, Astringent, coagualant, Majun Suparipak, Arqe Juzam,
(UPI P1V2) Lam. Syn. carbohydrate, steroids, analgesic, blood purifiers Arqe Musaffi Khoon Qawi
(Caesalpiniaceae) phenol, glucoside, tannin
16 Sazaj Hindi Cinnamomum tamala Essential oils, Brain tonic, cardiac tonic, stomachic, Dawa-ul-Misk Motadil, Dawa-ul-Misk Motadil
(UPI P1V3) Buch. (Lauraceae) diterpines carminative, diuretic, amennogoggue, Jawahar Wali, Dawa-ul-Kurkum, Kabir,
appetizer, stimulant, cardiac refrigerant Dawa-ul-Kurkum Saghir, Halwa-e-Chobchini

Table 1. (continued )
Silk cocoon (animal origin)

17 Aabresham Bombyx mori Linn. Protein fibroin, glycine, Exhilarant, expectorant, demulcent, Dawa-ul-Misk Motadil Jawahirwali,
(UPI P1V6) (Bombycidae) alanine, serine, tyrosine detergent, memory tonic Dwa-ul-Misk Motadil Sada,
Khamira Aabresham,
Khamira Gaozuban Sada, Majun Chobchini,
Sharbate Aabresham Sada
Leaf
18 Aak Calotropis procera Cardiac glycoside-calotropin Anti-inflammatory, Roghan hafte bergh,
(UPI P1V1) (Ait.) R. Br. mucolytic, digestive Roghane chahar barg
(Asclepiadaceae)
19 Anar Punica granatum Glycosides, steroids, Liver tonic, general tonic, astringent, coagulant Joshanda Bara-e-Mazmaza
(UPI P1V2) Linn. (Punicaceae) phenolic compounds,
tannins, resin
20 Arusa Adhatoda vasica Alkaloids- vasicine Expectorant, antispasmodic, ammenogogue Sharbate Aejaz, Sharbate Arusa
(UPI P1V6) Nees. (Acanthaceae)
21 Badranjboya Nepeta hindostana Glycosides, flavanoids, Cardiac tonic, concoctive, exhiralant Majun Khadar
(UPI P1V2) (Roth.) Haines Syn. sesquiterpenes, tannins
(Lamiaceae)
22 Bakayin Melia azadarch Flavanoids Blood purifiers, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, Habbe Bawaseer, Majun Musakkin, Darde
(UPI P1V3) Linn. (Meliaceae) antipyretic, antihemorrhoidal, astringent, diuretic, Reham, Tila-e-Musakkin
antihelminth
23 Banafsha Viola odorata Volatile oils Demulcent, stimulant, normalizer Habbe Banafsha, Khamira Banafsha,
(UPI P1V3) Blume. (Violaceae) Sharbate Banafsha
24 Barge Sudab Ruta graveolens Alkaloids, glycosides, Anti-inflammatory, carminative, desicant, Jawarishe Kamuni,
(UPI P1V6) Linn. (Rutaceae) saponins, steroids, emmenagogue, nerve stimulant Zimad Kibreet, Zimad Tehal
flavanoids
25 Chanbeli Jasminum officinale Salicylic acid, alkaloid- Sedative, analgesic —
(UPI P1 V4) Linn. (Oleaceae) jasminine, essential oils
26 Gandana Asphodelus tenuifolius Lupeol, aloe- Deobstruent, astringent Jawarishe Fanjnosh, Habbe Jalinoos,
(UPI P1V3) Cav. (Liliaceae) emodin,chrysophanol Habbe Muqil
27 Gaozuban Borago officinalis Alkaloids, mucilage, Expectorant, demulcent, stimulant, cardiac tonic Khamira-e-Gaozuban Ambari Jawahir wala,
(UPI P1V2) Linn. (Boraginaceae) terpenoids Khamira-e-Gaozuban Sada, Khamira-
e-Zahar Mohra, Majoon Azraqi, Sharbate
Deenar, Arqe Chobchini
28 Gurmar Buti Gymnema sylvestre Glycosides, phenolics, Laxative, demulcent Qurse Ziabetus Khaas
(UPI P1V2) R. Br. Syn. steroids, tannins
(Asclepiadaceae)
29 Hina Lawsonia ineris Hannotannic acid, tannins, Diuretic, anti-inflammatory, Habbe Surkhbada, Marham-e-Jadwar,
(UPI P1V2) Linn. Syn. (Lythraceae) lawsine steroid, alkaloids, blood purifier, dessicant Arqe Juzam, Arqe Musaffi Khoon Qawi
Pൺඋඏൾൾඇ ൾඍ ൺඅ.: Jඈඎඋඇൺඅ ඈൿ AOAC Iඇඍൾඋඇൺඍංඈඇൺඅ Vඈඅ. 103, No. 3, 2020
saponin
30 Kaner Nerium indicum Cardiac glucoside-oleandrin Aphrodisiac, blood purifiers, Tila Mumsik
(UPI P1V1) Mill. Syn. anti-inflammatory, detergent
615
(Apocyanaceae)

31 Karanj Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Furanoflavone-3’-methoxy Antihemorrhoidal, antiseptic, blood purifiers, —

(UPI P1 V4) Pierre. Syn. P. glabra pongapin avaracious, antihelminth
Vent, Cystisus pinnatus
Linn. (Papilionaceae)
32 Neem Azadirachta indica Alkaloids, glycosides, Blood purifiers, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, Marhame Jadwar, Habbe Siyah, Habbe
(UPI P1V2) A. Jus. Syn. (Meliaceae) limonoids, azadirachtine, antidiabetic, laxative, concoctive, antipyretic, Surkhbada, Arqe Juzam, Arqe Musaffi
(UPI P1 V4) nimbine vermifuge Khoon Qawi, Habb-e-Surkh Badah, Habb-e-
Musaffi-e-Khoon, Marham Jadwar
33 Qinnab Cannabis sativa Resin, cannabinols Constipative, stomachic, exhiralant, aphrodisiac, Majun Falaksair, Kushta-e-Qalai, Arqe
(UPI P1V1) Linn. (Cannabinaceae) analgesic, antispasmodic Aswad Barid
34 Qirfa Cinnamomum cassia Volatile oil, cinnamaldehyde, Demulcent, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, anticatarrh Roghan-e-Surkh
(UPI P1V3) Syn. (Lauraceae) eugenol
35 Sana Cassia angustifolia Anthraquinone, glucosides, Brain tonic, detergent, deobstruent, blood purifier, Habbe Shabyar, Majun Musaffi Khoon,
(UPI P1V1) Vahl. (Leguminosae) sennosides, steroids, resin antiemetic Majun Ushba, Safuf Chobchini, Itrifal
Shahatra, Safufe Mulaiyin, Itrifal Ghudadi
36 Sazaj Hindi Cinnamomum tamala Essential oils-eugenol, Carminative, constipative, diuretic, mucolytic, anti- Jawarishe Shahreyaran, Jawarishe Zarishk,
(UPI P1V1) Buch.-Ham. (Lauraceae) phellandrene inflammatory Jawarishe tamarhindi, Khamira Aabresham
Arshadwala, Majun Sohag Sonth, Majun
Muqil, Safufe Ziabetus Qawi
37 Sibr Aloe barbadensis Anthraquinone glycoside, Laxative, amenogogue, anti-inflammatory, liver Majun Antaki, Habbe Muntin, Habbe Mudir,
(UPI P1V1) Mill. Syn. (Liliaceae) aloin, barbaloin stimulant Habbe Ghafis, Iyaraji-e-Loghaziya
38 Tambol Piper betle Essential oils, alkaloids Brain tonic, memory tonic, exhiralant, sialogogue, Habbe Pan, Habbe Katha, Jawarishe Utraj,
(UPI P1V6) Linn. (Piperaceae) hematogenic, expectorant, cardiac tonic Arqe Juzam, Habbe Nishat
39 Zaqoom Euphorbia royleana Phorbal ester, euphol Resolvent, expectorant, ulcerative, rubefacient Ayarij-e-Logha
(UPI P1V3) Bioss. (Euphorbiaceae) titerpene
Seed
40 Adas Lens culinaris Flavonoids, vitamins, fixed Consipative, flatulent, antidiuretic, Majun Masikul Baul
(UPI P1 V6) Medic. (Fabaceae) oil, steroids antiemmenagogic

41 Anar Punica granatum Vitamin C, ursolic acid, Cardiac tonic, liver tonic, hematogenic, diuretic, Sharbate Anar, Jawarishe Anarein,
(UPI P1 V6, V4) Linn. (Punicaceae) delphinidin diglycoside, bile sedative Jawarishe Pudina
ellagic, gallic malic, punicic
acids
42 Anardana Punica granatum Alkaloids, glycosides, Stomachic, cardiac tonic, sedative, anaphrodisiac Habbe Hindi, Sual, Jawarishe Pudina,
(UPI P1V2) Linn. (Punicaceae) steroids, phenolic Safufe Habb-ur-Rumman, Safufe Ziabetus
compounds, tannins
43 Aspaghol Plantago ovata Carbohydrates, Laxative, sedative, anti-inflammatory Habbe Sil, Qurse Kafoor, Qurse Munawwim
(UPI P1V2) Forsk. Syn. polysaccharides Barid, Qurse Sartan, Qurse Shadnaj, Qurse
(Plantaginaceae) Tabasheer, Mulaiyin, Qurse Ziabetus,
Laooqe Bahidana, Safufe Moya, Safufe
Teen
44 Azaraqi Strychnos nux-vomica Alkaloids-strychnine and Blood purifiers, anti-inflammatory Habbe Azaraqi, Habbe Marwareed, Majun
(UPI P1V2) Linn. (Loganiaceae) brucine, glucoside-loganin Azaraqi, Majun Lana, Raughan Azaraqi,
Tila-e-Mumsik, Tila-e-Mubahhi

45 Badam Shireen Prunus amygdala Glycoside, amygdaline, Brain tonic, laxative, aphrodisiac Banadiq-ul-Buzoor, Habbe Jadwar, Habbe
(UPI P1V2) Batsch, var. dulces. daucostrin Mushil Dimaghi, Habbe Surfa Qawi, Laooqe
Ziqun Nafas, Majun Falaksair, Majun
Aarad Khurma, Laooqe Bahidana, Laooqe
Sapistan
46 Baqla Vicia faba Alkaoloids, acetylenic Expectorant, anti-inflammatory Qairooti, Bazr-e-Katan,
(UPI P1V2) Linn. Syn. oxoester, wyerone, Qurse Munaww
(Papilionaceae) L-dopa, vicine, medicarpin,
phytoalexin, gibberellin A
47 Bartang Plantago major Carbohydrate, Astringent, constipative, normalizer, stimulant Qurse Kahruba
(UPI P1V2) Linn. Syn. polysaccharide, tannin
(Plantaginaceae)
48 Basal Allium cepa Sulfur compound, alicine, Detergent, irritant, stimulant Habbe Khabsul Hadid, Labub-e-Sagheer,
(UPI P1V3) Linn. (Liliaceae) volatile oil Labub-e-Kabir
49 Bed Anjeer Ricinus communis Fixed oil: ricinoleic acid Anti-inflammatory, resolvent, sedative, detergent, Raughan-e-Bedanjeer
(UPI P1 V4) Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) ammenogoggue, antihelminth, analgesic,
expectorant
50 Beejband Rumex maritimus Tannin, fixed oil Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, aphrodosiac Majoon Bandkushad
(UPI P1V2) Linn. Syn.
(Polygonaceae)
51 Behidana Cydonia oblonga Fixed oil, steroids, Demulcent, cough suppressant, antipyretic Banadiq-ul-Bazoor, Habbe Shaheeqa,
(UPI P1V2) Mill. Syn. (Rosaceae) glycosides, tannins Habbe Sil, Habbe Surfa, Qawi, Qurse
Kaknaj, Laooq-e-Bahidana, Laooq-e-Nazli,
Laooq-e-Sapistan, Sharbate Ejaz
52 Chaksu Cassia absus Alkaloids, fat, tannins, Coagulant, anti-inflammatory, astringent, blood Safufe Bars
(UPI P1V2) Linn. (Ceaasalpiniaceae) mucilage, β-sitosterol, purifiers
β-glucoside, mannose
53 Chironji Buchanania lanzan Albuminoids, fixed oils, Fattening, aphrodisiac, detergent, anaphrodisiac, Luboob-e-Kabir, Luboob Saghir
(UPI P1 V4) Spreng. Syn. B. latifolia starch semen procreator
Roxb. (Anacardiaceae)
54 Dhatura Datura metel Troapne alkaloids- Analgesic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, Habbe Shifa, Dawa-e-Tatura, Riughan
(UPI P1V2,V4) Linn. Syn. (Solanaceae) hyoscyamine, fixed oils narcotic, sedative, siccative, mucolytic Chahar Barg
55 Fufal Areca catechu Alkaloid- arecoline, tannins, Constipative, anti-inflammatory Habbe hamal, Majun muqawwi reham,
(UPI P1 V1) Linn. (Arecaceae) fats Majun Suparipak
56 Habb-ul-Neel Ipomoea nil Triterpenes, alkaloids, Detergent, irritant, antihelminth, purgative Habbe Falij Mulayyin, Habbe Shabyar,
(UPI P1V2) Linn. (Convolvulaceae) glycosides, flavanoids, Jawarishe Shahreyaran, Itrifal Deedan,
resins, tannins Habbe Iyarij, Majun Kaknaj, Majun Talkh
57 Chaksu Cassia absus Alkaloids, tannins, mucilage, Coagulant, anti-inflammatory, astringent, blood Safufe Bars
(UPI P1V2) Linn. (Ceaasalpiniaceae) palmitic acid, gentistic acid purifiers
58 Habb-us-salateen Croton tiglium Fixed oil, resin, pharbol Purgative, vehicle Habb-e-Mushil, Habb-e-Mulaiyin,
(UPI P1 V4) Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) ester Dawa-e-Siyah Mushil

617

59 Heel Kalan Amomum subulatum Volatile oil-cineole Gastric tonic, digestive, carminative, siatagogue Jawarish Anarain, Jawarish Bisbasa,
(UPI P1 V4) Roxb. (Zingiberaceae) Zaroor Katha, Safoof-e-Kath
60 Hulba Trigonella Alkaloid, sapogenin, Deobstruent, diuretic, ameenagogue, expectorant, Laooq-e- Hulba, Laooq-e-Zeequn-
(UPI P1 V2, V4) foenum-graceum mucilage anti-inflammatory un-Nafas, Habbe Khabsul hadeed,
Linn. (Papilionaceae) Dawa-ul Luk, Marhame Dakhliyun, Qairooti
Aarad Karsana, Marham Dakhilyoon,
Dawa-ul-Misk
61 Hummaz Rumex vasicarius Vitamin, oxalic acid Coagulant, astringent, analgesic Majun Masikul Baul, Qurse Kahruba
(UPI P1V3) Linn. (Polygonaceae)
62 Inderjao Shireen Wrightia tinctoria Alkaloids, steroids, saponins Anti-inflammatory, carminative, sedative Qurse Habis, Labube Kabir, Majun khadar,
(UPI P1V2) (Roxb.) (Aponcynaceae) Majun Muluki, Itrifal Kabir
63 Ispand Peganum harmala Alkaloids, triterpenes, fixed Laxative, antihelminth, blood purifiers, diuretic, Habbe Hindi Mumsik, Raughane Ispand,
(UPI P1V2) Linn. (Zygophyllacea) oils, harmine, vasicine, amenogoggue, lactogoggue, carminative Habbe Muntin, Zimad Kibreet
harmaline
64 Ispast Trifolium alexandricum Biochanin A, genistein, Aphrodisiac, diuretic Jawarishe Zarooni Sada,
(UPI P1V3) Linn. (Fabaceae) kaempferol, fixed oils Labub Sagheer
65 Jamun Syzygium cuminii Glycoside-jamboline, tannin, Gastric and liver tonic, Safoof Ziyabetus,
(UPI P1 V4) (Linn.) Skeels ellagic acid, gallic acid febrile sedative, appetizer Qurs Ziyabetus, Safoof Khasta
(Myrtaceae)
66 Jauzbuwa/Jayphal Myristica fragnans Houtt Essential oil, fixed oil, Exhiralant, aphrodisiac, Laboob Kabir, Jawarishe Ood Shirin, Habbe
(UPI P1 V1) (Myristicaceae) alkaloids carminative, constipative, stomachic Mumsik Waqi
67 Kakri Cucumis melo var. Fixed oil Diuretic, sedative, calorific —
(UPI P1 V4) utilissimus Duthie &
Fuller syn. C. utilissimus
Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae)
68 Kalonji Nigella sativa Essential oil, fixed oil, Mucolytic, stomachic, antihelminth, Majoon Fanjnosh,
(UPI P1 V1) Linn. (Ranunculaceae) quinone, isoquinone amenogoggue, anti-inflammatory Majun kundur, Majune Kalkalanaj
69 Katai Solanum surattense Steroids, glycosides Diuretic, expectorant, anti-inflammatory, Safuf-e-Amlah

(UPI P1V2) Burm. f. Syn. carminative
(Solanaceae)
70 Katan Linum usitatissimum Fixed oil, mucilage Anti-inflammatory, detergent, Qairooti Bazr-e-Katan, Qairooti-e-Mohallil,
(UPI P1 V1) Linn. (Linaceae) concoctive, expectorant Laooq-e-Katan, Zamad-e-Khanazeer,
Marham-e-Dakhilyun
71 Karanj Pongamia glabra Fixed oil, flavones, Blood purifiers, antiseptic Qurse Deedan
(UPI P1 V1) (Linn.) Merr, Syn. traces of essential oil
Pongamia glabra Vent
(Leguminosae)
72 Khashkhash Papaver somnifera Linn. Alkaloids, glycosides Astringent, aphrodisiac, hypnotic, analgesic, Banadiq-ul-Buzoor, Habbe-Shaheeqa,
(UPI P1V2) (Papaveraceae) memory enhancer Habbe Sil, Habbe Surfa, Qawi, Qurs
Kahruba, Qurse Munawwim, Barid, Qurse
Sartan, Qurse Shadnaj, Qurse Tabasheer,
Kafoori, Lului, Khameera Khashkhash,
Laooq-e-Nazli, Laooq-e-Behidana, Majun
Rahul-Momineen, Sufuf Moya, Sufuf
Suranjan, Sufuf Ziabetus

73 Khiyarzah Cucumis melo Var. Linoleic acid, amyrins, Cooling, diuretic, allays thirst Sharbate Bazuri Motadil,
(UPI P1V3) (Cucurbitaceae) taraxerol, lupeol, astarol Sharbate Deenar
74 Konch Mucuna pruriens Bak. Fixed oil, phenols, Astringent, sementogoggue, uterine tonic, Luboob-e-Kabir, Luboob-e-Sagheer Majun
(UPI P1V2) Syn. (Papilionaceae) glycosides, tannins, L-dopa, nutritious, aphrodisiac Baladur, Majun Salab, Majun Sohag Sonth,
(UPI P1 V4) lecithin Majun Bandkushad
75 Kulthi Vigna unquiculata Urease, fixed oils Lithotriptic, diuretic, amenogoggue, detergent, Kushta-e-Hajral Yahud
(UPI P1 V1) (Linn.) Walp Syn., deobstruent, laxative
Dolichos biflorus Linn.
(Leguminosae)
76 Kunjad Siyah Sesamum indicum D.C. Steroids, terpenoids, Laxative, anti-inflammatory, aphrodisiac, Mufarreh Sosambari,
(UPI P1V2) Syn. (Pedaliaceae) alkaloids, fixed oils nephrotonic Majun Baladur, Majun Salab
77 Malkangni Celastrus paniculatus Alkaloids, fixed oils, tannins Aphrodisiac, gastric tonic, expectorant Raughan Malkangni, Tila Khas-ul-Khas
(UPI P1 V4) Willd. (Celastraceae)
78 Neem Melia azadirachta Terpenoids, azadirachtin, Blood purifiers, stimulant, antipyretic, antiseptic, Habbe Neem
(UPI P1V3) Linn. (Meliaceae) fixed oils, fatty acids vermifuge
79 Nishasta Gundum Triticum aestivum Carbohydrates, starch Aphrodisiac, laxative, nutritive Laooqe Badam, Laooqe Shamoon, Majun
(UPI P1 V6) Linn. (Poaceae) Sohag, Majun Muqawwi Rahem, Majun
Suparipak
80 Palas Papra Butea monosperma Fixed oils, resin, alkaloids Anti-inflammatory, diuretic, sedative, vermicidal Habbe Deedan, Safufe Sailan ur Reham
(UPI P1 V6) (Lam.) Kuntze Syn.
B. frondosa Koen.ex
Roxb. (Papilionaceae)
81 Palaspapra Butea monosperma Fats, oils, lignins, Antihelminth, carminative, Qurse Deedan,
(UPI P1V2) (Lam.) (Papilionaceae) palasonin, glucoside- anti-inflammatory, diuretic Itrifal Deedan
monospermosides,
isomonospermosides
82 Pambadana Gossypium herbaceum Fixed oil, resin, sterols Aphrodisiac, mucolytic, detergent, fattening Majun Aarad Khurma,
(UPI P1 V1) Linn. (Malvaceae) Majun Pambadana
83 Panwar Cassia tora Glycosides, steroids, Mucolytic, concoctive, detergent Sufufe Bars
(UPI P1V2) Linn. (Caesalpiniaceae) tannins, fixed oils, palmitic
acid, stearic acid, linoleic
acid, rubrofusanin
84 Petha Benincasa hispida Fixed oils, β-sitosterol Antipyretic, diuretic, coagulant Majun Hamal Ambari Alvi Khan
(UPI P1V3) Thunb. (Cucurbitaceae)
85 Pista Pistacia vera Cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, Cardiac tonic, stomachic, sementogoogggue Lubub-e-Kabeer, Majun Suparipak
(UPI P1V3) Linn. (Anacardiaceae) fixed oils, anacardic acid,
myristic acid, palmitic acid,
stearic acid, oleic acid,
linoleic acid
86 Shalgum Brassica rapa Fixed oils, glucosinolates, Amennogoggue, diuretic, appetizer, Lubub-e-Kabeer,
(UPI P1V3) Linn. (Brassicaceae) 3-butenyl iso-thiocynate, nutrient, expectorant Labub-e-Sagheer

2-phenyl ethyl
iso-thiocynate
619

87 Talmakhana Asteracantha Alkaloids and fatty acids Diuretic, aphrodisiac, semen viscoser Halwa-e-Supari Pak, Sufuf-e-Jiryan, Khas,
(UPI P1V3) longifolia Nees. Syn. Safuf-e-Beejband, Safuf-e-Maghz-e-Kanwal
(Acanthaceae) Gatta
88 Tukhme Balango Lallemantia royleana Steroids, phenol, glycosides Sedative, diuretic, cardiac tonic, antidysentry Khameera Gaozuban Ambari Jawaharwala,
(UPI P1V6) Benth. Syn. Nepeta Khameera Gaozuban sada
cordifolia Boiss,
Darcocephalum
royleanum Benth.
(Lamiaceae)
89 Tukhme Gandana Asphodelus tenuifolius Steroids, fatty acids, General tonic, aphrodisiac, Jawarishe Fanjnosh, Habbe Khabs ul
(UPI P1V3) Cav. (Liliaceae) phenolics digestive, antihelminth, appetizer hadeed
90 Tukhme Halyun Asparagus officnalis Polysaccharides Stimulant, demulcent, resolvent, tonic, diuretic, Majun Baladur, Labub Kabeer, Labube
(UPI P1V6) Linn. (Liliaceae) aphrodisiac, ammenagogue, deobstruent Saghir
91 Tukhme Karafs Apium graveolens Steroids, phenolics, Deobstruent, appetizer, carminative, Habbe Khabsul Hadeed, Jawarishe Falafili,
(UPI P1V2) Linn. (Apiaceae) flavonoid essential oil, lithotriptic, amennogoggue Jawarishe Safarjali Qabiz, Majun Hajral
glucoside, apin Yahud, Majun Jalali, Majun Jograj gogul,
Sufufe Muhazzil, Majun Dabeedulward,
Jawarishe Narmushk, Majun Fotnaj
92 Tukhme Kasni Cichorium intybus Glycoside, lactucin, intybin, Deobstruent, diuretic Arqe Kasni, Sharbate Kasni
(UPI P1V6) Linn. (Asteraceae) fixed oils
93 Tukhme Kasoos Cuscuta reflexa Phenols, tannins, resin, Diuretic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, laxative Majun Dabeedul ward, Sharbate Deenar
(UPI P1V2) Linn. Syn. (Cuscutaceae) glycosides, steroids
Fruit
94 Aamla Emblica officinalis Ascorbic acid, gallo tannins, Cardiac tonic, astringent, sedative, brain tonic Amoshdaru, Murabba-e-Amla, Majoon-
(UPI P1 V1) Gaertn. Syn. gallic acid e-Maqawwi-e-Rahm, Majoon-e-Mundi,
Phyllantus emblica Majoon-e-Lana, Majoon-e-Kundur,
Linn (Euphorbiaceae) Qurs-e-Mulaiyin Jawarish-e-Aamla Sada,
Suffof-e-Hazim Kalan, Dawa-ul-Misk Motadil
Sada, Itrifal, Zamani, Itrifal-e-Sagheer,

Itrofal-e-Ustu-Khuddus, Sufoof-e-Aamla
95 Abhal Juniperus communis Essential oil, flavanoids Resolvent, siccative, detergent, deobstruent, Majoon Mudirr-e-Tams,
(UPI P1 V4) Linn. (Cupressaceae) astringent, carminative, diuretic, aborting, Sharbat Mudirr-e-Tams
vermifuge
96 Akhrot Juglans regia Walnut oil, tannin General tonic, nervine tonic, laxative, analgesic, Luboob-e-Kabir, Luboob-e-Sagheer
(UPI P1 V4) Linn. (Juglandaceae) siccative
97 Ajwain Tachyspermum ammi Essential oil, fixed oil Appetizer, carminative, Arqe Ajwain, Majoon Nankhah, Majun
(UPI P1 V6) Linn. Sprague ex Turril antispasmodic, antiseptic Zabeeb
Syn. (Apiaceae)
98 Angoor Vitis vinifera Malic, tartaric acid, Nutrient, hematogenic, Sharbaye Angoor
(UPI P1 V6) Linn. (Vitaceae) oxalic acid, tannins adipogenous, general tonic, laxative
99 Anisoon Pimpinella anisum Glycosides, phenolic Carminative, analgesic, expectorant, diuretic, Habbe Iyarij, Itrifal Ghudadi,
(UPI P1V2) Linn. (Apiaceae) compounds, flavanoids, amennogogue, deobstruent, detergent, Jawarishe Narmushk, Majun Antaki,
essential oils aphrodisiac Majun Hajar-ul-yahood, Majun Jalali,
Majun Jalinoos, Safufe Moya

100 Anjeer Ficus carica Glycosides, resins, steroids, Anti-inflammatory, deobstruent, laxative, Zimad-e-Kibreet, Safuf-e-Bars
(UPI P1V2) Linn. (Moraceae) triterpenes, tannins, fixed concoctive
oils
101 Babchi Psoralea corylifolia Essential oil, fixed oil, Stomachic, blood purifiers, antihelminths, laxative Sufoof Bars
(UPI P1 V1) Linn. (Leguminosae) psoralen, psoralidin,
isopsoralen, bakuchiol
102 Badiyan Foeniculum vulgare Essential oil, fixed oil Antiflatulent, stomachic, diuretic, oculotonic, Habe ghariqoon, Qurse Mulayyin, Jawarishe
(UPI P1 V1) Mill. (Apiaceae) amennogauge, lithotriptic Zarooni sada, Majoon Nankhwa, Majun
Muqil, Arqe Badiyan
103 Bakayin Melia azedarach Bitter principle-bakayanin, Blood purifiers, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, Habbe Bawaseer, Majun Musakkin Darde
(UPI P1V3) Linn. (Meliaceae) alkaloid- aziridine, sterol, vermifuge, antipyretic, astringent, diuretic, Reham, Tila-e-Musakkin
tannins antihemorrhoidal
104 Baladur Semecarpus anacardium Anacardic acid, nonvolatile Nervine tonic, brain tonic, cardiac tonic Anqaroya, Kabir, Anqaroya Sagheer,
(UPI P1 V4) Linn. (Anacardiaceae) alcohol-cardol Majoon Baladur
105 Balela Terminalia belerica Roxb Tannins, gallic acid, tannic Stomachic, constipative, mucolytic, nervine tonic Majoon Jograj gogul, Itrifal Muqil, Itrifal
(UPI P1 V1) (Combretaceae) acid, glycosides Saghir, Itrifal Ustukhuddus
106 Baobarang Embelica ribes Burm. f. Benzoquinones, alkaloid- Antihelminth, purgative Habbe kibreet, Qurse Deedan, Itrifal
(UPI P1 V1) (Myrsinanceae) christembine, tannin, deedan, Habbe kabid noshadri, Majun
essential oil Jograj gogul
107 Belgiri Aegle marmelos Corr. Marmalosin, tannins, Constipative, stomachic, coagulant, Jawarishe Zanjabeel, Murabba Beilgiri
(UPI P1 V1) (Rutaceae) mucilage, fatty oil analgesic, antipyretic
108 Ber Zizyphus mauritiana Vitamin C, tannins Antibilious, deobstruent, vermicidal, Safufe Suzak Qawi
(UPI P1 V6) Lam. Syn. (Rhamnaceae) allays thirst
109 Filfil Siyah Piper nigrum Alkaloids-piperine, Externally: detergent, dessicant, sedative Dawa-ul-Shifa, Jawarish Kamoni, Jawarish
(UPI P1 V4) Linn. (Piperaceae) chavicine, piperidine, Internally: stimulant, stomachic, liver tonic, nervine Kamooni Kabir, Jawarish Falafali
piperetine, essential oils tonic, carminative, diuretic, ammenogoggue,
aphrodisiac, expectorant
110 Funduq Corylus avellana Myristic acid, palmitic acid, Brain tonic, aphrodisiac, general tonic, expectorant Majun Aarid khurma, Labub Sagheer,
(UPI P1V3) Linn. (Betulaceae) stearic acid, oleic acid, Labub-e-Kabeer, Halwa-e-Gazar, Majun
linoleic acid Falaksair, Roghan-e-Labub-e-Saba
111 Ghariqoon Polyporus officinalis Glucosides, steroids, Astringent, cathartic, expectorant Itrifal Ghudadi, Majun Antaki, Majun Talkh
(UPI P1 V6) Fries. A. (Polyporaceae) resins, saponins,Phenolic
compounds, tannins
112 Halela zard Terminalia chebula Tannins, anthraquinones, Oculo tonic, nervine tonic Itrifal Kishneezi, Itrifal Zamani, Itrifal
(UPI P1 V1) Retz (Combretaceae) polyphenolic compounds- Ustukhuddus, Itrifal Shahatra, Majun
gallic and chebulic acid kundur, Itrifal Mulaiyan
113 Heel Khurd Elettaria cardamomum Essential oil, eugenol Stomachic, carminative, sedative, exhiralant Jawarishe Anarein, Jawarishe Jalinus,
(UPI P1 V1) (Linn.) (Zingiberaceae) Jawarishe Zarishk, Majun Lana, Majun
Muqil, Arqe Ambar, Arqe heel khurd, Safuf
Qaranfal, Safuf Hazim Kalan
114 Jao Hordeum vulgare Starch, fat, glycosides- Constipative, detergent, antipyretic, Ashe Jao, Maus-shaeer
(UPI P1 V6) Linn. Syn. (Poaceae) orientin, vitexin diuretic, hematogenic
621

115 Kababchini Piper cubeba Alkaloids essential oil- Lithotriptic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, Majun Antaki, Laboob Sagheer, Safuf
(UPI P1 V1) Linn. (Piperaceae) cubebin amenogoggue Indrijulab, Sunoone Mujalli
116 Kaiphal Myrica esculenta Fixed oils, alkaloids Resolvent, astringent, carminative, nervine tonic, Saffof Istihaza, Raughan Surkh
(UP1 P1 V4) Buch.-Ham.ex D. Don. antiseptic, siccative
Syn. M. nagi Hook.f.
(Myricaceae)
117 Kamila Mallotus philippinensis Coloring matter-rottlerin, Antihelminth, antiseptic, laxative Itrifal Deedan, Marham Gulabi, Qurs
(UPI P1 V1) Muell. Arg. carotenoids Deedan
(Euphorbiaceae)
118 Khajur Phoenix dactylifera Sugar, protein, vitamins General tonic, hematogenic Majun Aarid Khurma
(UPI P1 V6) Linn. (Arecaceae)
119 Khar-e- Khasak Khurd Tribulus terrestris Sapogenin diosgenin, Diuretic, amennogogue, lithotriptic Sharbate Bazuri Motadil, Safufe Ziabetus
(UPI P1 V1) Linn. (Zygopyllaceae) gitogenin, hecogenin Qawi
120 Kharnoob Ceratonia siliqua Tannins, saponins Constipative, retentive, sedative, diuretic Safuf-e-Habb-ur-rumman, Sharbate Anjbar
(UPI P1 V6) Linn. (Caesalpiniaceae)
121 Karela Momordica charantia Alkaloid-momoridicine, Gastric tonic, laxative, vermifuge, resolvent, Sufoof Ziabetus
(UPI P1 V4) Linn. (Cucurbitaceae) glycosides expectorant
122 Khishmish Vitis vinifera L. (Vitaceae) Flavanoids, tannins, sterols Anti-inflammatory, exhiralant, aphrodisiac, general Itrifal Kishnizi, Majun Zabeeb
(UPI P1V3) tonic, organo tonic
123 Khiyar Shambar Cassia fistula Mucilage, pectin, Laxative, purgative, anti-inflammatory, diuretic Laooqe Khayar Shambar
(UPI P1 V1) Linn. (Leguminosae) anthraquinone
124 Khubbazi Malva sylvestris Fatty acids, B-sitosterol, Concoctive, divertive, laxative, diuretic, general Laooq-e-Sapistan, Habbe Sil, Sharbate
(UPI P1V3) Linn. (Malvaceae) stigmasterol tonic, expectorant, analgesic Aejaz
125 Kishneez Coriandrum sativum Essential oil-coriandrol Sedative, anti-inflammatory, cardiac tonic, nervine Khamira Gaozuban sada, Khamira
(UPI P1 V1) Linn. (Apiaceae) tonic, stomachic, carminative, constipative Gaozuban Ambari Jawahar wala, Jawarishe
Shahi, Itrifal Kishneezi, Dawa-ul-Misk,
Qurse Ziabetus sada
126 Mainphal Xeromphis spinosa Essential oil, tannin, Anti-inflammatory, mucolytic Roghane Baladur
(UPI P1 V1) (Thumb) Keay, Syn. saponins, resin
Ranadia dumetorum
Lam. (Rubiaceae)
127 Mauz Musa paradisiaca Starch albuminoids, Nutritious, induces sleep, exhiralant, astringent, —
(UPI P1V3) Linn. Syn. (Musaceae) vitamins B and C aphrodisiac, expectorant
128 Mauz Musa paradisiaca Vitamin, essential oils, Nutritious, fattening, exhiralant, astringent, —
(UPI P1V3) Linn. Syn. (Musaceae) carotene antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, expectorant
129 Maweez Munaqqa Vitis vinifera Phenols, resveratol Nutritious, deobstruent, laxative, detergent Majoon Zabeeb
(UPI P1 V4) Linn. (Vitaceae)
130 Mulsari Mimusoops elengi Fatty acids, saponins Semen viscoser, semen procreator, aphrodisiac —
(UPI P1V3) Linn. (Sapotaceae)
131 Samander Phal Barringtonia acutangula Saponins, sapogenins Detergent, resolvent, expectorant, carminative Habbe Hindi Chashm
(UPI P1V3) Linn. (Lecithidaceae)

132 Sanbhalu Vitex negundo Flavonoids, steroids, Vermifuge, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, Roghan-e-Haft-e-Barg, Sufuf-e-Farankusht
(UPI P1V3) Linn. (Verbenaceae) n-tritriacontane, oculotonic
p-hydroxybenzoic
acid, β-sitosterol, n-
pentatriacontane
133 Sangtara Citrus reticulata Flavonoids, phenols, volatile Cardiac tonic, stomachic, analgesic, detergent, Sufuf-e-Sangtara
(UPI P1V3) Blanco. Syn. (Rutaceae) oils-limonene, α-pinene tooth tonic, antiseptic, sedative
134 Shahme Hanzal Citrullus colocynthis Glycosides, steroids, Purgative, anti-inflammatory, abortifacient Habbe Falij, Habbe Ghariqoon, Habbe
(UPI P1V6) Schard. (Cucurbitaceae) triterpenoids, tannins, Iyarij, Habbe Suranjan, Iyaraje Loghaziya
resins, saponins, flavanoids
135 Sumaq Rhus coriaria Tannins, fatty acids Sedative, astringent Anwashdaru Sada, Anwashdaru Luluvi,
(UPI P1V3) Linn. (Anacardiaceae) Hbbe Sumaq
136 Tamar Hindi Tamarindus indica Saponins, bitter principle- Bile purgative, sedative Jawarishe Tamar Hindi, Sikanjabeen Tamar
(UPI P1V6) Linn. (Caesalpinaceae) tamarindica Hindi
137 Tukhme Gazar Daucus carota Carotenoids, volatile oils- Diuretic, ammenagogue, sedative, lithotriptic, Jawarishe Zarooni Sada, Sharbate Mudir,
(UPI P1V6) Linn. (Apiaceae) α-pinene, α-phellandrene, stimulant, carminative Labub Kabir, Labube Baridd
α-bisabolene
138 Tukhme Soya Anethum sowa Essential, aminoacids, Digestive, carminative, diuretic, analgesic, Jawarishe Fanjnosh, Safufe Moya
(UPI P1V6) Kurz Syn. (Apiaceae) α-pinene lithotriptic, liver tonic, cicatrizant
139 Zeera Siyah Carum carvi Essential oil-carvone and Digestive, carminative, stomachic Jawarishe Kamooni, Majun Jograj Gogul,
(UPI P1V3) Linn. (Apiaceae) carvacrol Habbe Pachlona, Sfufe Moya
Rhizome
140 Adrak Zingiber officinale Volatile oils, zingiberol, Digestive, carminative, nervine tonic, sudorific Habb-e-Adrak, Jawarish Zanjabeel, Majoon
(UPI P1 V4) Rosc. (Zingiberaceae) sesquiterpene, zingiberene, Zanjabeel, Safoof-e-Hazim
bisobolene, gingerosol
141 Anjabar Polygonum bistorta Phenolic compounds, Astringent, coagulant, stomachic, general tonic, Sharbate Anjabar, Qurse Anjabar, Majun
(UPI P1V3) Linn.Syn. flavanoids antiseptic Hamal ambari Alvi Khan
(Polygonaceae)
142 Bisfayej Polypodium vulgare Resins, tannins, steroids, Purgative Itrifal Ghudadi, Itrifal Ustukhuddus,
(UPI P1V2) Linn. (Polypodiaceae) flavanoids, alkaloids, Jawarishe Shahreyaran, Majoon Najah,
glycosides Majun Seer Alvi Khan, Majun Ushba, Safufe
Chob Chini
143 Asaroon Asarum europaeum Asarine, asarone Nerve stimulant, diuretic, amenorrhoea Jawarishe Jalinus, Majun Suranjan, Dawaul
(UPI P1V6) Linn. (Aristolochiaceae) kurkum
144 Khulanjan Alpinia galangal Glycosides, Cardiac tonic, carminative, expectorant, Habbe Ambar, Habbe Mumsik,
(UPI P1V2) Linn. Sw. (Zingiberaceae) Resins, steroids, aphrodisiac, anti-inflammatory Halwa-e-Gazar, Jawarish-e-Jalinoos,
triterpens, essential oil Jawarish-e-Ood Shirin, Lubub Kabir,
Majun Chobchini, Majun Seer Alvi Khan,
Majun Salab, Majun Khadar
145 Kutki Picrorhiza kurroa Iridoid glycosides-picrosides Gastric tonic, carminative, —

(UPI P1 V4) Royle ex Benth. antipyretic, vermifuge
(Scrophulariaceae)
623

146 Mouz Musa paradisiaca Fixed oil, 4-methyl sterol Nutritious, aphrodisiac, laxative, —
(UPI P1 V4) Linn. (Musaceae) ketone expectorant, detergent, fattening
147 Shaqaqul Misri Pastinaca secacul Volatile oils, sterols, Semen viuscoser, milk producer Labub-e-Kbeeer, Majun Talmakhana, Majun
(UPI P1V3) Linn. (Apiaceae) terpenes, coumarins Salab Yaqooti
148 Zanjabeel Zingiber officinalis Essential oil, gingerol, Antispasmodic, digestive, Habbe Ambar, Habbe Hilteet, Habbe
(UPI P1 V1) Rosc. (Zingiberaceae) shagaol, resinous matter expectorant, detergent Hindi, Habbe Kabid Noshadri, Jawarishe
Zanjabeel, Majun Falasfa, Jawarishe
Jalinoos, Majun Muqil, Majun Nankhwa,
Safufe Hazim Kalan
149 Zard Chob Curcuma longa Essential oil, coloring matter Anti-inflammatory, detergent, antispasmodic Marhame Jadwar, Safufe Tehal, Sunoone
(UPI P1 V1) Linn. (Zingiberaceae) curcumin Zard
Root
150 Asgand Withania somnifera Alkaloids- withanolides Anti-inflammatory, stomachic Majun Sohag, Majoon Salab, Kushta
(UPI P1 V1) Dunal. (Solanaceae) Gaodanti, Zamad Mohallil
151 Aaqarqarha Anacyclus pyrethrum Alkaloids,volatile oils Aphrodisiac Barshasha, Jawarishe Zarooni, Majun
(UPI P1 V2) DC. (Asteraceae) Baladur, Habbe Mumsik Qawi, Majun
Zabeeb, Luboob Sagheer, Habbe Falij
Mulayyin, Majun Salab, Roghan Seer,
Roghan Qust, Sunoon-e-Mujalli
152 Asl-us-soos Glycyrrhiza glabra Triterpenoids, glycyrrhizin, Anti-inflammatory, carminative, diuretic, nervine Habbe Ghariqoon, Habe Surfa Qawi,
(UPI P1 V1) Linn. (Leguminosae) glycyrrhetinic acid tonic, amennogoggue Qurse Zarishk, Dayaqooza, Lauqe Khyar
Shambar, Majun Mundi
153 Atees Shireen Aconitum heterophyllum Alkaloids-atisine, Antipyretic, constipative, coagulant, nervine Majun Jograj gugul
(UPI P1 V1) Wall ex. Royle dehydroatisine, aconitine stimulant
(Ranunculaceae)
154 Baharangi Clerodendrum phlomidis Sterols, volatile oils Stimulant, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic Majun Jograj Gogul
(UPI P1 V6) Linn.f. (Verbanaceae)
155 Beesh Aconitum chasmanthum Alkaloids, aconitine Antipyretic, sedative, narcotic, diuretic, Habb-e-Rahat, Habb-e-Nuqra,
(UPI P1 V4) Stapf. ex Holmes amennogoggue, antiscatica, bronchodilator Dawa-e-Jiryan
Syn. A. Nepellus
(Ranunculaceae)
156 Behman Safed Centurea behen Steroids, taraxasterol, Cardiac tonic, exhiralant, semen viscosity Habbe Jadwar, Majun Chobchini, Khamira
(UPI P1V3) L. (Astersceae) myristic ester, behamine Gaozuban, Labub-e-Kabeer
157 Behman Surkh Salvia haematodes Fatty acids, tannins, Cardiac tonic, exhiralant Habbe Jadwar, Majun Chobchini, Khamira
(UPI P1V3) Linn. (Lamiaceae) alkaloids Gaozuban, Labub-e-Kabeer, Dawa-ul-Misk
Motadil
158 Chirchita Achyranthus aspera Bitters, saponins, lactone1 Antidote, carminative, stomachic, diuretic, Namak Chirchita
(UPI P1 V4) Linn. (Amaranthaceae) anti-inflammatory, expectorant, blood purifiers
159 Dafli/Dafla Nerium indicum Cardiac glycoside, olendrine Resolvent, detergent, siccative, sedative, blood —
(UPI P1 V4) Mil. Syn. N. odorum purifiers, aphrodisiac
Soland (Apocynaceae)

160 Doob Cynodon dactylon Phenolics, phytotoxins, Gastric sedative, febrile sedative, diuretic —
(UPI P1 V4) (Linn.) Pers. Syn. flavanoids
Panicum dactylon
Linn. (Poaceae)
161 Gazar Daucus carota Volatile oil, protein, pectin, General tonic, aphroisiac, expectorant, diuretic, Halwa-e-Gazar
(UPI P1V2) Linn. (Apiaceae) malic acid, lignin lithotriptic, exhiralant
162 Ghongchi Arbus precatorius Glucoside-glycyrrhizin Resolvent, detergent, corrosive Raughan ganj, Majoon-e-Malook
(UPI P1 V4) Linn. (Papilionaceae)
163 Hanzal Citrullus coclocynthis Saponin, alkaloid, Laxative, anti-inflammatory, abortifacient Itrifal deedan, Arq Matbookh Haft Roza
(UPI P1V4,2) Schard. Syn. glycosides, terpenoids
(Cucurbitaceae)
164 Hilteet Ferula foetida Regel Essential oil, gum, resin Digestive, carminative, diuretic, nervine stimulant, Majun Antaki, Habbe Hilteet, Zimad
(UPI P1 V1) Syn., Ferula narthex, antiseptic, amennogogue Khanazeer
Boiss (Apiaceae)
165 Irsa Iris ensata Thumb Glycosides, steroids, resins, Anti-inflammatory, deobstruent, lithotriptic, Majoon Rahul Momineen,
(UPI P1V2) (Iridaceae) phenolic compounds expectorant, antispasmodic Zimad-e-Khannazeer, Arqe Chobchini
166 Jadwar Delphinium denudatum Alkaloids-delphocurarun, Nerve tonic, cardiac tonic, exhilarent, antipyretic, Habbe Jadwar, Khamira Gaozuban Ambari
Wall. (Renunculaceae) conelphine, denudatine deobstruent, anti-inflammatory Jawahar wala Ood Saleb wala, Jowhar
Mohra, Marhame Jadwar
167 Karanj Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Flavonoids, karanjin, Antisyphilis, antihemorrhoids —
(UPI P1 V4) Pierre. Syn. P. glabra Pongachromen,
Vent, Cystisus pinnatus tetra-O- methylfisetin
Linn. (Papilionaceae)
168 Kath Gular Ficus hispida Linn. Alkaloids, carotenoids Rubefacient, antivitiligo —
(UPI P1 V4) (Moraceae)
169 Khas Vetiveria zizaniodes Essential oil Cardiac exhiralant, cardiac tonic, brain tonic, Sharbat-e-Khas, Itr-e-Khas
(UPI P1 V4) (Linn.) Syn. Phlaris gastric tonic
zizaniodes Linn.
Nash (Poaceae)
170 Musli Safaid Chlorophytum Steroids, resins, phenolics Tonic, aphrodosiac, diuretic, stimulant Habbe Kattha, Majun Bandkushad, Majun
(UPI P1V2) arundinaceum Muqawwi Reham, Majun Piyaz, Majun
Baker (Liliaceae) Sohag Sonth
171 Qust Saussurea lappa Essential oil, alkaloid Detergent, anti-inflammatory, nervine tonic, Jawarishe Jalinoos, Dawa-ul-kurkum, Majun
(UPI P1 V1) C.B. Clarke (Asteraceae) saussurine, bitter resin expectorant, analgesic, carminative, antihelminth, Dabidul ward, Majoon Khadar, Tiryaqe
diuretic Samania
172 Rasaut Berberis arista Alkaloids-berberine, Anti-inflammatory Habbe Bawaseer Amya, Habbe Bawaseer
(UPI P1V2) D.C. (Berberidaceae) palmatine, hydrastine Damiya, Habbe Siyah Chashm, Tila
Musakkin, Zimad Wram-e-Unsayain Haad
173 Ratanjot Onosma hispidum Alkaloids, aliphatic Astringent, detergent, sicctive Marham-e-Jadwar, Marham-e-Khanazeer,
(UPI P1V3) Wall. (Boraginaceae) compounds Roghan-e-Surkh
625

174 Reeshe Bargad Ficus bengalensis Triterpene, flavonoids, Constipative, inspissant to semen —
(UPI P1V6) Linn. (Moraceae) friedelin, tannins,
α-sitosterol
175 Rewand Rheum eodi Glycosides, steroids, Detergent, anti-inflammatory, expectorant, Habbe Miskeen, Nawaz, Habbe Mushil
(UPI P1V2) Wall. (Polygonaceae) anthrquinone, rhein, emodin stomachic, diuretic, amennogoggue Istisqaee, Habbe Shabyar, Habbe Shifa,
Qurse Zarishk, Jawarishe Narmushk, Majun
Jantiyana, Majun Talkh, Sharbate Deenar,
Sufuf Lajward, Qurse Mulayyin
176 Salab Misri Orchis latifolia Phenols, glycosides, Stimulant, sementogoggue, semen procreator, Habbe Jalinoos, Habbe Mumsik, Majun
(UPI P1V6) Linn. (Orchidaceae) glucosides, bitter principles, avaricious Chobchini, Laboob Kabir, Safuf Salab,
(UPI P1V3) Mucilage Majun Falasfa
177 Satawar Asparagus recemosus Glycosides, saponins, Agglutinant, aphrodisiac, uterine tonic, inspissant Safufe Sailan ur Reham, Safufe Salab
(UPI P1 V6) Wild (Liliaceae) sitosterol to semen
178 Sheetraj Hindi Plumbago zeylanica Plumbagin, phenolics, Nervine stimulant, anti-inflammatory Majun Falasfa, Itrifal Kabir, Majun Jograje
(UPI P1 V1) Linn. (Plumbaginaceae) naphthoqunone gogul, Jawarishe Narmushk, Jawarishe
Fanjnosh
179 Sumbul-ut-teeb Nardostachys jatamansi Essential oil Anti-inflammatory, detergent, carminative, cardiac Jawarishe Fanjnosh, Barshahsha,
(UPI P1 V1) (Caprifoliaceae) tonic, brain tonic Anoshdaru, Safufe Mohazzil, Roghane
Babuna Qawi
180 Tagar Valeriana wallichii Essential oil, valerinone Deobstruent, anti-inflammatory, brain tonic, Safufe Qaranful
(UPI P1 V1) DC (Valerianaceae) nervine tonic, diuretic
181 Ushba Smilax aristociafolia Diosgenin, ferulic acid, Antisyphilis Majun Ushba
(UPI P1 V6) Mill. (Liliaceae) parillin, sarasaponin,
kaemferol
Flower
182 Bed Mushk Salix caprea Alkaloids, saponins, Cardiac tonic, exhiralant Arqe Bed Mushk
(UPI P1V2) Linn. (Salicaceae) glycosides, essential oil,
quercimeritrin, astragalin
183 Ghafis Gentiana olivieri Oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, Normalizer, stimulant, antipyretic, Majun Dabeedulward, Sharbate Deenar
(UPI P1V3) Griseb. Syn. alkaloids anti-inflammatory, detergent
(Gentianaceae)
184 Gule Gaozuban Borago officinalis Alkaloids, thesinine, Lithotriptic, antipyretic, tonic, diuretic, astringent Khamira Gaozuban, Khamira Aabresham,
(UPI P1V6) Linn. (Boraginaceae) rosemaric acid Dawaul Misk
185 Gul-e-Surkh Rosa damascena Flavonoids cyanidin-3,5 Organo tonic, general tonic, stomachic, uterine Khamira Aabresham Arshad wala, Majun
(UPI P1V3) Mill. (Rosaceae) diglucoside volatile tonic, astringent, purgative, analgesic, antiseptic Dabeedul ward, Majun Muqawwi Reham,
oils- citonellol, nerol, Majun Musaffi Dam, Majun Usshba,
geraniol, phenyl ethanol.2- Sufu-e-Mushil, Sufuf-e-Mulaiyin, Safuf-
hydroxyursolic acid, e-Chobchini, Jawarishe Tamarhindi, Itrifal
β-amyrin, methyl-ursolate Ustukhuddus, Itrifal Shahatra
186 Gul-e-Surkh Rosa centifolia Essential oil Refrigerant, general tonic, laxative, Arq-e-Gulab, Majoon Dabeed-ul-ward,
(UPI P1 V4) Linn (Rosaceae) anti-inflammatory, sedative Gulqand

187 Gul-e-Babuna Matricaria chamomilla Alkaloids, phenols, essential Sudorific, deobstruent, carminative Majun Fotnajj, Majun Seer Alvi Khan,
(UPI P1V2) Linn. (Asteraceae) oil, glycosode Zimad Mohallil, Zimad Sumbul-ut-teeb,
Raughan-e-Babuna Sada
188 Gul-e-Banafsha Viola odorata Glycosides, phenolic Laxative, expectorant, anti-inflammatory Habbe Sil, Itrifal Zamani, Khamira
(UPI P1V2) Linn. (Violaceae) compounds, volatile oils, Banafsha, Majun Antaki, Mufarreh Motadil,
flavanoids, resin, sterols, Mufarreh Yaqooti Barid, Sharbate Banafsha,
saponins Sharbate Ejaz, Habbe Ghariqoon,
Dayaqooza
189 Gul-e-Madar Calotropis procera Phenolics, cardiac glycoside Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, stomachic, Habbe Papita Willayti
(UPI P1V2) Ait. Syn. expectorant
(Asclepiadaceae)
190 Mulsari Mimusops elengi Saponins, pentacyclic Sementogoggue, semen procreator —
(UPI P1V3) Linn. (Sapotaceae) triterpenes
191 Neelofar Nymphaea nauchali Tannins, phenolics Cardiac tonic, brain tonic, sedative, anti- Sharbat Nilofar, Muffareh Azam, Qurs
(UPI P1 V4) Burm. f. Syn. inflammatory Kafoori, Musaffi Khoon
Nymphaea stellata
Willd. (Nymphaeaceae)
192 Qaranfal Syzygium aromaticum Essential oils- eugenol, Anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, analgesic, cardiac Habbe Ambar, Habbe Ambar Momyaee,
(UPI P1 V1) (Linn.) Merr. & L.M. Perry caryophyllene tonic, antispasmodic, nervine tonic Habbe Tursh mushtahi, Jawarishe Zarooni
Syn. Eugenia aromatica Sada, Jawarishe Bisbasa, Majun Kundur,
Kuntze, Eugenia Majun Lana, Majun Suparipak
caryophyllata
Thunb (Myrtaceae)
193 Qurtum Carthamus tintorius Carthamine, luteolin, Expectorant, demulcent, anti-inflammatory Roghan Qurtum, Majun Qurtum
(UPI P1V3) Linn. (Asteraceae)
194 Sangtara Citrus reticulata Tangeretin, citromitin, Cardiac tonic, stomachic, analgesic, antiseptic, Arqe Sangtara
(UPI P1V3) Blanco. (Rutaceae) cholesterol, linalool, tooth tonic
hesperidin, limonene,
195 Zufa Yabis Hyssopus officinalis Phenolics, flavanoids, Deobstruent, expectorant, anti-inflammatory, Majun Nankhwah, Habbe Ghariqoon
(UPI P1V2) Linn. (Lamiaceae) myrtenol, essential oils, carminative, stimulant, vermifuge
camphene
Whole plant
196 Banafsha Viola pilosa Alkaloids-violine Stimulant, dessicant, normalizer Habbe Banafsha, Khamira Banafsha,
(UPI P1V3) Blume. (Violaceae) Sharbate Banafsha
197 Bhangra Eclipta alba Alkaloids, ecliptine, nicotine Blood purifiee, aphrodisiac, carminative, oculo Majoon Bhangra
(UPI P1 V4) Hassk. (Asteraceae) tonic, resolvent
198 Chiraita Swertia chiraita Buch. Xanthones- xanthone Blood purifiers, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, Majoon Mussafi Khoon, Majoon Masikul
(UPI P1 V1) Ham. (Gentianaceae) glycoside, mangiferine constipative, stomachic, carminative baul, Arqe Juzam
199 Jal Brahmi Bacopa monnieri Triterpenoids, steroids, Brain tonic, sedative, diuretic, sedative, alkalizer —
(UPI P1 V4) (Linn.) Pennel. Syn. alkaloids, bacosides
Lysimache monnieri Linn.

(Scrophulariaceae)
627

200 Jawansa Alhagi pseudalhagi Alkaloids, saponins, Diuretic, blood purifiers, sedative, antidote Arqe Juzam, Arqe Musaffi Khoon Qawi
(UPI P1 V6) Bieb. Desv. flavanoids, steroids,
(Papilionaceae) phenolics
201 Khurfa Portulaca oleracea Vitamin C, mucilage, Diuretic, bilious sedative, antipyretic Mufarreh Barid, Banadiq-ul-Buzoor
(UPI P1 V4) Linn. (Portulacaceae) minerals, omega 3 fatty
acids
202 Kundush Centipeda minima Volatile oil, bitter principle, Concoctive, allays thirst —
(UPI P1V3) Linn. Syn.C. sesquiterpenes lactones
(Asteraceae)
203 Mako Solanum nigrum Alkaloids, saponins, Astringent, deobstruent, sedative, Qairooti Mako wali, Arq-e-Mako,
(UPI P1 V4) Linn. (Solanaceae) solasodine anti-inflammatory, dessicant Zimad-e-Kabid, Zimad-e-Mohallil
204 Muqil Cammiphora wightii Essential oil, gum, resin, Anti-inflammatory, nervine tonic, carminative Habbe Muqil, Majun Muqil, Itrifal Muqil
(UPI P1 V1) (Arn.) Bhand; Syn. steroids, guggle steroids Mulaiyin, Habbe Shbyar
Balsamodendron
mukul Hook, ex stocks
(Commiphora mukul
Engl.) (Burseraceae)
205 Shahatra Fumaria parviflora Alkaloids, tannins Blood purifier, diuretic, laxative Itrifal Shahatra, Arqe Shahatra
(UPI P1 V6) Lam. (Fumaraceae)
Fresh bulb
206 Basal Allium cepa Volatile oil, sulfur Anti-inflammatory, stimulant, antiseptic Majun Piyaz
(UPI P1V3) Linn. (Liliaceae) compounds, quercetin
Bark/aeril/wood
207 Aam Mangifera indica Linn. Tannins-protocatechuic Constipative, antihemorrhoidal, antigonorrheal, —
(UPI P1 V4) (Anacardiaceae) acid, catechin, mangiferin, antidiarrheal
kainic acid
208 Arjun Terminalia arjuna Tannins triterpene, arjunoic Constipative, antipyretic, blood purifier, —
(UPI P1 V4) W. & A. (Combretaceae) acid anti-inflammatory

209 Bisbasa Myristica fragrans Houtt. Fats, terpinoids, phenols, Stomachic, digestive, carminative, cardiac tonic Anoshdaru, Halwae Baiza Murgh, Itrifal
(UPI P1 V6) Syn. (Myristicaceae) Kabir, Jawarishe Bisbasa, Jawarishe
Kundur, Majun Baladur, Majun Nankhwah,
Arqe Chobchini
210 Darchini Cinnamomum Essential oil, tannin, Carminative, mucolytic, stomachic, constipative, Habbe Ambar Momyaee, Dawa-ui-kurkum,
(UPI P1 V1) zeylanicum Blume mucilage diuretic, amennogogue, aphrodisiac Jawarishe Bisbasa, Jawarishe Jalinoos,
(Lauraceae) Majun Dabidulward, Majun Falasfa, Majun
Lana, Arqe Chobchini, Safufe Kishneez
211 Jamun Syzygium cuminii Tannins, phenolic Gastric tonic, tooth tonic, constipative —
(UPI P1 V4) (Linn.) Skeels compounds
(Myrtaceae)
212 Kaiphal Myrica esculenta Waxy material, fatty acids Resolvent, astringent, carminative, antiseptic, Saffof Istihaza, Raughan Surkh
(UPI P1 V4) Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don. nervine tonic, siccative, ptarmic
Syn. M. nagi Hook.f.
(Myricaceae)

213 Karanj Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Flavones and Antihemorrhoidal, antigonorrhea —

(UPI P1 V4) Pierre. Syn. P. glabra furanoflavones like karanjin,
Vent, Cystisus pinnatus pongapin, demeth-oxy-
Linn. (Papilionaceae) kanugin, kanugin, pinnatin,
tetra-O-methylfisetin
214 Karanj Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Flavones kanugin, Antiseptic —
(UPI P1 V4) Pierre. Syn. P. glabra demethoxy-kanugin,
Vent, Cystisus pinnatus pongachromen, tetra-O-
Linn. (Papilionaceae) methylfisetin
215 Kath Acacia leucophloea Triterpene, α-amyrin, Constipative, blood purifiers, dessicant, styptic Zaroore Qula, Habbe LEMU
(UPI P1 V4) Willd. (Mimosaceae) α-sitosterol, tannin
216 Madar Calotropis procera (Ait.) Triterpenes, calotropeols, Resolvent, sedative, expectorant, digestive, Habb-e-Gul-e-Aak
(UPI P1 V4) R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae) β-amyrin, giganteol antidysentery, mucolytic
217 Neem Azadirachta indica Bitter principles, nimbin, Resolvent, sedative, laxative, concoctive, Habb-e-Surkh Badah, Habb-e-Musaffi-e-
(UPI P1 V4) A. Juss Syn. Melia nimbiol antipyretic, vermifuge, antiseptic, blood purifier Khoon, Habb-e-Bawasir, Majoon Musaffi-e-
azadirachta Linn. Khoon, Marham Jadwar
(Meliaceae)
218 Post Anjeer Dashti Ficus hispida Linn. Phenolic compounds- Pruritic, rubefacient Safufe Bars
(UPI P1 V6) (Moraceae) chebulinic acid, chebulic
acid, chebupentol
219 Post-e- Gulnar Ficus racemosa Linn. Tannins, phenolic Exhiralant, purgative, mucolytic, coagulant, Safufe Ziabetus Dulabi, Arqe Musaffi Khoon
(UPI P1 V1) Syn. Ficus glomerata compounds diuretic Qawi
Roxb. (Moraceae)
220 Samaghe Dhak Butea frondosa Anthocyanins, tannins Contipative, retentive Qurse Kaknaj, Qurse Bawaseer, Majun
(UPI P1 V6) Koen. ex. Roxb. Teewaj, Habbe Deedan, Safufe Sailan ur
(Papilionaceae) reham
221 Sandal Safaid Santalum album Volatile oil-santalol Exhiralant, sedative, antiseptic, expectorant Dawa-ul-Misk Motadil, Khamira Aabresham
(UPI P1 V6) Linn. (Santalaceae) Hakim Arshad wala, Khamira Marwarid,
Mufarreh Barid
222 Deodar Cedar deodara Terpenoids, flavanoids, Constipative, carminative, anti-inflammatory Marhame Jadwar
(UPI P1 V6) Roxb. Loud. (Pinaceae) glycosides
223 Ood Hindi Aqilaria agallocha Essential oil Nervine tonic, appetizer, antiseptic, expectorant Jawarishe Ood Shirin, Jawarishe Jalinoos,
(UPI P1 V6) Roxb. (Thymelaeaceae) Khamira Abresham Hakim Arshad wala
Shoot/kernels
224 Katai Solanum surattense Steroids, alkaloids Diuretic, expectorant, anti-inflammatory, Safufe Amlah
(UPI P1V2) Burm. f. Syn. carminative
(Solanaceae)
225 Maghze Chilghoza Pinus gerardiana Fixed oil, fatty acids Stimulant, aphrodisiac, hematogenic, Halwae Gajar, Khamira Ustukhuddus,
(UPI P1V6) Wall. (Pinaceae) adipogenous, expectorant Lubub Kabir, Lubub Sagheer, Majun Aarad
Khurma, Majun Falasfa
629

226 Maghze Tukhme Kaddu Cucurbita moschata Sterols, clerosyterol, Atihelminthic, diuretic, laxative Laooqe Sapistan, Laooqe Behidana,
Shireen Duch. ex Lam. isofucosterol, compesterol, Khamira Khashkhash, Laboobe Kabir
(UPI P1V6) (Cucurbitaceae) sitosterol, fatty acids
Gum/exudate
227 Kateera Cochlospermum L-arabinose, D-galactose, Demulcent, astringent, sedative Laooqe Shamoon, Laooqe Sapistan,
(UPI P1V6) religiosum Linn. D-rhamnose, aldobiuronic Laooqe Bahidana, Itrifal Zamani, Majun
(Cochlospermaceae) acid Azraqi, Sharbate Aejaz
228 Mocharas Salmalia malabarica Resins, saponins Astringent, coagulant, sementogoggue, dessicant Majun Bandkushad, Majun Muqawwi
(UPI P1V2) Schott. (Bombacaceae) Reham, Majun Sohag Sonth, Sufuf
Ziabetus, Sufuf Sailan
229 Mur Makki Commiphora myrrha Carbohydrates, steroids, Stimulant, antiseptic, expectorant, amennogoggue Qurse Musallas, Dawa-ul-kurkum, Majun
(UPI P1V2) (Nees) resins, gum, β-eudesmol Antaki, Tiryaqe Arba, Tiryaqe Nazla, Iyaraj-
Engl. (Burseraceae) acetate, lupenone e-Loghaziya, Sunoon-e-Muluk, Qurse
Mukhaddir
230 Neem Gum Melia azadirachta Gum, L-arabinose, Blood purifiers, stimulant, antipyretic, antiseptic, —
(UPI P1V3) Linn. (Meliaceae) L-fructose, D-galactose, vermifuge
D-glucuronic acid,
idobiuronic acid,
D-glucosamine
231 Raal Shorea robusta Resins Constipative, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, Habbe Raal, Marhame Raal, Marhame
(UPI P1V6) (Dipterocarpaceae) expectorant, cicatrizant Basaliqoon, Marhame Gulabi
232 Samaghe Arabi Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile Resins, sterols, α-sitosterol, Astringent, demulcent, aphrodisiac, expectorant Laooqe Hulba, Laooqe Bahidana, Laooqe
(UPI P1V6) α-amyrin, quercetin, gallic Badam, Majun Aarid Khurma
acid cyaidin chloride,
dopamine-3-O-glucoside,
lupeol
233 Ushaq Dorema ammoniacum Oleogum resin Resolvent, antiseptic, expectorant Zimad-e-Ushaq
(UPI P1V3) Don. (Apiaceae)
Spadix/tuber/legumes/dried galls
234 Keora Pandanus odoratissimuis Methyl ether, b-phenyl ethyl Organo tonic, stomachic, oculo tonic, general Sharbate Keora, Arqe Keora
(UPI P1V3) Linn. (Pandanaceae) alcohol, dipentine, d-linalool, tonic, blood purifiers
phenyl ethylacetate, citral
235 Kharnoob Ceratonia silique Linn. Tannins, saponins Constipative, retentive, sedative, diuretic Safufe Hbb-ur Ruman, Sharbate Anjbar
(UPI P1V6) (Caesalpiniaceae)
236 Marorphali Helicteres isora Linn. Steroids, diosgenin Anti-inflammatory, exhiralant, antidysentery, Majun Jograj gogul
(UPI P1V3) (Sterculiaceae) expectorant, detergent, analgeisc
237 Mayeen Kalan Tamarix gallica Linn. Tannins, saponins Constipative, styptic Habbe Paichish, Safufe Sailan ur reham,
(UPI P1V6) Syn. (Tamaricaceae) Safufe Salab
238 Mazoo Quercus infectoria Olive. Methyl betulate, methyl Astringent, coagulant, nutritious Majun Muqawwi Reham
(UPI P1V3) (Fagaceae) oleonolate, sitosterol, galic
acid, ellagic acid

239 Mundi Sphaeranthus indicus Alkaloids, flavanoids, bitter Blood purifiers, deobstruent, eye tonic, general Arqe Mundi, Arqe Musaffi Khoon Qawi,
(UPI P1V2) Linn. (Asteraceae) compounds, steroids, tonic Majun Mundi
volatile oils, eudesmenoloid
240 Ood Saleb Paeonia emodi Wall. Glucosides, essential oils, Antiepileptic, antispasmodic, nervine tonic Khameera Gaozuban Ambari Jadwar Ood
(UPI P1V3) (Ranunculaceae) fixed oil, tannins, terpenes Saleb Wala
241 Shalgum Brassica rapa Linn. Glucosinolate Aphrodisiac, digestive, diuretic, amennogoggue —
(UPI P1V3) (Brassicaceae)
242 Turanj Citrus medica Linn. Essential oils, flavonoids, Antiemetic, antinauseatic Anwashdaru Luluvi, Jawarishe Tamar Hindi,
(UPI P1V3) (Rutaceae) phenolics Jawarishe Zarishk, Khamira Aabresham
Hakim Arshad Wala
243 Zafran Crocus sativus Linn. Essential oil, bittere Detergent, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, cardiac Dawa-ul-kurkum, Dawa-ul-Misk Motadil
(UPI P1V6) (Iridaceae) glycoside, picrocrocin, tonic Sada
crocin
244 Zaqoom Euphorbia royleana Phorbal ester, euphol Expectorant, resolvent Habbe-Suranjan, Habbe Deedan, Itrifal
(UPI P1V3) Bioss. (Euphorbiaceae) triteroene Habbul qara
Stamens
245 Narmushk Mesua ferrea Linn. Essential oil, oleoresin Astringent, dessicant, cardiac tonic, liver tonic, Mufarreh Yaqooti, Halwa-e-Supari pak,
(UPI P1 V4) (Clusiaceae) gastric and intestinal tonic, aphrodisiac Habb-e-Jarayan, Arq Ma-ul-Laham
a
Sources: (44, 45).
b
P = Part.
c
V = Volume.
d
— = No information available in Pharmacopoeia regarding the use of this drug in compound formulations.
631

refined and advanced form of the age-old fundamental concept (12) Hameed, A. (1962) Nazaryat wa Falsafa-e-Tibb (Views and
of temperament. Based largely on herbal medicine, it provides a Philosophy of Unani Medicine), Institute of History of Medicine
cause-based permanent cure rather than short-term symptomatic and Medical Research, New Delhi, India
relief, with minimal adverse side effects, if any at all. (13) Kabiruddin, M. (1930) Kulliyat-e-Qanoon (Urdu translation),
Shaikh Muhammad Bashir and Sons, Lahore, India
The lack of proper standardization and characterization of many
(14) Kabiruddin, M. (1934) Kulliyat-e-Nafeesi, Matbuat-e-Sulemani,
polyherbal formulations, their vaguely known pharmacokinetics Lahore, India
and pharmacodynamics, and the nonavailability of data on (15) Zeinalian, M., Eshaghi, M., Naji, H., Marandi, S.M.M.,
the drug–drug and food–drug interactions often make people Sharbafchi, M.R., & Asgary, S. (2018) Adv. Biomed. Res. 4, 191

reluctant in adopting Unani medicine. More preclinical studies (16) Ansari, A.H., Zulfikle, M., & Ali, M. (2010) Ancient Sci. Life
and clinical trials are needed to draw definite conclusions about 30, 7–11
the molecular mechanisms of Unani drugs administered in acute (17) Ahmad, S. (2007) Int. J. Altern. Med. 6, 1–4
and chronic diseases and in lifestyle disorders. Furthermore, the (18) Hamdani, S.K.H. (1998) Usool-e-Tib, Qaumi Urdu Council,
use of sugar or honey as the base of several Unani formulations New Delhi, India
such as Sharbat, Khamira, Jawarish, Majoon, Itrifal, and Laooq (19) Kopaei, R., Khajegir, A., & Kiani, S. (2016) J. Clin. Diag. Res.
10, YE01–YE06
renders them unusable for diabetics. However, of late, many
(20) Ahmad, B., & Akhtar, J. (2007) Pharmacog. Rev. 1, 210–214
such formulations are being prepared in the form of powder, (21) Siddiqui, A., & Jameel, S. (2005) Tashkhees-e-Amraaz,
tablet, or capsule. Maktaba Faiz Aam, New Delhi, India
Some old hypotheses, such as those regarding pneuma, blood (22) Iqbal, M. (2013) Ann. Phytomed. 2, 1–2
composition, and supply of oxygenated and deoxygenated (23) Iqbal, M., Parveen, R., Parveen, A., Parveen, B., & Aref, I.M.
blood, which now stand rejected by modern scientific research, (2018) J. Environ. Biol. 39, 123–136
may be permitted to remain in the syllabus of teaching programs, (24) Mujahedi, M., Naseri, M., Majdzadeh, M., Keshavarz, M.,
if at all, merely as a part of the history of the evolution of the Ebadini, M., & Isfeedvajani, M.S. (2014) Iran Red Crescent
system. Another issue that deserves immediate attention is the Med. J. 16, 1–10
preservation of the art of pulse reading. The number of Hakims (25) Moeini, R., Memariani, Z., Pasalar, P., & Gorji, N. (2017)
DARU J. Pharm. Sci. 25, 7
expert in this field is rapidly declining with the passage of time.
(26) Bates, S. (2010) Drug Discovery Today 15, 115–120.
With the end of these specialists, the art of pulse reading will also doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2009.11.001
breathe its last. Institutions like the National Institute of Unani (27) Ministry of Family Health and Welfare, National Health Portal,
Medicine (Bangalore), Aligarh Muslim University (Aligarh), Historical Background of Unani Medicine, https://www.nhp.
Jamia Hamdard (New Delhi), Hamdard University (Karachi), gov.in/historical-background-of-unani-medicine_mtl (accessed
and Hamdard University Bangladesh (Dhaka) must, therefore, September 2018)
come forward to undertake comprehensive coordinated projects (28) Jaggi, O.P. (1986) Medicine in Medieval India, History of Science,
involving these reputed Hakims and experts in electronics and Technology and Medicine, Vol. 8, Atma Ram & Sons, Delhi, India
digital technology to translate the pulse signals into spectral (29) Iqbal, M. (1999) Science (Urdu Monthly) 6, 3–4
forms that may be preserved for good in the electronic memory. (30) Azmi, W.A. (1989) Baital Hikmat ki Tibbi Khidmaat (Medical
Contribution of the House of Wisdom), Mehboob Press,
Deoband, India
(31) Nigrami, S.M.H. (2009) Taareekh-e-Tibb (History of Medicine),
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Concepts and Quality Considerations in Unani System of Medicine

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Pൺඋඏൾൾඇ ൾඍ ൺඅ.: Jඈඎඋඇൺඅ ඈൿ AOAC Iඇඍൾඋඇൺඍංඈඇൺඅ Vඈඅ. 103, No.

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Concepts and Quality Considerations in Unani System

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morphological features (24). Inherent temperament (Mizaj- Arab Contributions

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(UPI P1V1) Roxb. (Symplocaceae) collaturine

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Silk cocoon (animal origin)

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31 Karanj Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Furanoflavone-3’-methoxy Antihemorrhoidal, antiseptic, blood purifiers, —

(UPI P1 V6) Medic. (Fabaceae) oil, steroids antiemmenagogic

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(UPI P1 V4) Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) ester Dawa-e-Siyah Mushil

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69 Katai Solanum surattense Steroids, glycosides Diuretic, expectorant, anti-inflammatory, Safuf-e-Amlah

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(UPI P1V3) Linn. (Brassicaceae) 3-butenyl iso-thiocynate, nutrient, expectorant Labub-e-Sagheer

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Sada, Itrifal, Zamani, Itrifal-e-Sagheer,

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145 Kutki Picrorhiza kurroa Iridoid glycosides-picrosides Gastric tonic, carminative, —

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Lysimache monnieri Linn.

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(UPI P1 V4) W. & A. (Combretaceae) acid anti-inflammatory

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213 Karanj Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Flavones and Antihemorrhoidal, antigonorrhea —

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