Structural Isomerism

Isomers – are molecules that have the same molecular formula, but have a different
arrangement of the atoms.

Structural Isomers

1. Chain Isomerism – isomers that arise because of the possibility of branching

in carbon chains.

Example: C4H10

As you can see above, the model in left side is in a straight chain while the other one has branch
chain.

2. Position Isomerism – In this type of isomerism, the basic carbon skeleton

remains unchanged, but important groups are moved
around on that skeleton.

Example: C3H7Br

As you can see above, the bromine is on the end of one of them while the other one is attached in
the middle.

3. Functional group Isomerism – this happens when the isomers contain

different functional groups—when they
belong to different families of
compounds.

Example: C3H6O
As you can see in the example, it can be propanal (which is an aldehyde) or it can be propanone
(which is a ketone). There are also possibilities that it can be an alkene (Carbon-carbon double
bond) and an alcohol (-OH group) in the same arrangement:
 iUses and Examples of Different Functional Groups
Functional Examples Uses
Groups
Alkane- Alkanes are -Heating and cooking
organic compounds
that consist entirely Methane- CH4 -Electricity generation
of single-bonded
carbon and hydrogen Ethane- C2H6 -Production of polymers
atoms and lack any
other functional Propane- C3H8 – Serve as intermediate in the
groups. They are synthesis of drugs, pesticides
also called Saturated and other chemicals
Hydrocarbons.
Alkanes have the – Components of gasoline
general (pentane and octane)
formula CnH2n+2

Alkene- Alkenes are -The manufacture of plastics

a family of (Polyethene, Polypropene)
hydrocarbons Ethene- C2H4
(compounds - Lower alkenes are used as fuel
containing carbon Propene- C3H6 and illuminant
and hydrogen only)
containing a carbon- Butadiene- C4H6 - For the manufacture of a wide
carbon double bond. variety of polymers
Also called
Unsaturated
Hydrocarbons. You
can work out the
formula of any of
them using: CnH2n

Alkyne- Alkynes are -For illumination as in hawker’s

organic molecules lamps
made of the
functional group Ethyne- C2H2 . -For producing oxy-acetylene
carbon-carbon triple (Acetylene) flame used in cutting and welding of
bonds and are written iron.
in the empirical
formula of 
-Many organic solvents such as
CnH2n-2. They are
trichloroethane are prepared
unsaturated
starting from ethyne.
hydrocarbons.
Halocarbons- Any Polytetraflouroethylene
chemical - (C2F4)n Common uses for halocarbons have
compound of the been
element carbon and Polyvinyl Chloride as solvents, pesticides, refrigerants
one or more of the - (C2H3Cl)n , fire-resistant oils, ingredients
halogens. of elastomers, adhesives and
Halocarbons are Carbon sealants, electrically insulating
carbon-based Tetrachloride coatings, plasticizers, and plastics.
compounds that also - CCl4
contain a halogen
element

Alcohol- Alcohols Ethylene Glycol Anti-freeze in automobiles

are compounds in - C2H6O2
which one or more Glycerol- C3H8O3 Ingredient in hand creams, soaps
hydrogen atoms in an and cosmetics
alkane have been Isopropyl Alcohol
replaced by an -OH -C3H8O Disinfectant
group.

Ether- Ethers are a Solvent

class of organic Diethyl Ether
compounds that - (C2H6)2O Sedative
contain an oxygen
between two alkyl Methyl butyl Ether Industrial Purposes
groups. They have - C5H12O
the formula R-O-R',
with R's being the
alkyl groups. Ethers
are named as
alkoxyalkanes

Aldehyde- is an
organic compound -Perservative for biological
containing a Methanal specimens
functional group with (formaldehyde)
the structure −CHO, -Disinfectant
consisting of a
carbonyl center with -Ingredient for adhesives for ply
the carbon atom also wood and resins for plastics
bonded to hydrogen
and to an R group,
which is any generic
alkyl or side chain.
Ketone- is an
organic compound -Propanone(acetone) -Solvent in the manufacture of
with the structure rayon
RC(=O)R', where R -Cyclohexanone
and R' can be a -Paint and fingernail polish remover
variety of carbon-
containing -Solvent for Cellulose compound
substituents such as those used in paints and
lacquers
Carboxylic acid- s
an organic compound -Ethanoic (acetic) acid -Active ingredient in vinegar
that contains a -Benzoic acid -Preservative in many foods
carboxyl group -Citric acid, tartaric acid -As acidulants, prevent rancidity,
(C(=O)OH) -Propionic acids enchance flavors, and modify
texture in foods
Ester- is a chemical
compound derived -Isoamyl ethanoate -Synthetic flavoring
from an acid (organic -Solvent for laquers, resins and
or inorganic) in which -Butyl butanoate vanish
at least one –OH
(hydroxyl) group is -Ethyl ethanoate
replaced by an –O–
alkyl (alkoxy) group.
Amine- are organic
compounds which -Aniline -Ingredient for the manufacture of
contain and are often dyes
actually based on -Quinine -antimalarial agent and tonic-water
one or more atoms of flavoring
nitrogen. -Amphetamine -Reduces respiratory congestion
from colds
-Stimulants

Amide- is a
compound with the -Nylon( a polymide) -Packaging material
functional group
RₙEₓNR′₂. Most
common are
carboxamides, but
many other important
types of amides are
known, including
phosphoramides and
sulfonamides
Simple Reactions on organic compuounds
(Reporter: Paul Allen Patriarca)
Organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds. The
basic organic chemistry reaction types are addition reactions, elimination
reactions, substitution reactions, rearrangement reactions, and redox reactions.
In organic synthesis, organic reactions are used in the construction of new organic
molecules. The production of many man-made chemicals such as drugs, plastics, food
additives, fabrics depend on organic reactions.

(Combustion of organic compunds and addition of organic compunds is to be reported

by Jerich Untalan)
(Combustion of organic compunds and addition of organic compunds is to be reported
by Jerich Untalan)

Combustion of organic compunds

Carbon-containing compounds are minor constituents of the atmosphere by concentration but
they are very important to the human environment. Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas
produced by bacteria in soil and the bacteria inside humans and other animals. Other
hydrocarbons are constantly released by plants and decaying biomass. All of these hydrocarbons
are ultimately converted to carbon dioxide and water in the troposphere, that layer of the
atmosphere closest to Earth. Hydroxyl radical, ozone, and other oxygen containing molecules are
important in hydrocarbon oxidation.
The reactions that produce carbon and dioxide and water from hydrocarbons in the atmosphere
release the same amount of energy as the combustion of those hydrocarbons. We can measure
the enthalpy of combustion by burning the hydrocarbons in a calorimeter. This enthalpy can also
be calculated using ΔHf values. Let's consider the combustion (or air oxidation) of ethane. How
much heat is released by transforming 1 mol of ethane to carbon dioxide and water? The first
step is to show the balanced equation for the reaction of 1 equivalent of ethane.
EXAMPLE
CH3CH3 + 3.5 O2 2 CO2 + 3 H2O