MPMC 2M Questions

SREE VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

15A04601 – MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS
III ECE – II SEMESTER
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
Microprocessor and Microcontrollers 1

UNIT I – 8086 ARCHITECTRURE
PART A
1. Draw the flag register for 8086.
The flag register of 8086 is given below
OF = Overflow flag
DF = Direction flag
IF = Interrupt enable flag
TF = Trap flag
SF = Sign flag
ZF = Zero flag
AF = Auxiliary carry flag
PF = Parity flag
CF = Carry flag
2. What is the purpose of BIU?
The purpose of BIU is to interface 8086 with the outside world. It provides a 16-
bit bidirectional data bus and 20-bit address bus. This unit is responsible for
performing external bus operations.
Functions
1. It fetches instruction from memory.

2. It reads data from port/memory.
3. It writes data into port/memory.
4. It supports instruction queuing.
5. It provides address relocation facility.
3. What is the need for ALE signal in 8085?
The ALE signal is used to demultiplex the address /data line (AD 0 to AD7). It is
needed to latch the lower half of an address throughout the machine cycle.
ALE = 0, Data lines (D0 to D7)
ALE = 1, Address lines (A0 to A7)
4. What are the sizes of the data bus and address bus of 8086?
The sizes of data bus and address bus of 8086 are 16-bit and 20-bit respectively.

5. What is the function of accumulator?
Accumulator is a tri-state eight bit register. It is extensively used in arithmetic,

logic, load and store operations, as well as in input/output (I/O) operations. The
result of arithmetic and logical operations is stored in the register A. Hence it is also
identified as accumulator.
6. What is the clock frequency of 8086?
The maximum internal clock frequency of 8086 is 5MHz.
7. What is memory segmentation?
Memory segmentation is dividing the linear memory space into “chunks” called
segments. 8086 segmented memory system has four segments Code segment, Data
segment, Extra segment, and Stack segment.
8. What is pipelining?
Pipelining is the feature of fetching the next instruction while the current
instruction is executing.
9. What is meant by physical addressing in 8086?
Physical addressing is used to address 1MB memory of 8086. The 8086 memory
address is 20 bits but all the registers used for memory calculation are of 16 bit
length. The 20 bit physical address is computed by summing the contents of the
segment register (shifted left by 4 bits) and an effective (offset) address. The
segment register holds the upper 16 bits of the 20 bit memory address. The
effective address represents the offset from the starting address of the segment
Eg: (CS 10H ) + IP = Physical address

CS is shifted left by 4 bit and summed with IP (offset) to compute physical
address
10. Define – Segment Override Prefix.
The segment override prefix allows the programmer to deviate from the default
segment. It is an additional 8-bit code selects the alternate segment register. The
code byte for the segment override prefix as the format 001XX110. The XX
represents 2 bits which are as follow: ES=00, CS=01, SS=10, DS=11.
11. How is the memory segment accessed by 8086 microprocessor

identified?
The memory segment accessed by 8086 microprocessor is identified by the

status of the status bits S3, S4. The Status bits S3, S4 when decoded, indicate the type of
operation (memory access) being performed and the segment register being used.

S4 S3 Segment
register
0 0 ES
0 1 SS
1 0 CS or no access
1 1 DS
12. When is the 8086 processor operated in minimum mode and maximum
mode?
The 8086 processor is operated in (single processor) minimum mode, when MN /
(MX) = 1(or 5 V) and it is operated in maximum mode (multi processor) when MN /
(MX) = 0 (or GND)
13. What is meant by minimum mode system configuration in 8086

microprocessor?
The system with single processor is called minimum mode system in 8086
microprocessor. System bus control signals are generated by the processor.
14. List the advantages of using Direct Memory Access (DMA).
Direct Memory Access (DMA) is a method of transferring data between

peripherals and memory without using the CPU. This speeds up the transfer of data
and reduces the number of bus cycles required to transfer a given amount of data.

UNIT II – INSTRUCTION SET AND ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMING
1. How will carry and zero flags reflect the result of the instruction CMP BX,
CX?
The CMP instruction compares the content of BX and CX
If BX = CX, Carry Flag is reset, Zero flag is set

If BX > CX, Carry Flag is reset, Zero flag is reset
If BX < CX, Carry Flag is set, Zero flag is reset
Set = 1, Reset = 0
2. Write any four miscellaneous instructions in 16 bit microprocessor.
Four miscellaneous instructions in 16 bit microprocessor are

1. INT
2. LOCK
3. ESC
4. WAIT
3. What is the purpose of LEA instruction in 8086?
Load Effective Address (LEA) instruction determines the offset of the variable or
memory location named as the source and loads this address in the specified 16-bit
register. Flags are not affected by LEA instruction.
Eg: LEA Cx, TOTAL

Or
Load Effective Address (LEA) instruction determines and loads the offset of the
variable or memory location in the specified 16-bit register. Flags are not affected by
LEA instruction.
Eg: LEA Cx, TOTAL
4. List any four program control instructions available in 8086.
Four program control instruction available in 8086 are

1. JNZ – Jump if no zero, JB – Jump if below
2. JMP – Jump unconditionally
3. CALL – Call to specified subroutine , RET – Return from specified
subroutine
4. JA/JNBE – Jump if above / Jump if not below or equal
5. JE/JZ – Jump if equal / Jump if zero
6. JO – Jump if Overflow flag set

7. JS – Jump if sign flag set
5. What are the 8086 instructions used for BCD arithmetic?
The 8086 instructions used for BCD arithmetic are

1. DAA – Decimal Adjust Accumulator
2. DAS – Decimal Adjust after Subtraction
6. State the function of the given 8085 instructions JP, JPE, JPO, and JNZ.
The function of the following instructions are
JP – Jump if positive to the address specified.

JPE – Jump if parity even to the address specified.
JPO – Jump if parity odd to the address specified.
JNZ – Jump if not zero to the address specified.
7. List any two external hardware synchronization instructions.
Two external hardware synchronization instructions are

1. LOCK
2. WAIT
8. What is the purpose of the following commands in 8086?
a) AAD
b) RCL
a) AAD (ASCII Adjust for Division) instruction adjusts the unpacked BCD dividend in
AX before a division operation
b) RCL (Rotate through carry left) instruction rotates the contents left through carry
by the specified number of bits in count operand.
9. Write an ALP for 8086 to multiply two 16 bit unsigned numbers.
The ALP for 8086 to multiply two 16 bit unsigned numbers is given below
MOV AX, 4589
MOV CX, 5693
MUL CX
MOV [1200], AX
MOV [1202], DX
HLT
10. List any four string instructions.
The four string instructions are

1. MOVS/MOVSB/MOVSW – Move string word (byte or word)
2. REP/REPE/REPZ/REPNE/REPNZ – Repeat string operation / Repeat
equal / Repeat zero / Repeat not equal / Repeat not zero
3. LODS/LODSB/LOADSW – Load string (byte or word)
4. STOS/STOSB/STOSW – Store string (byte or word)
11. List the addressing modes in 8086.
There are 11 addressing modes present in 8086. They are,
1. Register addressing modes

2. Immediate addressing mode
3. Direct addressing modes
4. Register indirect addressing modes
5. Based addressing modes
6. Indexed addressing modes
7. Based Indexed addressing modes
8. String addressing modes
9. Indirect addressing mode
10. Relative addressing mode
11. Implied addressing mode
12. What is an assembler?
Assembler is a software program which translates an assembly language program

into a machine language program.
The program written in English abbreviation is called mnemonics and machine

language is called object code.
13. What is an assembler directive? Write two examples.
Assembly directives are also called pseudo opcodes. An assembler directive is a

message that the assembler needs to know in order to carry out the assembly
process.
For example, an assemble directive tells the assembler where a program is to be

located in memory.
Examples: ORG (origin), EQU (equate), and DB (define byte).
14. What is the function of the assembler directives ALIGN and ASSUME?

The function of the assembler directive ALIGN is to align the next segment at an
address divisible by specified divisor.
Format: ALIGN number, where number can be 2, 4, 8 or 16.
Example: ALIGN 8.
The function of the assembler directive ASSUME is to assign a logical segment to

a physical segment at any given time. It tells the assembler what address will
be in the segment registers at the execution time.
Example: ASSUME CS: code, DS: data, SS: stack
15. What is the function of the assembler directives SEGMENT and ENDS?
The function of the assembler directives SEGMENT and ENDS is to define the
start of the segment and the end of the segment.
Format: Name SEGMENT
Name ENDS
16. What is the function of the assembler directives TITLE and TYPE?
The function of the assembler directive TITLE is to control the format of a listing
of an assembled program. It causes a title for the program to print on line 2
of each page of the program listing. Maximum 60 characters are allowed.
Format: TITLE text.
The function of the assembler directive TYPE is to determine the type of specified
variable in bytes.
For bytes, TYPE = 1
Word, TYPE = 2
Double word, TYPE = 4.

UNIT III – MSP430
1. What is an embedded system?
As its name suggests, Embedded means something that is attached to another
thing. An embedded system can be thought of as a computer hardware system
having software embedded in it. An embedded system can be an independent
system or it can be a part of a large system. An embedded system is a
microcontroller or microprocessor based system which is designed to perform a
specific task.
2. Write the applications of embedded systems?

 Household appliances: Microwave ovens, Television, DVD Players &
Recorders
 Audio players
 Integrated systems in aircrafts and missiles
 Cellular telephones
 Electric and Electronic Motor controllers
 Engine controllers in automobiles
 Calculators
 Medical equipment
 Videogames
 Digital musical instruments, etc.
3. What is microprocessor?
A microprocessor is a computer processor which incorporates the functions of
a computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC), or
at most a few integrated circuits. The microprocessor is a
multipurpose, clock driven, register based, digital-integrated circuit which
accepts binary data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in
its memory, and provides results as output.
4. What is microcontroller?
A microcontroller is a self-contained system with peripherals, memory and a
processor that can be used as an embedded system. Most programmable
microcontrollers that are used today are embedded in other consumer products
or machinery including phones, peripherals, automobiles and household
appliances for computer systems.

5. Define memory?
Computer memory is any physical device capable of storing information
temporarily or permanently. For example, Random Access Memory (RAM), is a
volatile memory that stores information on an integrated circuit used by
the operating system, software, and hardware.
6. What is RTOS?
A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system (OS) intended to
serve real-time applications that process data as it comes in, typically without
buffer delays.
7. Define RISC and CISC?

Reduced Instruction Set Computer(RISC): is a type of microprocessor that
has a relatively limited number of instructions. It is designed to perform a smaller
number of types of computer instructions so that it can operate at a higher speed
(perform more million instructions per second, or millions of instructions per
second).
Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) : supplies a large number of
complex instructions at the assembly language level. CISC has the ability to
execute addressing modes or multi-step operations within one instruction set.
8. Define bus
A distinct set of conductors carrying data and control signals within a computer
system, to which pieces of equipment may be connected in parallel.
9. What is the need of interfacing?

It is used when reading/writing to a specific register of a memory chip. I/O
Interfacing is achieved by connecting key board(input) and display
monitors(output) with the microprocessor. The interface in a microprocessor is
an integrated circuit that performs the basic functions of the central processing
unit.
10. Define instruction set?
The group of machine language instructions that a computer can follow, which
may range from a handful to several hundred. It is a fundamental architectural
component of a CPU and is either built into the CPU or into microcode, a layer
between the instruction set and the circuitry. The instruction length is generally
from one to four bytes long
11. What are the advantages of RISC design?

 In RISC architecture, the instruction set of the computer is simplified to reduce
the execution time. It uses small and highly optimized set of instructions which
are generally register to register operations.
 The pipelining technique allows the processor to work on different steps of
instruction like fetch, decode and execute instructions at the same time.
12. Differentiate Von-Neumann and Harvard architecture?
Von-Neumen architecture Harvard architecture
1.The computer has single storage 1.The computer has two separate
system(memory) for storing data as memories for storing data and
well as program to be executed. program.
2.Processor needs two clock cycles to 2.Processor can complete an

complete an instruction.Pipelining the instruction in one cycle if appropriate
instructions is not possible with this pipelining strategies are implemented.
architecture.
3.In the first stage of pipeline the
3.In the first clock cycle the processor instruction to be executed can be
gets the instruction from memory and taken from program memory.In the
decodes it. In the next clock cycle the second stage of pipeline data is taken
required data is taken from memory. from the data memory using the
For each instruction this cycle repeats decoded instruction or address.
and hence needs two cycles to
complete an instruction. 4.Most of the modern computing
architectures are based on Harvard
4.This is a relatively older architecture architecture.But the number of stages
and was replaced by Harvard in the pipeline varies from system to
architecture. system.
13. What are Important characteristics of Embedded system?
The important characteristics of an embedded system are
 Speed (bytes/sec) : Should be high speed

 Power (watts) : Low power dissipation
 Size and weight : As far as possible small in size and low weight
 Accuracy (% error) : Must be very accurate
 Adaptability: High adaptability and accessibility.
 Reliability: Must be reliable over a long period of time.
14. Write the application areas of Embedded system?

The embedded systems have a huge variety of application domains which varies
from very low cost to very high cost and from daily life consumer electronics to industry
automation equipments, from entertainment devices to academic equipments, and from
medical instruments to aerospace and weapon control systems. So, the embedded
systems span all aspects of our modern life.
The following table gives the various applications of embedded systems.
S.No Embedded System Application
1 Home Appliances Dishwasher, washing machine, microwave, Top-

set box, security system , HVAC system, DVD,
answering machine, garden sprinkler systems
etc..
2 Office Automation Fax, copy machine, smart phone system,

modern, scanner, printers.
3 Security Face recognition, finger recognition, eye

recognition, building security system , airport
security system etc
4 Academia Smart board, smart room, OCR, calculator,

smart cord.
5 Instrumentation Signal generator, signal processor, power

supplier,Process instrumentation,
6 Telecommunication Router, hub, cellular phone, IP phone, web

camera
7 Automobile Fuel injection controller, anti-locking brake

system, air-bag system, GPS, cruise control.
15. Write the difference between RISC & CISC?
CISC RISC
Larger set of instructions. Easy to Smaller set of Instructions. Difficult to

program program.
Simpler design of compiler, Complex design of compiler.

considering larger set of instructions.
Many addressing modes causing Few addressing modes, fix instruction

complex instruction formats. format.
Instruction length is variable. Instruction length varies.
Higher clock cycles per second. Low clock cycle per second.
Emphasis is on hardware. Emphasis is on software.
Control unit implements large Each instruction is to be executed by

instruction set using micro-program hardware.
unit.
Slower execution, as instructions are Faster execution, as each instruction

to be read from memory and decoded is to be executed by hardware.
by the decoder unit.
Pipelining is not possible. Pipelining of instructions is possible,

considering single clock cycle.
Mainly used in normal pc, Mainly used for real time applications.
workstations & servers.
16. Write the difference between memory mapped i/o & i/o mapped i/o?
Memory mapped I/O I/O Mapped I/O
16-bit device address 8-bit device address

Data transfer between any general- Data is transfer only between
purpose register and I/O port. accumulator and I.O port
The memory map (64K) is shared The I/O map is independent of the
between I/O device and system memory map; 256 input device and
memory. 256. Output device can be connected
More hardware is required to decode Less hardware is required to decode
16-bit address 8-bit address
Arithmetic or logic operation can be Arithmetic or logical operation cannot
directly performed with I/O data be directly performed with I/O data
Control Signals used are like Control signals used are like IOR(bar),
MEMR(bar), MEMW(bar) IOW(bar)
Instructions used are like Instructions used are like IN,OUT

STA,STAX,LDA,LDAX

17. Write features of MSP430 microcontroller?
Features of MSP430 are
1. The CPU is small and efficient, with a large number of registers.

2. It is extremely easy to put the device into a low-power mode. No special
instruction is needed.
3. The mode is controlled by bits in the status register. There are several low-power
modes, depending on how much of the device should remain active and how
quickly it should return to full-speed operation.
4. There is a wide choice of clocks. Typically, a low-frequency watch crystal runs
continuously at 32KHz and is used to wake the device periodically. The CPU is
clocked by an internal, digitally controlled oscillator (DCO), which restarts in less
than 1us in the latest devices.
5. Therefore the MSP430 can wake from a standby mode rapidly, perform its tasks,
and return to a low-power mode.
6. A wide range of peripherals is available, many of which can run autonomously
without the CPU for most of the time.
7. Many portable devices include liquid crystal displays, which the MSP430 can drive
directly.
8. Some MSP430 devices are classed as application-speciﬁc standard products
(ASSPs) and contain specialized analog hardware for various types of
measurement.
9. The MSP430 can be used for low powered embedded devices. The current drawn
in idle mode can be less than 1 µA. The top CPU speed is 25 MHz. It can be
throttled back for lower power consumption.
10. The MSP430 also uses six different low-power modes, which can disable
unneeded clocks and CPU.
11. Additionally, the MSP430 is capable of wake-up times below 1
microsecond, allowing the microcontroller to stay in sleep mode longer,
minimizing its average current consumption.
12. The device comes in a variety of configurations featuring the usual
peripherals: internal oscillator, timer including PWM, watchdog, USART, SPI, I²C,
10/12/14/16/24-bit ADCs, and brownout reset circuitry.
18. what is IoT?

 The Internet of things (IoT) is the network of physical devices, vehicles, home
appliances and other items embedded with electronics, software,
sensors, actuators, and network connectivity which enables these objects to
connect and exchange data.
 Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing system but is
able to inter-operate within the existing Internet infrastructure.
19. Write various addressing modes of MSP 430 microcontroller?
 Register mode
 Indexed mode
 Symbolic mode

 Absolute mode
 Indirect register mode
 Indirect auto-increment mode
 Immediate mode
20. Write the applications of IOT?
 Smart homes. Smart Home stands out, ranking as highest Internet of Things
application.
 Smart City.
 Smart grids
 Industrial internet.
 Connected car.
 Connected Health (Digital health/Telehealth/Telemedicine)
 Smart retail.
21. Write the applications of MSP 430?

 The CPU is small and efﬁcient, with a large number of registers.
 It is extremely easy to put the device into a low-power mode. No special
instruction is needed: The mode is controlled by bits in the status register. The
MSP430 is awakened by an interrupt and returns automatically to its low-power
mode after handling the interrupt.
 Many portable devices include liquid crystal displays, which the MSP430 can drive
directly.
 There is a wide choice of clocks. Typically, a low-frequency watch crystal runs
continuously at 32 KHz and is used to wake the device periodically. The CPU is
clocked by an internal, digitally controlled oscillator (DCO), which restarts in less
than 1 µs in the latest devices. Therefore the MSP430 can wake from a standby
mode rapidly, perform its tasks, and return to a low-power mode.
 A wide range of peripherals are available, many of which can run autonomously
without the CPU for most of the time
UNIT IV
1. Write various low power modes of MSP 430?
Low power operation is a key feature of the MSP430. Its design gives very low
leakage, and it operates from a single supply rail. This gives an extremely low
current drain when the processor is in standby mode.
Several low power modes are supported, which balance the needs of different
applications. As the number of the LPM mode number rises, the number of things
disabled on the chip also rises:

 LPM0 - The CPU is disabled.
 LPM1 - The loop control for the fast clock (MCLK) is also disabled.
 LPM2 - The fast clock (MCLK) is also disabled.
 LPM3 - The DCO oscillator and its DC generator are also disabled.
 LPM4 - The crystal oscillator is also disabled.
2. what is DMA controller?
The DMA controller is a state-driven address and control signal generator, which
permits data to be transferred directly from an I/O device to memory or vice
versa without ever being stored in a temporary register. This can greatly increase
the data transfer rate for sequential operations, in processor.. Computers that
have DMA channels can transfer data to and from devices with much less CPU
overhead than computers without DMA channels.
3. What is watch dog timer ?

A watchdog timer (WDT) is a hardware timer that automatically generates a
system reset if the main program neglects to periodically service it. It is often
used to automatically reset an embedded device that hangs because of a
software or hardware fault.
 A watchdog timer (WDT) is a device or electronic card that performs a specific

operation after a certain period of time if something goes wrong with an
electronic system and the system does not recover on its own.
 A watchdog timer can be programmed to perform a warm boot (restarting the
system) after a certain number of seconds during which a program or computer
fails to respond following the most recent mouse click or keyboard action.
4. Write about the watch dog timers?

 The internal watchdog of the MSP430 family may be used as a simple timer or as
a watchdog that ensures system integrity.
 The watchdog function is enabled after power-on reset or a system reset. This
means that if there are difficulties after the start-up of the MSP430, the
watchdog will reset the system as often as it is needed for it to start successfully.
5. Write the Features of real time clock (RTC) ?
The Real-Time Clock module provides a clock with calendar that can also be
configured as a general purpose counter.
Real-Time Clock features include: ·

 Configurable for Real-Time Clock mode or general purpose counter
 Provides seconds, minutes, and hours, day of week, day of month, month and
year in calender mode.
 Interrupt capability.
 Selectable BCD or binary format in Real-Time Clock mode
 Programmable alarms in Real-Time Clock mode
 Calibration logic for time offset correction in Real-Time clock mode
6. Write the features of FRAM technology?
Features of FRAM technology are
 Non-volatile memory
 100x faster writes than Flash
 250x lower energy writes than Flash
 High endurance - 10^15 write cycles
 Resistance to electric/magnetic fields and radiation
 Unified memory – flexible code and data partitioning
7. Discuss about system clocks

The system clock is needed to synchronize all components on the motherboard,
which means they all do their work only if the clock is high; never when it's
low. ... Because the CPU needs to perform more operations per time than the
motherboard, the CPU clock is much higher
8. What is an interrupt?
In system programming, an interrupt is a signal to the processor emitted by
hardware or software indicating an event that needs immediate attention. An
interrupt alerts the processor to a high-priority condition requiring the
interruption of the current code the processor is executing.
9. What is a comparator?
A comparator is a circuit that accepts two voltages, V1 and V2 and outputs zero
volts if V1>V2 or outputs a positive voltage level if V2>V1. Comparators can be
built from operational amplifiers.
10. What are interrupt service routines?

In computer systems programming, an interrupt handler, also known as
an interrupt service routine or ISR, is a special block of code associated with
a specific interrupt condition. Interrupt handlers are initiated by hardware
interrupts, software interrupt instructions, or software exceptions, and are used
for implementing device drivers or transitions between protected modes of
operation, such as system calls.

11. Define interrupt programming?
In system programming, an interrupt is a signal to the processor emitted by
hardware or software indicating an event that needs immediate attention. An
interrupt alerts the processor to a high-priority condition requiring the
interruption of the current code the processor is executing.
12. What is the necessity of analog to digital converters?

In the real world, most data is characterized by analog signals. In order to
manipulate the data using a microprocessor, we need to convert the analog
signals to the digital signals, so that the microprocessor will be able to read,
understand and manipulate the data.
13. Low power modes of MSP 430?
LPM0 - The CPU is disabled.
LPM1 - The loop control for the fast clock (MCLK) is also disabled.
LPM2 - The fast clock (MCLK) is also disabled.
LPM3 - The DCO oscillator and its DC generator are also disabled.
LPM4 - The crystal oscillator is also disabled.
14. What is real time clock?
A real-time clock (RTC) is a computer clock (most often in the form of

an integrated circuit) that keeps track of the current time. Although the term
often refers to the devices in personal computers, servers and embedded
systems, RTCs are present in almost any electronic device which needs to keep
accurate time.
15. What is a timer?

A timer is a specialized type of clock for measuring time intervals. By function
timers can be categorized to two main types. A timer which counts upwards from
zero for measuring elapsed time is often called a stopwatch; a device which
counts down from a specified time interval is more usually called a timer or a
countdown timer.
16. Define PWM?

Pulse-width modulation (PWM) is a modulation process or technique used in most
communication systems for encoding the amplitude of a signal right into a pulse
width or duration of another signal, usually a carrier signal, for transmission.

Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is
a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal.
17. What are the applications PWM?

The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very
low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and
power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the
switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both
cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of
their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.
18. What is the use digital to analog converters?

In electronics, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC, D/A, D–A, D2A, or D-to-
A) is a device that converts a digital signal into an analog signal. An analog-to-
digital converter (ADC) performs the reverse function.
19. Write the advantages of DMA?

Direct memory access (DMA) is a feature of computer systems that allows
certain hardware subsystems to access main system memory(RAM), independent
of the central processing unit (CPU). DMA can also be used for "memory to
memory" copying or moving of data within memory. DMA can offload expensive
memory operations, such as large copies or scatter-gather operations, from the
CPU to a dedicated DMA engine.
20. What is the use of timing generation?
A clock generator is a circuit that produces a timing signal (known as a clock

signal and behaves as such) for use in synchronizing a circuit's operation. The
signal can range from a simple symmetrical square wave to more complex
arrangements. The basic parts that all clock generators share are a resonant
circuit and an amplifier.
21. Write about DMA controller
Direct Memory Access (DMA) is one of several methods for coordinating the
timing of data transfers between an input/output (I/O) device and the core
processing unit or memory in a computer. DMA is one of the faster types of
synchronization mechanisms, generally providing significant improvement over
interrupts, in terms of both latency and throughput. An I/O device often operates
at a much slower speed than the core

UNIT-V
1. Write the embedded wifi system applications?
There are many applications for embedded devices with a Wi-Fi interface:
 Industrial process and control applications where wired connections are too costly
or inconvenient, e.g., continuously moving machinery.
 Emergency applications that require immediate and transitory setup, such as
battlefield or disaster situations.
 Mobile applications, such as asset tracking.
 Surveillance cameras (maybe you don’t want them easily noticed, cables are
difficult to hide).
 Vertical markets like medical, education, and manufacturing.
 Communication with other Wi-Fi devices, like a laptop or a PDA.
2. Write short note on USB & I2C?
• USB was designed to standardize the connection of computer

peripherals (including keyboards, pointing devices, digital cameras,
printers, portable media players, disk drives and network adapters) to personal
computers, both to communicate and to supply electric power.
• It has largely replaced a variety of earlier interfaces, such as serial

ports and parallel ports, as well as separate power chargers for portable devices
– and has become commonplace on a wide range of devices.
3. Write short note on USB & I2C?
• The I2C bus physically consists of 2 active wires and a ground connection. The
active wires, called SDA and SCL, are both bi-directional. SDA is the Serial Data
line, and SCL is the Serial Clock line.
• Every device hooked up to the bus has its own unique address, no matter
whether it is an MCU, LCD driver, memory, or ASIC. Each of these chips can act
as a receiver and/or transmitter, depending on the functionality. Obviously, an
LCD driver is only a receiver, while a memory or I/O chip can be both transmitter
and receiver.
4. Write the limitations of SPI protocol?
 It requires more pin on IC packages as compare to I²C.

 It does not support hot swapping (dynamically adding nodes).
 It supports only one master device.
 No error checking protocol.
 SPI usually requires separate SS lines to each slave, which can be problematic if
numerous slaves are needed.

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SREE VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Microprocessor and Microcontrollers 1

The flag register of 8086 is given below

2. What is the purpose of BIU?

1. It fetches instruction from memory.

3. What is the need for ALE signal in 8085?

ALE = 0, Data lines (D0 to D7)

ALE = 1, Address lines (A0 to A7)

Microprocessor and Microcontrollers 2

Accumulator is a tri-state eight bit register. It is extensively used in arithmetic,

6. What is the clock frequency of 8086?

The maximum internal clock frequency of 8086 is 5MHz.

7. What is memory segmentation?

9. What is meant by physical addressing in 8086?

Eg: (CS 10H ) + IP = Physical address

10. Define – Segment Override Prefix.

11. How is the memory segment accessed by 8086 microprocessor

The memory segment accessed by 8086 microprocessor is identified by the

Microprocessor and Microcontrollers 3

13. What is meant by minimum mode system configuration in 8086

14. List the advantages of using Direct Memory Access (DMA).

Direct Memory Access (DMA) is a method of transferring data between

Microprocessor and Microcontrollers 4

The CMP instruction compares the content of BX and CX

If BX = CX, Carry Flag is reset, Zero flag is set

2. Write any four miscellaneous instructions in 16 bit microprocessor.

Four miscellaneous instructions in 16 bit microprocessor are

3. What is the purpose of LEA instruction in 8086?

Eg: LEA Cx, TOTAL

Eg: LEA Cx, TOTAL

4. List any four program control instructions available in 8086.

Four program control instruction available in 8086 are

Microprocessor and Microcontrollers 5

5. What are the 8086 instructions used for BCD arithmetic?

The 8086 instructions used for BCD arithmetic are

2. DAS – Decimal Adjust after Subtraction

The function of the following instructions are

JP – Jump if positive to the address specified.

JNZ – Jump if not zero to the address specified.

7. List any two external hardware synchronization instructions.

Two external hardware synchronization instructions are

8. What is the purpose of the following commands in 8086?

9. Write an ALP for 8086 to multiply two 16 bit unsigned numbers.

10. List any four string instructions.

The four string instructions are

Microprocessor and Microcontrollers 6

11. List the addressing modes in 8086.

There are 11 addressing modes present in 8086. They are,

1. Register addressing modes

12. What is an assembler?

Assembler is a software program which translates an assembly language program

The program written in English abbreviation is called mnemonics and machine

13. What is an assembler directive? Write two examples.

Assembly directives are also called pseudo opcodes. An assembler directive is a

For example, an assemble directive tells the assembler where a program is to be

Examples: ORG (origin), EQU (equate), and DB (define byte).

Microprocessor and Microcontrollers 7

Format: ALIGN number, where number can be 2, 4, 8 or 16.

The function of the assembler directive ASSUME is to assign a logical segment to

Example: ASSUME CS: code, DS: data, SS: stack

Format: Name SEGMENT

Format: TITLE text.

For bytes, TYPE = 1