PLAGIARISM SCAN REPORT

Date June 28, 2021

Exclude URL: NO

Unique Content 96% Word Count 1,208

Plagiarized Content 4% Records Found 5

Paraphrased Plagiarism0

CONTENT CHECKED FOR PLAGIARISM:

Review article The role of flavonoids in human health and food system 1. Introduction: Flavonoids

are low molecular weight polyphenols with biological activity and play an important role in cell

photosynthesis. They are also called "phytochemicals", which are substances in edible fruits and

vegetables that can change human metabolism and prevent chronic and degenerative diseases. 2-

Role as an antioxidant: Oxidation is the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. When

electrons flow, free radicals are generated. For example, free radicals centered on O2 are called

reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide (O2, ¯), per oxygen (ROO˙), alkoxy (RO), and

hydroxyl (HO). .)˙ free radicals) and nitric oxide (NO.). It plays a pathogenic role in aging and

various related degenerative diseases such as heart disease, congestive dysfunction, and cancer.

To prevent this effect, there are biomolecules and non-enzymatic proteins, as well as the

antioxidant enzyme system that plays an important role. The use and function of antioxidants and

free radical scavengers in organisms. The phenolic group of flavonoids provides a well-organized

source of H atoms for scavenging free radicals through the flavonoid structure. Flavonoids inhibit

lipid peroxidation by acting as scavengers of superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. They

complete free radical chain reactions by donating hydrogen atoms to peroxide free radicals to form

flavonoid free radicals. 3-Cardio protective role of Flavonoids: Studies have shown that dietary

intake of flavonoids is closely related to the occurrence of coronary heart disease. Oxidative stress

from reactive oxygen species is a pathological determinant and participates in the development

and progression of various cardiovascular diseases. Flavonoids are currently considered to be

secondary plant substances that reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease through a variety of
mechanisms. Cardiovascular diseases Influence of Flavonoids Atherosclerosis Decrease in LDL

oxidation by LOX inhibition and attenuation of oxidative stress, inhibition of leukocyte

adhesion, Arrhythmia Decrease in oxidative stress. Acute Myocardial infarction Inhibition of

platelet aggregation Heart Failure Decrease in oxidative stress by inhibition of

metalloproteinase Hypertension Vasodilatory properties, inhibition of NADPH oxidase, 4-Anti-

Carcinogenic role of Flavonoids: flavonoids are an important class of secondary plant

compounds with protective properties Anti-cancer function and potential anti-cancer function.

Flavonoids in food can inhibit the proliferation of various cancer cells and tumor growth in

animals. Flavonoids are important biologically active molecules with anti-cancer effects

because they can interfere with the development of cancer.

4751485136800409680011029523544009060074160093600Normal cellInitiated cellPreneoplasts

ROS scavenging, alter carcinogen metabolism Prevent further DNA damage Induces apoptosis

40290751054102376000121480 Metastasis Tumor Prevent further DNA damage, Induces

angiogenesis, Inhibit invasion Flavonoids consumption may protect against cancer induction in

several human tissues. These have the potential to be a major component of colon, lung,

prostate, and bladder cancer control. 5-Anti-Inflammatory role of Flavonoids In inflammation,

bacterial cells produce induced cytokines. The formation of large amounts of nitric oxide (NO)

can cause nitric oxide synthase, and compounds that inhibit NO production have anti-

inflammatory effects. The main function of inflammation is to remove infection and repair

damage to achieve homeostasis. Therefore, the ideal inflammatory response is rapid and

destructive, but specific and self-limiting flavonoids can inhibit the expression of inducible

nitric oxide synthase isomers, which are responsible for the production of large amounts of

monoxide. Nitrogen and other inflammatory mediators. B. Cytokines, chemokines, or adhesion

molecules. Apigenin, luteolin, and quercetin are known to have anti-inflammatory effects.

(-)COX (-)iNOS (-)Cytosolic kinase (-)Tyrosine Kinase (-)Neutrophil degranulation (-)Protein kinase

Flavonoid-------------------- Inhibit Inflammation 6-Antimicrobial role of Flavonoids: (i)Antifungal

Activity Usual drugs that were used to treat fungal infections should have to recoil because

fungi have developed resistance against usual drugs. It is necessary to find alternative means

to combat these fungal infections.

Amentoflavone from Selaginella tamariscina has antifungal activity against several pathogenic

fungal strains and has a very low side effect on the human. An isoflavone, 2-hydroxy maackiain

from the root extract of Hildegar diabarteri has been observed that has antifungal activity.

Flavonoid derivatives, standalone, tiliroside, quercetin 3,7-O-α-L dirhamnoside, and

kaempferol-3,7- O-α-L-dirhamnoside have been reported to have antifungal activities against C.

Albicans. (ii)Antiviral Activity Recent research on flavonoids shows that flavonoids have inhibitory
activity against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).HIV-1 infection of the host cells proceeds

via reverse transcription, viral DNA integration into the host genome, transcription, translation,

proteolytic processing of viral proteins, and conversion into viral particles. Luteolin, quercetin,

myricetin have been found to have anti-HIV-1 activity. Luteolin is the most important flavonoid and

can inhibit HIV-1infection. (iii)Anti-thrombotic Activity of Flavonoids Arachidonic acid released in

inflammatory conditions is metabolized by platelets to form prostaglandin, endoperoxides, and

thromboxane thus it contributes to platelet activation and aggregation. Moreover, Platelets

contribute to atherosclerosis and acute platelet thrombus formation. Flavonoids are used as

antithrombotic agents due to their ability to scavenge free radicals. Flavonoids like quercetin,

kaempferol, and myricetin are known to possess antithrombic properties. 7-Toxicity of flavonoids:

Flavonoids are widely distributed in edible plants and beverages and are used in traditional

medicine; they are likely to have minimal toxicity. Even high doses do not appear to cause serious

side effects, even for amounts as high as 100 grams a day. Excess intake is simply excreted in the

urine. For example, green tea, highly concentrated doses of it might contain too much caffeine for

cancer and hepatitis patients and those people sensitive to caffeine. 8-Conclusion Many diseases

have found their way to exist among humans. These diseases are caused by microorganisms, most

of which have made the internal environment of humans a host. Many drugs are used to combat

these diseases, but because of the various side effects and the ability of these organisms to

develop resistance, the capability of these drugs has decreased over the years. Therefore, it is

need time to treat diseases using natural medicinal plants. Fruits and vegetables are natural

sources of flavonoids. Dietary flavonoids found in vegetables, fruits, chocolates, etc. are part of

our daily diet. There is a need of more research for the determination of dosage limits of

flavonoids and to discover more variety of flavonoids found in nature. The medicinal importance of

many flavonoids as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antiviral agents is well

known.

These substances are more commonly used in developing countries usually as herbal medicine.

References 1-Barton G.M. (2008). A calculated response: control of inflammation by the innate

immune system. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 118:413–420 2-Becker, L.B. (2004). New concepts

in reactive oxygen species and cardiovascular reperfusion physiology. Cardiovascular Rescue,

61(3): 461- 470. 3-Bergermini, C.M., Gambetti, S., Dondi, A., and Cervellati, C. (2004). Oxygen,

Reactive Oxygen Species, and tissue damage. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 10(14): 1611- 1626 4-

Bimlesh, K., Sunil, P., Manoj, S., Pardeep S., and Harleen S. (2011). A Review of Phytochemistry

and pharmacology of Flavonoids. Internationale Pharmaceutical Scientia,1 (1):25-38. 5-Dashputre

N.L., and Naik wade N.S. (2011). Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer Activity of Methanolic Extract of Abutilon
Indicum Linn Leaves in Experimental Rats. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, 3(2):97- 10

MATCHED SOURCES:

- <1>Compare

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov - <1>Compare

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18246191/

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov - <1>Compare

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14962477/

- <1>Compare

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov - <1>Compare

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19442088/
Report Generated on June 28, 2021 by prepostseo.com