1. What is whistleblowing?

(page- 274)

Whistle blowing means calling attention to wrongdoing that is occurring within an organization.
A whistleblower is a person, usually an employee, who exposes information or activity within a
private, public, or government organization that is deemed illegal, illicit, unsafe, or a waste,
fraud. It basically refers to the act of organization members, either former or current, disclosing
information on illegal and unethical practices within the organization to parties internal or
external to the organization, who can take action. Whistle blowing goes against the boundary
of loyalty towards the company one is working for, and it involves a sort of ethical dilemma.
There are certain objectives of Whistle Blowing. They are:

 Whistle blowing may be undertaken to bring the unethical matter before the public.
 It is resorted to for increasing the awareness of the people about a particular
organization.
 The basic purpose is to put the wrong-doer on the ethically right track. It a method of
moral correction.
 It is practiced to bring justice and fairness in all the activities of the company.
 It may be necessary to protect or improve the corporate image, which is under threat.

2. Can whistleblowing be justified? (Page - 275)

Whistle blowing is not always justified, but under certain circumstances it can be justified if the
following 5 conditions are present.

 Whistleblowing is justified if there is any eye witness to the incident or any documentary
evidence that may support the argument of the whistle blower. If one is positive that the
procedure, product or activity of the company is harmful to the protection and security of
the public.
 Whistle blowing is justified if the product or policy of an organization is going to harm the
consumers and others members of the public in a serious manner. Valid reasons to believe
that revealing the wrongdoing to the public will result in the changes in the organisation are
necessary to remedy the situation
 If any serious complication or threat has already occurred in that case, it will be justified if
the matter is reported to the authority.
 Whistleblowing is also justified if the immediate senior officer does not take any actions
against the wrongdoing then it can be reported to the higher authorities and it will be
justified.
 Whistleblower needs to be sure that proper actions will be taken if it is reported. He/she
also needs to be sure that the risk will be equal to the success
3. What are the precautions before whistleblowing? (Page-276)

Whistle blowing has consequences of moral, legal, personal, economic, family and career demands. It is
a serious step with definite consequences.

Whistleblower should be clear about the intensions and likely consequences. He/she can go ahead only
if that person is convinced that the situation warrants whistle blowing. Compile documents to support
his/her case and not to depend upon hearsay. Allegations should be stated appropriately with
documents and to be sent to the right person/ position. Preferably take the internal route. If this does
not work then try external route. Whistle blowing can be done openly or anonymously. If identity is
disclosed are should be prepared to face the consequences. Whistleblowers has to decide if it is
appropriate to take action immediately after sometime later or during the service. Consulting a lawyer
about possible legal battle and defense mechanism. Whistleblowers has to be ready with facts always
and state their allegation specifically and clearly. Consulting with a colleague or at least a few of them
will also help. If it is a personal grudge, whistle blowing may not be necessary.

4. Possible consequences to a whistleblower

The whistle blower will experience continuous strain, trauma and stress. This can take a toll on his
health, both physically and mentally. The whistle blower can be taken out of his job. His family will have
to bear the brunt, and his family's budget would be unbalanced. If he is not fired from work, the
management will be discriminated against. It may be granted more burdensome tasks, burdensome
assignments, and all its actions will be controlled. It will have to be subject to disciplinary action, and
there may be financial sanctions and abuse. He will be known as a trouble shooter, and some of his
colleagues, who are very loyal to the organization, may shun him and will announce his weakness or his
inability to perform those duties. He may be formally ostracized. Some members of his family do not
cooperate with him and family relationships may be held back for a while.

5. In what conditions a whistleblower can & can't be protected? (page 276-277)

The whistle blower is fighting for a morally acceptable cause. If He fights for a common cause that
affects both his colleagues and the public then protection can be given. Protection can be offered by
keeping his name and identity secret. Legal immunity may also be offered if the reason is socially and
morally just. In the event of any penalty placed on him by his company, the government can take action.
To the company, if the latter is right.

Protection, however should not be provided when Whether the whistle blower has revealed the
sensitive matter of the firm, which is to be kept secret for the sake of business. If the charge is not
persuasive of the company's negligence and the charge is detrimental to the company. Where charges
are irrelevant to policies and procedures that may appear to be irresponsible or unlawful. Whistle
blower has little to do with legality or ethics in relation to the manager's integrity in day-to-day job
decisions. This form of allegation is therefore not intended to provide defense from any quarter. Whistle
blower is not legal or moral against the decision of the management to move, demote or discharge,
whether it is done correctly. The whistle blower should therefore not be covered.
6. Opinion
In my opinion Whistleblowing is exactly as ethical as the practices it exposes are unethical. If an
individual discovers that the company, they work for is behaving unethically, then it is the moral
duty of that individual to strive to address the unethical behavior. Company loyalty cannot trump
this. So, if formal in-house escalation is infeasible or proving unsuccessful, whistleblowing becomes
a moral imperative.

2nd class- Date: 15/11/2020:

Chapter 12:

7. Meaning of Work ethics (page: 244)

Work ethics is a perception that hard work and dedication have a moral advantage and an ability,
virtue or value to improve one’s character and skills. It is a set of values based on importance of
work and represented by the willingness or determination to work hard.

It is basically an inherent attitude that an individual possesses and it allows one to make decisions
and perform his/her duties with positive moral values that include elements like integrity,
responsibility, high quality, discipline, humility and teamwork. Having said that, all professional
ethics involve work ethics but all works ethics may not involve professional ethics. Work ethics
refers to certain norms and a collection of standards that in his opinion, a worker finds necessary
when doing a job. All this then becomes the foundation of the culture of work. An individual that
possesses a positive work ethics will consider the moral implications of everything he does and will
establish clear boundaries between what he considers appropriate and what he doesn’t, according
to his own values and principles. People who possess a strong work ethic focuses on certain
principles that guide their work behavior to develop and process a strong work ethic will inevitably
result in the production of high-quality work which is consistent.

8. what is professional ethics? (Page: 245)

Professional ethics shall encompass the personal and organizational code of conduct required of
professionals. A career or profession is a social vocation that ensures a vocation that gives one the
means to earn one's livelihood. Professional ethics is based on certain ethical values and norms
which a professional is supposed to follow.

Many professionals have internally implemented codes of practice that members of the profession
must obey in order to avoid the abuse of the client and to protect the dignity and prestige of the
profession. This is not only for the good of the customer, but also for the benefit of those who
belong to that profession. Disciplinary codes make it possible for the discipline to establish a norm
of conduct and to ensure that individual practitioners comply with this standard by disciplining them
from the professional body if they do not practice appropriately. This helps those practitioners who
behave with conscience to work in the confidence that they will not be commercially undermined by
those who have less ethical difficulties. It also retains public interest in the profession and allows the
 public to continue to seek their services. Professionalism is above and above any monetary benefit
or temptation. It has a responsibility to support society. The aim of a career is to serve and not to
manipulate others in the name of duties. The payments are to be as minimal as possible. The
charging of so many fees by a practitioner is a trivialization of the noble profession.

9. Professional ethics and human values (page: 246)

Professional ethics is important for the exploration, preservation and enhancement of certain
human values. Values are our guiding principles for our success-our paradigm of what is
appropriate. Human behavior depends on the characters that describe the personality, the beliefs,
and the belief.

These principles are empathy, caring and compassion, trust and trust, truthfulness and honesty,
justice and fairness, the performance of duty to others, non-violence and non-injury, and
transparency and social responsibility. There are three types of human values are embedded in a
Profession.

1. The human values on which the profession is based and the professional values that an
individual is required to uphold and respect.
2. The effect of professional principles and behavior on the value of the client, recipient or
victim.
3. Technical and socio-cultural beliefs.

Both these three principles are of an interactive type. The result of such experiences can be
constructive in the sense that they may strengthen one another, step in the same direction and
improve social and ethical values. Interactions can also be contradictory in nature and there may
be a clash of principles leading to a disruption of social stability, conflict and stress. A condition
of cooperative conflict can be the third potential outcome of the interaction of these principles.

10. Professional ethics for physicians (page: 248,249)

There is a saying by Mahatma Gandhi, that goes “It is health which is real wealth, and not pieces
of gold and silver.” Like food, our basic necessity is health. Since human capital exists in
human bodies, human capital is an essential part of human capital.

Physical ethics involves analyzing a particular question, usually a clinical situation, and using
principles, evidence and reasoning to determine what the best course of action should be. These
principles are intended to assist physicians personally and collectively in upholding a high standard
of ethical behavior. They are not rules but criteria by which a physician may assess the
appropriateness of his or her actions in his or her relationship with patients, colleagues, members of
allied professions, and the public.
 Dilemma in Medical profession (page:249)

In the process of training or practicing, a doctor can come across a variety of ethical dilemmas that
have to be resolved. The problem is the product of a conflict between ethical standards and
personal values or between legal, moral or professional ethics or values.

 Delivering Bad News is the first dilemma they face in this profession. The weight of bearing
and breaking the bad news is often an unfortunate outcome or finding, and also a heavy
one. What happens when one of the married couples has contracted HIV? Should doctors
risk communication extend to the family if it is against the patient’s wishes? In this case
what should the doctor do? This is the most common dilemma faced in this profession.

 Revealing Mistakes to Patients is the second dilemma which they face. When revealing
medical errors, where do doctors draw the line? Doctors do not bring up the mistakes
caused by them during the operation thinking, if they reveal it, it might cause legal actions
against them. If the mistakes didn’t do any harm, there’s no reason to bring to the patient's
attention mistakes.

 There are many uncertainties involved in surgical operations. For instance, you have a
patient who wants to get a bypass surgery and you are not sure about the exact percentage
of success of the operation and the survival chance of the patient. Will you perform the
surgery?

 If a criminal was under a doctor’s treatment who is dangerous for their country and the
hospital authorities are asking you to get rid of him by providing wrong medications and
treatment. But Medical code of conduct is against intentional killing. In this case, what
should the doctor do?

11. Hippocratic oath (page:250)

In the first section, the oath consists of a pledge that doctors will honor parents and teachers and
provide them with all assistance, including financial assistance, if necessary. The oath is that they will
abide by the laws of the Doctors and nothing else. The second part of the oath is based on the following
five ethical principles:

● The physicians will treat the sick according to their abilities and judgement and will not do
any harm or wrong to the sick people.
● They will not administer poison to any one even if asked to do so.
● They will not cause abortion.
● They will keep themselves free from fornication with women or men, bond or free.
● They will maintain secrecy regarding their patients and their diseases.
There is another type of oath which is known as Revised Hippocratic Principles. Medical graduates in
recent years take oath on the revised Hippocratic Principles. The five revised medical ethics are:

● Complete loyalty to the profession

● Professional practice with uprightness and honour
● Doing everything morally and professionally good for the sick
● Keeping aloof from all types of corruption
● Doing nothing for a criminal purpose

12. Duties of a physician (page:251)

Physicians’ mainly belongs in the primary care team and provide patients with high-quality treatment
and diagnostic services. They are responsible for meeting, assessing and diagnosing patients in the clinic
and providing patients with healthcare services that meet state and national standards for caregiving.
Apart from all these they have certain duties. They are:

● Complete loyalty to patients.

● Maintain secrecy regarding what he has been told by the patient.
● A doctor must give necessary treatment in emergency as a humanitarian service.
● A doctor should behave with his colleagues in such a way as he himself will expect them to
behave with him.
● A doctor must not entice away the patients from his colleagues.
To sum up the discussion, one can state that basically there are fi ve very compelling medical
codes for the practitioners to follow. These codes are:
● Giving freedom to patient to decide on certain matters (autonomy)
● Beneficence (doing good to the patient)
● Non-malfeasance (doing no harm to the patient)
● Maintenance of doctor-patient confi dentiality
● Treating sick as a sacred bounden duty above all

13. Professional ethics for lawyer, ethical dilemma in a legal profession (page:251, 252 , 253)

Professional ethics encompasses an ethical code governing the conduct of persons engaged in the
practice of law as well as persons engaged in the legal sector. All members of the legal profession have
a paramount duty to the court and towards the administration of justice. This duty prevails over all
other duties, especially in the circumstances where there may be a conflict of duties. It is important that
legal practitioners conduct themselves with integrity, provide proper assistance to the court, and
promote public confidence in the legal system. In carrying out their duties, they are required and
expected to deal with other members of the legal profession with courtesy and integrity. Lawyers, apart
from being professionals, are also officers of the court and play a vital role in the administration of
justice.

A lawyer should maintain dignity, independence, and guarantee professional confidentiality. In order to
be ethical, he should follow the principles of conscience and humanity.
 He must respect all the individuals involved in the court case. Human dignity is the basis of all ethical
reasoning. Everybody is to be regarded as innocent in the eyes of law unless his guilt is proved beyond
the shadow of doubt.
A lawyer should avoid all canvassing or solicitations for the clients. He or she should not snatch away the
clients from another lawyer.
A lawyer should not solicit employment from a prospective client.
A lawyer should not get his clients’ cases published in the media, and give interviews in connection with
any sensational case.
When approached by a prospective client, a lawyer can accept or refuse to accept any brief.
A good lawyer is to fight for truth and justice. It is not a good practice to take time again and again and
delay the case. Justice delayed is justice denied.
Lawyers have a social responsibility of not protecting criminals in the larger interest of
the society. They have to maintain a balance between their legal duties, social empowerment and the trust
they enjoy.
Ethical Dilemmas in Legal Profession
When a lawyer faces a situation where a criminal already confessed his wrong doings and guilt to the
lawyer, should he accept the case and fight for the criminal? If he does that that means he is doing
something unethical but if he disagrees to take the case and fight for him then he is not sticking to his
professional code. In this case, he cannot earn money and support his family. What should a lawyer do
in this situation is still an ethical dilemma.

Every lawyer wants to win cases for which he took the money. In this case, should the lawyer adopt
unethical ways and make his client and other witness lie and fabricate the information or should he stay
faithful and try to win honestly? This type of dilemma is very common in court cases.

While fighting a case, associates from the opposite party open tries to bribe the lawyer so that he
weakens the case. In this case, should a lawyer do that or should he honestly fight for his client? There is
an existing dilemma which many lawyers face.

14. Professional ethics for engineer's, code of ethics for engineer's, professional dilemma for
engineers (page: 253-256)

The Engineering profession is important to the industrial development of a country. Engineers are
responsible for building up utilities, technical facilities, communication networks, factories and
equipment and the like. In recent years, the importance of the engineering profession has increased due
to globalized and competitive industrial product markets. There is certain code of ethics for Engineers
which is universally accepted. They are:

Code of Ethics for Engineers:

  The engineer shall pay special attention to safety in the design and operation of all processes
and products.

 The engineer shall pay special attention to safety in the design and operation of all processes
and products.

 Engineers are built to cultivate a shared bond that exists between the general human race and
the engineering profession in particular. Members should have the highest respect for social
justice, equity and equality of opportunity without prejudice.
 One of the essential tasks of engineers is to increase engineering performance by using less
input to generate a certain amount of output. This definition differs from economic efficiency,
which is aimed at lowering production costs.

 They should not behave in any way that may harm or damage the reputation of the Institution
of Engineers or the Institution in which they are employed.

 The engineer should keep his employer or client aware of the project at all times that may or
may not be viable or feasible in terms of technological, environmental, economic and other
risks.

 It shall refuse any offer which may involve unfair practices or may cause avoidable harm to the
ecosystem.

 The engineer shall not directly or indirectly harm the professional integrity of another engineer.

Ethical Dilemmas in Engineering Profession

Common ethical dilemmas include maintaining a balance between product design and 1)
maintaining rising production costs, 2) maintaining consumer or public safety, 3) maintaining or
increasing profit. Other ethical dilemmas involve engineers’ responsibilities to when they are
aware of unsafe products being marketed.

When an engineer is hired for a project in a contractual basis for which he will receive a certain
amount of money. He was told to use standard raw materials in this project. But he then finds
out that the amount of money he will receive for the project is not very much. In this case, a
dilemma arises whether he should use normal quality raw materials to increase his profitability
and cheat the client or should he use standard raw materials which will cut his profit by half.
While working in a project an engineer finds out a minor problem in the project. In this case
another ethical dilemma arises whether he should inform the problem to the authorities or
should he not talk about it.

15. Mercy killing and my opinion

“Mercy Killing” is very popular nowadays which is also known as Euthanasia. It is basically
ending of life to be relieved from difficult sufferings. There are many cases in Mercy killing like it
can be voluntary and involuntary, passive and active. Mercy killing is a lot similar to ‘assisted
suicide’.
Unfortunately, there are people with really poor medical circumstances who wish to die and
they no longer find their quality of life acceptable. A dilemma arises when people like this are
kept alive by machines or other medical treatments. Since paralyzed or extremely sick people
have to suffer a lot because of the pain and doctors or their own family members have to take
care of them all the time and also a person has rights that should be fulfilled. There are two
sides of Mercy killing. Passive Mercy Killing and Active Mercy killing. Passive Mercy killing
suggests that we must always do everything we can to try to keep someone alive, even if they
are miserable, want to die, and say so. To many, that’s just cruel. Passive mercy killing can also
be supported by stating conditions when it can be permitted to let someone die If someone is
dying, and is in horrible pain and suffering, and that pain and suffering cannot be relieved. If
that person wants to die and says so, and then it can be permissible to let that person die. It
can also be referred as Voluntary Mercy killing. On the other hand, Active Mercy killing is when
death is brought about by an act such as overdose of medicine or lethal injection or any lethal
substances.
In my opinion, Mercy killing is not ethical because by any means we should always keep a
person alive since death is not in our hands. There are many religious restrictions on death
since mercy killing is kind of assisted suicide where a person can choose if he wants to live or
die. In our religion death is in the hands of The Almighty. This is why I think mercy killing is not
ethical.

16. Abortion
Abortion means terminating pregnancy. Abortion is widespread now days all over the world.
Abortion is the most controversial subject when it comes to ethical issue. Ethical issues in
abortion involve a constant battle between freedom and life.
Abortion remains one of the most divisive and emotionally charged issues in anywhere in the
world. At one end of the debate over this practice are those who regard abortion as murder, at
the other end are those who regard any attempt to restrict abortion as a violation of women’s
rights to privacy. there are two groups of people: Pro-choice and Pro-life. Pro-choice people are
for freedom. They consider it unethical to take away a woman’s right to decide over their own
body. While pro-life people are for life. They consider it unethical to kill a growing life.
Prochoice people regard right to control one’s own body as a key moral right. If women are not
allowed to abort unwanted child, they are deprived of this right. A woman has the right to
decide whether she wants the child or not. Pro-life states say that the right to life should always
outweigh the right of an individual to equality or to control their own body.
In my opinion, abortion is unethical but not illegal. A person should have rights if she wants to
abort a child she doesn’t want. If a child is handicapped or maybe born with disabilities then it’s
the mother’s right to choose whether she want to give birth to it or not but abortion should
never be used as a birth control concept since there are many other tools that can control
birthrate. That is why I think Abortion is unethical if it is used as a birth control concept.

A Story of Love, Revenge and Remorse.443-444.Who is the guiltiest character in the story?

Chapter 17
17. What is CSR? (Page 353)

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a type of business self-regulation with the aim of being socially
accountable. It is basically a company’s commitment to manage the social, environmental and economic
effects of its operations responsibly and in line with public expectations.

18. Types and nature of social Responsibility. (Page 354-355)

Types:

CSR can be understood from both micro and macro viewpoints. From a micro perspective, it is the
responsibility of one business unit or company; from a macro perspective, CSR covers the whole
spectrum of corporate social activities in which the entire corporate sector is engaged and, in some
instances, government participation is also included.

There are three basic components of the CSR. Firstly, one aspect of CSR is the supply of socially required
goods, the creation of job opportunities and the contribution to sustainable economic growth. Secondly,
to make the requisite social changes and to respond to the changing values and priority trends of
society. Contribute actively to enhancing the social climate and discontinue or internalize all negative
results.

There are basically the following five types of social responsibilities:

 Responsibilities towards the Society
 Responsibilities towards the Government
 Responsibilities towards Employees
 Responsibilities towards Shareholders
 Responsibilities towards Consumers

Nature:

CSR is an ethical issue and, therefore, is normative in character. The Nature of CSR are:

Responsibilities towards Government:

As a person, one has to obey rules and regulations. A responsible person will regularly pay the taxes.
They will be Cooperating with the Govt. to promote social values. They will always resist bribery and
corrupt practices. They will also be cooperating with the Govt. for economic growth and development as
well as for promoting Research and Development. They will also not to take advantage of loopholes in
business laws

Responsibilities towards Society as a whole:

A responsible person will carry on business with moral values and ethical standards. They will always
find ways to prevent environmental pollution while minimizing ecological imbalance. They will be
Implementing the strategy of sustainable development and make the use of appropriate technology.
They will also contribute towards the development of social health, education and cultural environment.

Responsibilities towards Consumer:

They will be supplying socially harmless products maintaining the quality, standard, as promised. They
will Provide products and services at reasonable prices providing efficient timely after-sales services.
They will also resist black-marketing and profit. Maintaining consumers’ complains & problems. As a
responsible person, they will be trying to improve the quality of products and reduce prices over time
through competition.

Responsibilities towards Shareholders:

A person will work for the survival and the growth of the concern and to build reputation and goodwill
of the company. They will ensure a reasonable rate of return over time and remain transparent and
accountable.

Responsibilities towards Employees:

A person will provide a healthy working environment granting regular and fair wages. They will also
provide regular welfare services providing training and promotion facilities. They will be providing
reasonable working standard and norms. Their responsibility is also to provide efficient mechanism to
redress workers’ complaints. They will give proper recognition of efficiency and hard work.

19. Friedman Model:

Friedman’s CSR model is actually against CSR activity. According to him, a
businessman has no duty other than developing his business. His idea is that there is one
and only one social responsibility of business to use its resources and engage in activities
designed to increase its profits. His model states that Socially responsible activities
conducted by a corporation are, according to Friedman, distorting economic freedom
because shareholders are not able to decide how their money will be spent. Friedman thus
argues that corporations should focus on those activities that are causally related to
company profit, effectively excluding charitable activities that do not directly generate
revenue.

20. Ackerman Model

The model has emphasized on the internal policy goals and their relation to the CSR. It is
more than a model, it was a strategy that guided the implementation of CSR activities,
but not their formulation. This model depicts four critical stages.
First stage: The first step involves the recognition by top managers of a social issue. At this
point, the identification of the project that will be chosen for social delivery. It also creates
plans for the project. The company's top managers get to know the most popular social issue
and then demonstrate their commitment to pursue a new project that will fix those social
problems.
Second Stage: The second stage is committed to an extensive analysis of the issue by recruiting
experts and getting their advice to make it operational. The organization does not announce the
acceptance of the project until this point. It's not made public. The plan to take up the project
remains only internal to the company.
Third Stage: The third stage is very important for the project as it is not only made public but
also implemented. At the beginning, however the work on the social project is going on very
slowly before the business is informed by the government. Ackerman urges managers to take
an active part in the project and to work hard at an early stage so that management discretion
can play its proper role over the entire duration of the social project.
Fourth Stage: lastly, The fourth stage is the assessment stage. At this point, the needs of society
are considered in due time and concerns and issues are resolved.

21. Carroll Model

The mode is based on the idea that there are four levels of social responsibility. These are:
 Philanthropic
 Economic
 Legal
 Ethical

Philanthropic Responsibilities All the firms should contribute resources to the community and
improve the quality of the life of the people connecting to them and act as a good corporate
citizen. It basically is the requirement necessitates good works including donation, gifts, helping
the poor and so on, so that the goodwill of the company is spread out in the community.
Economic Responsibilities The economic responsibilities are the foundations on which all other
rests. All the organizations are operating to generate profit or in other words try to be
profitable. The organizations are required to find the ways for generating the profit which can
be morally, ethically and legally allowed and accepted.
Legal Responsibilities Law is society’s codification of right and wrong. All the firms are required
to play by the rules of the game and obey what is stated in law of the host country and follow
all relevant rules and regulations set.
Ethical Responsibilities Firms are obliged to do what is assumed right and just. They should act
ethically towards the concerning issue surrounding the area of operation and try to avoid harm
to the community and general public

22. 3 arguments favour against csr(364 page)

Arguments:

The basic duty of every business concerns is to optimize profits and ensure a successful return on the
investment made by the shareholders. So, if CSR is implemented, the basic concept of business is
violated. Company and ethics can't go together.

Business people are not effective and qualified specialists in carrying out CSR initiatives that are
essentially linked to social issues. CSR programs would be costly for businesses and if capital is
abandoned in this way, the distribution of those resources cannot be achieved in an economically
productive manner.
It is a fact that business is run by shareholders money and managers are different from shareholders.
Only shareholders own the business. managers to perform CSR is to convince them to steal away the
shareholders’ money. so, spending money on CSR activities would be wastage of shareholders’ wealth
hence will be against their interest.

Favor:

The expenditure on CSR is a sort of investment and it becomes profitable in the long run. Business
organizations are powerful institutions of the society. Their acceptance by the society will be denied if
they ignore social problems. To avoid self-destruction in the long-run, business enterprises assume
social responsibility.

Businesses organizations are social institutions. Therefore, they have got some moral and social
obligations to undertake some welfare-oriented programs. They have enormous resources which can be
partly used for solving social problems. Businesses are the creation of society and must work in the best
interest of society, both economically and socially.

A company can avoid many legal complications by adopting CSR. A company which is regularly paying
taxes and obeying other rules and regulations can work peacefully without any loss of money on many
unwanted legal problems. CSR projects create a better impression in the minds of not only.

Opinion:

In my opinion CSR is ethical because for any business to operate, we must need a healthy and secure
Planet. The world is more like an additional stakeholder which plays a vital role in businesses. The
genuine practice of CSR is like a commitment to the planet, whose continued healthy existence is
essential for any organization to operate. Since, CSR brings social welfare, I believe it is ethical.