Introduction 

Karl Braun , a German Scientist , might have a long-term vision towards his invention and its
impact to society throughout the world . Back to 1897 , the scientist invented the cathode ray
tube oscilloscope (CRT )that immediately became the main component of television until the
end of 20th century before the component was being replaced by LCD (Liquid Crystal Display )-
based or plasma-based system , nowadays .During the development of television since the
invention , television has provided profound impacts towards society including its use
for political propaganda , entertainment , and marketing purposes . In addition , television also
broadcast new trends , changes in consumers '
preferences , and public perspectives .However , the use of television does not merely present
apositive impact towards society . To some extent , television also causes unfavorable influences
thatshape the customers behavior . Moreover , issues and concerns have been stated regarding
negative influences transferred by means of these two entertainment media . Parents , for
example , have long protested sex and violence contents for underage viewers and video
game players . Political leaders responded by establishing censorship and rating systems for
cinemas as well as home viewers .Concerning the impacts of electronics media , especially
television , on consumers ' behavior , this paper will provide my stances in respond to Joshua
Meyrowitz 's statement saying that boundaries , both social and physical , are breaking down
and new ones formed as a consequence of 
television . To address the issue , I will provide two impacts of television with facts and examples
towards consumers ' behavior . the two impacts are viewed from violence and consumerism
point of view .Electronic Media and Social Behavior Violence on Television In addition to
information generated by television , currently , the appliance is found to present unfavorable
impact towards violence .According to American Academy of Pediatrics (2005 , by the age of
18 ,average American child will have viewed about 200 ,000 violence-type actions on television .
The amount of violent behavior displayed during the Saturday morning cartoons is higher than
the level of violence 
during prime time .Ironically , researches have displayed that the more violence viewed ,the
more accepting children will be to violence acts . Viewing violent shows in a regular basis will
affect children by :Increasing aggressiveness and anti social behavior Increasing fear of
becoming victimized Making them less sensitive to violence and to victims of violence Increasing
appetite for more violence in entertainment as well as real life (American Academy of
Pediatrics , 2005 )
Similarly , a study by Craig A Anderson (2003 ) stated that short term exposure to violent scenes
increases the likelihood of physically and verbally aggressive behavior , aggressive thoughts and
aggressive emotions . On the other hand , frequent exposure to violent scenes at childhood is
related to aggression later in life , including physical assault and spouse abuse . Figure 1 shows
the relation between violent content on aggressive behavior . Figure 2 strengthen the relation
between the level of violent displayed in games and the involvement of students in physical
fights .Figure 1 Relation between violent...
THE IMPACT OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA ON CONTEMPORARY
GRAPHIC DESIGN - starting?

I am finding it quite difficult to answer this question i have to write for a 2000 word
essay." USING SPECIFIC EXAMPLES DISCUSS THE IMPACT OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA
ON CONTEMPORARY GRAPHIC DESIGN " i am also finding it hard understanding the
use of the word contemporary in it as this word as quite a few meanings. basically i
need the question to be simplified so i can answer it easier. any help would be
much appreciated thankyou. Simon

Contemporary means within the last 2-3 years max. I would, however stick to
graphic design within the last year, since it is more modern. 

in my opinion i think the statement is asking you to talk/describe/analyze the effect

that the technological shift has had on the graphic design. By technological shift i
think of ipods, plasma tvs, the iphones.

What a great big research topic this is....

Electronic media covers just about all media nowadays... everything except books,
magazines, and newspapers. Books, magazines, and newspapers are becoming
obsolete! Everyone have e-books now.

how does electronic media impact graphic design? I think this question is too broad.
You need to narrow.

Narrow it down!! Down Down .... Narrow it to a sharp focus on a particular aspect
of media. 
All you have to do, though, is write about the most recent advancements in this
field. This should be easy for you if this field is what you are interested in. :-)
Graphic design is inseparable from electrThanks to the both of you i really
appreciate it, Im sorry for the late replies i have been getting my head down and
concentrating and ino talk about big question it could be answerd like 1000
different ways haha well i decided to write it about the printing part of media and
how its changed over the years and had its impact on Graphic Design i found this
difficult to start off with but now i could write 10 more haha thankyou both very
much :)onic media.

This is the essay i have chosen to write but my tutor has proof read it and i dont
understand what he means he said im going off topic? i dont know what to add and
what to take out!?? any help would be great thankyou :) 
Electronic Media on Contemporary Graphic Design

In this essay I am going to answer the 3rd question which is, Using specific
examples discuss the impact of electronic media on contemporary graphic design.

Electronic media has had a huge impact on the graphic design industry and we
have seen a big difference over the years.

For example printmaking has changed so much over the years, and how people
used to print things to the way they print today it has had a huge impact on the
graphic design industry.

Printmaking/Printing:

One of the earliest forms of the way people used to print is called "Woodcut" it was
traditionally used in the Far East and was developed for printing patterns onto cloth
and clothing, And In early in the 5th century was introduced to China who used it
for printing text and images onto paper. The people who used to carve the wood
were specialist cutters and the artist or the person who was using the blocks would
tell the cutter the places to carve so certain areas wouldn't get the ink into them.

In the 1430's engraving was developed in Germany and this technique was used by
goldsmiths who would use it to crave into metal, Engraving was revived a serious
art form in the 20th century.

Later on in the 1400's Etching was discovered this was basically like engraving and
the woodcut technique only that where in woodcut the cutter would carve gaps to
where he didn't want the ink to be Etching was the opposite.

Mezzotint Aquatint and Drypoint were all different types of etching and engraving
each one was used in different places Mezzotint being big in England to reproduce
paintings. This was where the cutter would scrape a smooth piece of metal and
then the ink would go in between making a dark/light effect. This was invented by a
German Soldier called Ludwig von Siegen.

Aquatint is like etching only that this technique uses acid that makes marks in a
metal plate unlike etching that uses a needle that makes lines aquatint relies on
rosin which is acid resistant.

Drypoint is again like etching but leaves a burr at the edges of each line. This gives
the piece of work a blurry look.

Then in the 15th century a German goldsmith first put together the flat bed printing
press these methods quickly spread throughout the world, the printing press was a
mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface then this would
transfer whatever image was on the press.

Lithography was invented by a Bavarian author called Alois Senefelder. This was
based on the chemical repulsion of oil and water. Usually limestone is used and the
image is drawn on with grease. Acid is then used, which then transfers the grease
to the limestone, leaving the image burned in. Gum Arabic which is a water soluble
substance is then applied to coat it.

Chromolithography became one of the most successful methods of colour-printing it

was developed in the 19th century other methods were used similar to the wood
block also used with stones but with colours. Chromolithography developed from
lithography and it again basically uses the same methods as lithography, this
method was very expensive and could take months to produce depending on how
many colours were used.

Later on in the 19th century offset printing was discovered, this technique was
where the inked image was transferred from a plate to a rubber blanket then to the
printing surface. When this is used with the lithographic process it is based on
repulsion of oil and water.
The offset technique is a flat image carrier on which the image that is going to be
printed obtains ink from ink rollers and the non-printing area attracts a film of
water keeping the areas filmed ink free.

Screen-printing comes from the stenciling process; it creates prints exhibiting a

stenciled complex deposit of ink through the utilization of a fabric stencil technique.
While commercial screen printing often involves high-tech mechanical equipment
and calibrated materials, printmakers always prize this technique as a do it yourself
kind of job with a low technical requirement usually ending with high quality
results. The items that are needed are a squeegee, a mesh, a frame, a stencil, and
a substrate, nothing else is required as screen printing is just like stencil printing.
Stencil printing is one of the oldest and simplest forms of graphic design.

Screen-printing is good for being able to print on a variety of different materials

from rubber to metal and even glass, some artists have used it to print on a variety
on an incredibly varied type of substrates, from works on bottles to large pieces of
granite even on walls and to work images on objects like textiles which would
distort under pressure from printing presses. 

Not long after Surface printing was discovered this was also known as flexography
this method was mainly used for packaging bags and boxes, this was designed
using a 3D relief on a piece of rubber or a kind of plastic material. Ink would be
released onto the rolling cylinder this would then rotate and transfer the ink.

In the 1960's an American company called Xerox introduced the photocopier and
over the following 20 years it gradually replaced copies such as carbon paper and
other duplicating machines. The prevalence of its use is one of the factors that
prevented the development of a paperless office heralded in the new digital
revolution; Photocopiers are still used today around many offices all over the world
and in almost every industry there is.

1969 brought along the laser printer, this was based on advanced xerographic
copier, and this was made by a researcher called Gary Starkweather who worked
for Xerox, this was a man who had a fully functional printer working by the early
70's, his work turned Xerox into a multibillion-dollar business.
The first commercial implementation of a laser printer was made in 1976 which was
work by IBM this was used for high quality printing and invoices and other things
like mailing labels this piece of equipment was known for taking up the whole
room. 
In 1981 the first printer for use with an individual computer was released this again
was made by Xerox. Even though it was innovative the Xerox Star 8010 as it was
called was an expensive piece of kit costing around (£8,500) only a small number
of companies and institutions could purchase it due to its high price tag. When
personal computers became more popular the first major LaserJet printer was
marketed for mass production this was made by HP and released in 1984, the
engine was created by Canon but used HP software. The design was soon followed
by other companies such as Brother IBM and others.
But before that in 1970 the dot matrix printer was discovered this was a printer
that had a head that runs back forth on the page and prints on impact, the head
touches an ink soaked cloth ribbon against the paper and acts like a typewriter.
Unlike a typewriter letters are drawn out like dots this makes it able to create a
variety of fonts and graphics. The printer uses mechanical pressure this makes it
able to create carbon copies and carbonless copies.
Each of the dots is produced by a tiny metal rod, which is controlled by a tiny
electromagnet, through small levers. Most dot matrix printers have a single vertical
line of dot-making equipment on their print heads, others have interleaved rows
this improves dot density.
Later on in 1990's the thermal printer was introduced this was a machine that
produced a printed image by heating a special paper thermal paper as it's
commonly known as, when the paper passes over the thermal print head the
coating turns black in areas which are heated producing an image.
In 1993 Digital printing was introduced, digital printing is the reproduction of digital
images on a physical surface like paper, there are lots of different things that can
be printed onto digitally such as film, cloth, plastics, and other materials.
Until recently Digital printing is what was used in the modern day and it still is, this
method of printing has no limits you can practically print anything, all but one that
is, 3D printing this method is a category of rapid prototyping technology. It
converts a 3D model into a physical object. 3D printers work by printing successive
layers on top of one another to build a three dimensional object. 3D printers are
generally faster, more affordable and easier to use.
In recent years when printing was progressing it was very important for people to
use protective clothing especially when etching and lithography usually closed toed
shoes and long pants. Many years ago printmakers did not live past the age of 35-
40 this was because they were always exposed to a variety of solutions, acids
solvents and vapors which some were highly toxic.
Also in the past printmakers put their plates in and out of acid with their bare
hands, nowadays printmakers use rubber gloves, they also wear a special mask this
stops them breathing in toxic fumes and vapors. Most acid baths are now built with
ventilation above them, an emergency shower or cleaning system is nearby just in
case of spillages.
For the printmakers who use rosin powder nowadays have protective air ventilation
systems but years ago printmakers used to hold their breath, Rosin is a serious
health hazard and can kill you if too much is inhaled. 
In these modern days printmakers use barrier cream when they use protective
gloves, also bandages and plasters should always be available to treat open wounds
and cuts, as an example the plates can be very sharp before they are shaped.
I think the future for printing looks very dull and I don't think it will be needed
anymore in a few years, it has been a fast and growing business over the years and
developed very rapidly over the past decade or so but already since 2009 some
companies have electronic billboards that advertise for them no ink or paper
needed just visual graphics generated by a computer which is much easier than
printing. Also I think there is a lot of advertising being done over the internet for
example you click on Facebook and there is hundreds of advertisements down the
side of the page from bingo websites to eye laser treatment clinics, I think that this
form of electronic media has had a major impact on the graphic design industry and
the way advertising has been portrayed, everything in the advertising world is
surrounded by graphic design from the typography to the visual art work on
adverts, labels and posters etc, the old styles of printing were a lot of very hard
work compared to how it is today, people can now print without worrying about
burning their hands in acid or breathing in toxic fumes or anything like that, and
soon we won't really ever need to print using ink ever again due to digital signage.
Electronic media has had a huge impact on the graphic design industry and we
have seen a big difference over the years.---too obvious. Start by making a
meaningful observation. 

One of the earliest forms of the way people used to print is called "Woodcut" it was
traditionally used in the Far East and was developed for printing patterns onto cloth
and clothing. And Early in the 5th century it was introduced to China, where it was
used for printing text and images ... wow, so you are giving the whole history of
graphic design? That is a lot to write about. No wonder he said you go off topic. It
is hard to avoid a problem unless you chose ONE GREAT CONCEPT to cover in this
essay. 

Aquatint is like etching only that this technique uses acid that makes marks in a
metal plate unlike etching that uses a needle that makes lines aquatint relies on
rosin which is acid resistant....
Drypoint is again like ---- see, I do not think you can afford to give every detail like
this. It is important to choose one big idea that the essay is about -- an argument
you want to make about the effect of modern electronic media.

This is how I think you should begin the essay:

In 1993 Digital printing was introduced. Digital printing is the reproduction of digital
...
After this, briefly mention the various forms that were used throughout history, but
focus on an observation you want to make the theme fo the essay. How do you do
it? Like this:
Tell me in a single sentence the effect that electronic media had on graphic design.

Whatever that sentence says will be very meaningful. Can you sum it up in a
sentence? You might make an observation about new aspects of the art being
created or about old aspects being lost. Do not just give a history of it. Make an
ASTUTE OBSERVATION. :-) Electronic media has had a huge impact on the graphic
design industry and we have seen a big difference over the years.---too obvious.
Start by making a meaningful observation. 

One of the earliest forms of the way people used to print is called "Woodcut" it was
traditionally used in the Far East and was developed for printing patterns onto cloth
and clothing. And Early in the 5th century it was introduced to China, where it was
used for printing text and images ... wow, so you are giving the whole history of
graphic design? That is a lot to write about. No wonder he said you go off topic. It
is hard to avoid a problem unless you chose ONE GREAT CONCEPT to cover in this
essay. 

Aquatint is like etching only that this technique uses acid that makes marks in a
metal plate unlike etching that uses a needle that makes lines aquatint relies on
rosin which is acid resistant...
Dry point is again like see, I do not think you can afford to give every detail like
this. It is important to choose one big idea that the essay is about -- an argument
you want to make about the effect of modern electronic media.

This is how I think you should begin the essay

In 1993 Digital printing was introduced. Digital printing is the reproduction of digital
After this, briefly mention the various forms that were used throughout history, but
focus on an observation you want to make the theme for the essay. How do you do
it? Like thi
Tell me in a single sentence the effect that electronic media had on graphic design.

Whatever that sentence says will be very meaningful. Can you sum it up in a
sentence? You might make an observation about new aspects of the art being
created or about old aspects being lost. Do not just give a history of it. Make an
ASTUTE OBSERVATION.

OUR MISSION

EMPOWER COMMUNITIES WORLDWIDE TO INSPIRE ENDURING CHANGE THROUGH

THE USE OF CREATIVE STORYTELLING

Founded in 1985, PCI-Media Impact has trained hundreds of organizations and community leaders in the
effective use of media to address critical social issues. To date, we have helped produce and broadcast
more than 242 productions in 27 countries, including radio and television serial dramas, comic books,
documentaries and public service announcements. Currently, we are working with partners in 24
countries throughout Latin America, the Caribbean, Africa, Asia and the United states.
OUR STRATEGY

MY COMMUNITY, CAPACITY, COMMUNITY AND CHANGE

To achieve our mission, we work with partners around the world to produce Entertainment-Education
programs rooted in our three-pronged My Community approach to communications. Using a combination
of serial dramas, call-in shows and community mobilization, we:

• Strengthen the capacity of our local partners to effectively use communications to catalyze change.

• Create a community of constituents who support our collaborative work.

• Promote positive changes in knowledge, attitudes and behaviors around target issues through creative
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The result? A new generation of change-leaders using communications to effectively turn up the volume
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