Newton's Law

1. Inertia - Object in motion remains a rest unless acted upon by an outside force
(Fnet = 0) (ΣF = 0)

1
2. F = MA ; a ~ f a~ 𝑚
F = Net Force
m = mass
a = acceleration
a ~ F = directly proportional (ex. eat more, gain more weight)
1
a~ 𝑚
= inversely proportional (ex. heavy objects move slower)

3. Every force has an equal and opposite force.

 Engineering Design Cycle

1. ID Need
○ Immoble elephant up to 6ft horizontal onto flat platform keep alive / safe

2. Research Problem
○ Simple Machines
i. Lever
ii. Wheel + Axle
iii. Pulley
iv. Incline Plane (Ramp)
v. Wedge
vi. Screw

3. Develop Possible Solutions

○ Using multiple simple machines can help us get the elephant onto the platform, we would use an inclined plane along with a lever
to help our elephant make it onto the needed platform.

○ We could use a pulley along with an inclined plane to pull the inclined plane onto the platform.

○ Using a screw and a lever we can screw to bounce the elephant to the platform.

○ We could use an inclined plane and a wheel + axle to create a car system to move the elephant to the platform.

4. Select Most Promising Solution

○ Safety
○ Cost
○ Time
5. Develop your prototype
○ Materials
○ Essentials
○ Sketches and labels
 Introduction to Physics + Engineering

1. Physics - The study of how objects in the natural world behave including matter, motion, energy force etc.

2. Engineering - The application of knowledge to design, build + maintain things

○ Chemical engineering - substances + chemical

○ Civil engineering - building + infrastructure

○ Electrical engineering - things that use electricity

○ Environmental, Biomedical, Aerospace, Optical, Computer, Naval, Sound

3. Engineering Design Cycle

○ Identify the need

○ Research the problem

○ Develop possible solutions

○ Select the most promising solution

○ Construct a prototype

○ Test + Evaluate prototype

○ Communicate design

○ Redesign

○ Repeat
 Ball Drop Lab

1. Time with stopwatch or on video :

1
○ Regular 30 fps (frame per seconds) 30
seconds per frame
1
○ Slo mo : 240 fps (frame per seconds) 240
seconds per frame
1 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
○ Ex: 13 frames ( 30 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒
) = 0.43

Height d(m) t (s) 2. Analysis 0.001 kg 9.8

𝑚
2
PE (J) KE (J) Times Error
𝑠
1m 0.5 ○ PE = MGH 0.11 0.022 5x
i. PE = 0.011 kg
1m 0.52 ; 0.43 ; 0.37 𝑚 0.11 2.2x
(9.8 2 ) (1 m)
𝑠
1m 0.57 2 0.37 0.17 2.2x
𝑘𝑔 𝑚
ii. PE = 0.11 2
𝑠
1m 0.446 0.11 0.028 3.9x
= 0.11 J
1m 0.41 ; 0.46 ; 0.43 3. V =
Δ𝑑
=
1𝑚
=2
𝑚 0.11 0.028 3.9x
Δ𝑡 0.5 𝑠 𝑠
4. KE = ½ mv2
○ KE = ½ (0.011 kg) (2
𝑚 2
𝑠
)
○ = 0.011 J
 Horizontal & Vertical Motion Lab

Projectile Motion
1. Problem : How much does horizontal motion affect vertical motion?

2. Hypothesis : If we send an object straight up/down and then send it in an arc. Then________.

Height Tvertical Tarc (h + v) tideal 3.

𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝑉ℎ 𝑑ℎ = 2𝑚

1m 0.39s 0.37s 0.45s 𝑑ℎ

𝑉ℎ = 𝑡
1m 0.49s 0.46s 0.45s 2𝑚
𝑉ℎ = 0.426𝑠
1m 0.63s 1.02s 0.45s 𝑉ℎ = 4. 7
𝑚
𝑠
0.33m 0.45s 0.4s 0.23s 4.
𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝑡 𝑑ℎ = 0.89𝑚

0.73m 0.29s 0.3s 0.38s 𝑎𝑔 = 9. 8

𝑚
2
𝑠
0.74m 0.33s 0.36s 0.38s 1 2
𝑑𝑣 = 2
𝑎𝑔𝑡
tv avg = tarc avg = 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 1
(9.8
𝑚
)𝑠
2

𝑡 0.89𝑚 2 2

𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑚 = 𝑠
𝑚
4.9 2 4.9 2
𝑑𝑣 𝑚 𝑠 𝑠

𝑎𝑔 = 9.8 2
𝑠 2 2
dv = ½ ag 0. 18𝑠 = 𝑡
t2fall 0. 426𝑠 = 𝑡
1𝑚
𝑚 =
4.9 2
𝑠
1 𝑚 2
2
(9.8 2 ) 𝑡𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑠

4.9
𝑚
𝑠
2 Horizontal motion does NOT affect vertical motion. They are independent of each other.
2
0. 204𝑠 =
0. 45𝑠 = 𝑡𝑓𝑎
Collision Practice Demonstration

Down 50 cm 12.12 → 12.15s = 0.03s

1 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒 1
contract/impact 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑠 = 140𝑠
= 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡
240 𝑠𝑒𝑐

up to 40 centimeters 12.15 - 12.19s = 0.04s

Δ𝑑 0.5𝑚 𝑚
𝑉= Δ𝑡
Vi = Vdown = 0.03𝑠
= − 16. 7 𝑠
ΔV = V f - Vi

0.4𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
Vf = Vup = 0.04𝑠
= + 10 𝑠
= 10 𝑠
-
𝑚
(-16.7 𝑠
)

𝑚
mball = 100g = 0.1kg ΔV = 26.7 𝑠

Need - Fimpact

momentum = impulse
p = mΔV J = FΔt
1 𝑚 1 1
240 𝑠
• 0. 1𝑘𝑔 (26. 7 𝑠 ) = 𝐹 ( 240 𝑠) • 240 𝑠
640 𝑁 = 𝐹𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝑁
4.45 16

144 lbs = Fimpact

 Trebuchet Modifications

Modification Justification

1. Projectile depends on device design 1. Larger/faster = string on clay, smaller arm = no string

2. Smaller projectile 2. KEconstant = ½ mv2 higher velocity

3. More rubber band stretch/tension 3. Higher tension = F = MA

4. More weight on arm 4. Higher PE → Higher KEprojectile → higher velocity

5. Less linked rubber bands 5. Less stretch = less tension

6. More rubber bands in parallel 6. Less PE → Lower KE → Lower Velocity

7. Stable base 7. More PE

8. Medium rubber band tension 8. All PE will transfer to projectile KE

9. 5:1, 7:1,8:1 (Load: Effort) 9. Too much tension → too flat, shoots at ground

10. More weight load 10. MA, d and v

11. Longer arm length 11. PEconstnat → KE ½ mv2 or Fconstant = MA higher

12. Projectile between 5g and 15g (marble) 12. Higher tension = F = MA

 13. Higher legs 13. Higher PE → Higher KEprojectile → higher velocity

14. Higher axle 14. More PE

Earth's Layers Notes

Expected

Actual Finding

Moho Discontinuity
(Crust → Mantle)

Magnitude (Richter) scale

- Every integer larger = 50x more force

- Ex. 6.0 → 50x ↑ 5.0

- 7.0 → 2500x ↑ 5.0

- Other key damage factors

 - Depth, location (proximity to cities), building quality; ground surface

- We know very little about Earth’s interior

- Hot

- H20

- EQ waves show what might be present