MOI UNIVERSITY

NAIROBI CAMPUS
SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
GROUP 8
LANGAT NANCY CHEROTICH -BA/2008/19
NKAATE EMILY SATION –BA/2013/19
KONYOKIE VICTOR SAITOTI –BA/2012/19
DORIS SERINA SORDO –CD/2006/19
UNIT: HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
UNIT CODE: SOC 220
TOPIC 8: THE INTERGRITY OF PERSONALITY
LECTURER: DR. ABUYA
 HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOMENT
Defining Some Terms
Personality: A person’s unique and relatively
stable.
Intergrity: Integrity is the quality of
having strong ethical principles
that are followed at all
times. Honesty and trust are
central to integrity, as is
consistency.
Character traits related
to integrity
Integrity is more of a quality than a skill,
it can still be developed over time. To
identify your personal strengths related
to integrity, here are several examples
of attributes related to integrity.
Gracious
Those with integrity are gracious when
others provide assistance. They express
gratitude and recognize achievements
for people they work with.
Respectful
People with integrity value other people
by showing them respect at workYou
can demonstrate this trait by exercising
punctuality, care with your words and
careful consideration of people’s ideas.
Honest
Integrity requires honesty. Those with
integrity strive to be truthful. They own
up to mistakes and try to learn from
them.
Trustworthy
People with integrity follow through on
their commitments. To demonstrate
trustworthiness, avoid over-promising. If
you’re unable to complete a task or
meet a deadline, be sure to let others
know as quickly as possible. If you are
trusted with personal information,
respect it.
Hardworking
Those with integrity strive to
produce high-quality work on time,
regardless of the task. They recognize
that everything they do can impact the
organization, their colleagues and
business outcomes.
Responsible
Behavior patterns; the consistency of who you
Those with integrity take accountability are, having
for their actions. They are also
organized and proactive making sure Been, and will become
they deliver on their responsibilities.
Character: Personal characteristics that
Helpful have been

When someone has integrity, they help

Judged or evaluated
those in need. This may be in the form
of lending their time for a project without
Temperament: Hereditary aspects
being asked or offering to cover for an
of personality,
employee in an emergency.

Including sensitivity, moods, irritability,

Patient
and adaptability

A person with integrity is able to tolerate

challenges, delays and unexpected Personality Trait: Stable qualities that a person

obstacles while maintaining a calm, shows in

even demeanor. They wait their turn to

speak in meetings and one-on-one most situations

conversations.
Personality Type: People who have several
Personality and integrity traits in
Common
Personality and integrity Personality over the years
Personality Types and Other Concepts
has become an integral part of selection and
recruitment in organisation’s, as it helps in
identifying individuals who meet the person-
Carl Jung, Swiss psychiatrist who was a Freudian

environment fit and also to highlight possible disciple, believed that we are one of two
problematic applicants. Thus, a better understanding
of integrity in relation to specific personality traits personality
will be discussed in the following section. types:
Introvert: Shy, self-centered person whose
attention is Self-Esteem: How we evaluate ourselves; a
focused inward Positive
Self-evaluation of ourselves
Extrovert: Bold, outgoing person whose
attention is Low Self-esteem: A negative self-evaluation
directed outward

Self-Concept: Your ideas, perceptions,

and feelings

about who you are

Personality Theories: An Overview

Personality Theory: System of

concepts, assumptions,

ideas, and principles proposed to explain

personality;

includes five perspectives:

Trait Theories: Attempt to learn what traits

make up personality

and how they relate to actual behavior

Psychodynamic Theories: Focus on the

inner workings of
 aspects of a
personality, especially internal conflicts
and struggles person

Behavioristic Theories: Focus on external Trait Theories

environment and on
effects of conditioning and learning Trait theorists aim to describe personality
with a small number of traits or factors

Social Learning Theories: Attribute differences

in perspectives to Personality trait—stable quality a
person shows across most situations

socialization, expectations, and

mental processes Raymond Cattell and Traits

Humanistic Theories: Focus on private, Surface Traits: Features that make up the

subjective experience and personal visible areas of personality

growth

Gordon Allport and Traits

Common Traits: Characteristics shared by most

members of a culture

Individual Traits: Describe a person’s unique

personal
qualities

Cardinal Traits: So basic that all of a

person’s activities
can be traced back to the trait

Central Traits: Core qualities of a personality

Secondary Traits: Inconsistent or superficial

Source Traits: Underlying traits of a personality;
each

reflected in a number of surface traits

Cattell also created 16PF, personality test

Gives a “picture” of an individual’s personality

the “Big Five” Personality Factors

(McCrae & Costa, 2001)

Openness to Experience

Conscientious

Extroversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism
Traits and Situations Freud was a Viennese physician who
thought his
Trait-Situation Interactions: When external
circumstances influence the expression of patients’ problems were more emotional
than physical.
personality
traits Freud began his work by using hypnosis
and eventually
Behavioral Genetics: Study of inherited
behavioral traits switched to psychoanalysis.

True or False? Freud had many followers: Jung and Adler, to

name a
I believe my parents have been one of the most few.
influential forces in my development.
Freud used cocaine and tobacco and died from
Events that occurred in childhood still affect oral
me today. cancer.

I sometimes experience a struggle from

within myself.

Sometimes I am not aware of my own

motivations and
desires.

Sometimes when I am in an argument, I feel

they

assume that I am upset, when I am actually fine.

 Psychoanalytic Theory: The Ego

Executive; directs id energies

Partially conscious and partially unconscious

Works on Reality Principle: Delays action until

it is
practical and/or appropriate

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: The Superego

Judge or censor for thoughts and actions of the

ego

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: The Id

Innate biological instincts and urges; self-

serving,

irrational, and totally unconscious

Works on Pleasure Principle: Wishes to have

its desires

(pleasurable) satisfied NOW, without

waiting and

regardless of the consequences Freud’s

 the superego
Superego comes from our parents or caregivers;
guilt Unconscious: Holds repressed memories
and emotions
comes from the superego
and the id’s instinctual drives
Two parts
Conscious: Everything you are aware of at a
Conscience: Reflects actions for which a given
person has moment

been punished Preconscious: Material that can easily be

brought into
Ego Ideal: Second part of the superego;
reflects behavior one’s parents approved of or Awareness
rewarded Freudian Personality Development

Freudian Dynamics of Personality Develops in stages; everyone goes through

and Anxieties same stages
in same order
Ego is always caught in the middle of
battles between Majority of personality is formed before age 6

superego’s desires for moral behavior and the

id’s
desires for immediate gratification

Neurotic Anxiety: Caused by id impulses that

the ego

can barely control

Moral Anxiety: Comes from threats of

punishment from
 Freudian Personality Development:
Erogenous Zone: Area on body capable of Anal Stage
producing
pleasure Anal Stage: Ages 1-3. Attention turns to process
of
Fixation: Unresolved conflict or emotional hang-
up elimination. Child can gain approval or express
aggression by letting go or holding on. Ego
caused by overindulgence or frustration develops.

Freudian Personality Development: Harsh or lenient toilet training can make a child:
Oral Stage
Anal Retentive: Stubborn, stingy, orderly,
Oral Stage: Ages 0-1. Most of infant’s pleasure and compulsively clean
comes
Anal Expulsive: Disorderly, messy, destructive,
from stimulation of the mouth. If a child or
is overfed or Cruel

frustrated, oral traits will develop. Early

oral fixations can

cause…

Oral Dependent Personality: Gullible, passive,

and

need lots of attention.

Later oral fixations can cause…

Oral-aggressive adults who like to argue and

exploit
Others
Freudian Personality Development: Freudian Personality Development:
Phallic Stage Latency Stage

Phallic Stage: Ages 3-6. Child now notices and is
physically attracted to opposite sex parent. The
child is
vain, sensitive, narcissistic. Can lead to:
Oedipus Conflict: For boys only. Boy feels rivalry
with
his father for his mother’s affection. Boy may
feel
threatened by father (castration anxiety).
To resolve,
Latency: Ages 6-Puberty.
Psychosexual development is
dormant. Same sex friendships and play
occur here.
Freudian Personality Development:
Genital Stage
Genital Stage: Puberty-on. Realization of full
adult
sexuality occurs here; sexual urges re-awaken.

boy must identify with his father (i.e., become

more

like him and adopt his heterosexual beliefs).

Electra Conflict: Girl loves her father and

competes
with her mother.

Both concepts are widely rejected today by

most
Psychologists
 most cases) psychological processes designed to

reduce
anxiety

Work by avoiding, denying, or distorting sources

of

threat or anxiety

If used short term, can help us get through

everyday
situations

If used long term, we may end up not living

in reality

Protect idealized self-image so we can live with

Ourselves

Freudian Defense Mechanisms:

Psychological Defenders of You!

Defense Mechanisms: Habitual and

unconscious (in
Freudian Defense Mechanisms:
Some Examples
Denial: Most primitive; refusing to
believe, denying
reality; usually occurs with death and illness
Repression: When painful memories,
anxieties, and so
on are held out of our awareness
Projection: When one’s own
feelings, shortcomings, or
unacceptable traits and impulses are seen
in others;
exaggerating negative traits in others
lowers anxiety
Rationalization: Justifying personal actions by
giving
“rational” but false reasons for them
Reaction Formation: Impulses are repressed
and the
opposite behavior is exaggerated
Learning Theories and Some Key Terms
Behavioral Personality Theory: Model
of personality that
emphasizes learning and observable behavior
Learning Theorist: Believes that learning shapes
our
behavior and explains personality
Situational Determinants: External conditions
that
influence our behaviors
Dollard and Miller’s Theory
Habits: Learned behavior patterns; makes
up structure of
personality. Governed by:
Drive: Any stimulus strong enough to goad
a person
into action (like hunger)
Social Learning Theory (cont'd)
Cue: Signals from the environment that
guide responses Self-efficacy: Capacity for producing a desired
result
Response: Any behavior, either internal or
observable; actions Self-reinforcement: Praising or rewarding
oneself for
Reward: Positive reinforcement
having made a particular response (getting a
Social Learning Theory (Rotter) good
grade)
Definition: An explanation that
combines learning Social Reinforcement: Praise, attention, and/or
approval
principles, cognition, and the effects of from others
social relationships
Identification: Feeling emotionally connected to
Psychological Situation: How the person admired
interprets or adults

defines the situation

Expectancy: Anticipation that making a

response will

lead to reinforcement

Reinforcement Value: Subjective value attached

to a
particular activity or reinforcer
Imitation: Desire to act like an admired person Androgynous individuals are more adaptable in
our
Becoming Male or Female society

Identification: Feeling emotionally connected to Rigid gender stereotypes can restrict

admired behavior, especially in males
adults
Instrumental Behaviors: Goal-directed
Imitation: Desire to act like an admired person
Expressive Behaviors: Emotion-oriented
Miller and Dollard’s Four Critical
Childhood Situations

Feeding

Toilet or cleanliness training

Sex training

Learning to express anger or aggression

Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI)

and Androgyny

BSRI: Created by Sandra Bem

Consists of 60 personal traits, 20 each for

“masculine,” “feminine,” and “neutral”

Androgyny: Having both masculine and

feminine traits in
a single person
 developing

personal potentials

Peak Experiences: Temporary moments

of self-actualization

Carl Rogers’ Self Theory

Fully Functioning Person: Lives in harmony

with his/her
deepest feelings and impulses

Humanism
Self: Flexible and changing perception of
one’s identity

Approach that focuses on human experience,

problems, Self-Image: Total subjective perception of your

potentials, and ideals

body and

Human Nature: Traits, qualities, potentials, and personality

behavior

patterns most characteristic of humans

Free Choice: Ability to choose that is NOT

controlled by

genetics, learning, or unconscious forces

Subjective Experience: Private perceptions

of reality

Self-Actualization (Maslow): Process of fully

 used by children
Incongruence: Exists when there is
a discrepancy Positive Self-Regard: Thinking of oneself as a
good,
between one’s experiences and self-image
lovable, worthwhile person
Ideal Self: Idealized image of oneself (the
person one Organismic Valuing: Natural, undistorted,
would like to be) full-body

Positive Self-Regard: Thinking of oneself as a reaction to an experience

good,
Unconditional Positive Regard:
lovable, worthwhile person
Personality Assessment
Unconditional Positive Regard: Unshakable love
and Interview: Face-to-face meeting designed
Approval to gain

information about someone’s personality,

current

psychological state, or personal history

More Rogerian Concepts

Conditions of Worth: Internal standards of

evaluation

Unstructured Interview: Conversation is
informal, and topics are discussed as
they arise
Structured Interview: Follows a prearranged
plan, using a series of planned questions
Direct Observation: Looking at behavior
Other Types of Personality Assessments
Behavioral Assessment: Recording the
frequency of
specific behaviors
Situational Test: Real life situations
are simulated so that
someone’s spontaneous reactions can
be recorded
In-Basket Test: Simulates decision-making
challenges
that executives face
Basket full of memos is given to applicant,
and applicant must act appropriately as
quickly as possible
Leaderless Group Discussion: Test of
leadership that
simulates group decision making and problem
solving
More Types of Personality Assessments!
Reliability: Does a test give close to the
same score each
time it is given to the same person?
Validity: Does the test measure what it claims
to
measure?
Personality Questionnaire: Paper-and-pencil
test
consisting of questions that reveal
personality aspects
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2): Widely used objective personality
questionnaire

Honesty (Integrity) Test: Assumes that poor attitudes

toward dishonest acts predispose a person to

dishonest
behavior
 uneasiness and strain when socializing

Social Anxiety: Feeling of apprehension in the

presence

of others

Evaluation Fears: Fears of being inadequate, embarrassed, ridiculed, or rejected

Private Self-Consciousness: Attention to inner feelings,

thoughts, and fantasies

Public Self-Consciousness: Intense awareness of oneself as a social object

Projective Tests

Psychological tests that use ambiguous or

unstructured
stimuli; person needs to describe the
ambiguous stimuli
or make up stories about them

Rorschach Technique: Developed by Swiss

psychologist Hermann Rorschach; contains 10
standardized inkblots (the “inkblot” test)

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): Developed

by
Henry Murray, personality theorist; projective
device
consisting of 20 drawings (black and white) of
various
situations; people must make up stories about
the
people in it

Shyness

Definition: Tendency to avoid others and feeling

 REFERENCES
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