KQD 7009

HAZARDOUS WASTE CONTROL

SEM 2, 2020/2021

MINI PROJECT:
MANAGING HOUSEHOLD E-WASTE

Name : Edwin Tan Ai Yang

Student ID : S2004444

Semester/Session : Semester 2, 2020/2021

Lecturer : Prof. Ir. Dr. Abdul Aziz bin Abdul Raman

Table of Content
Page
Abstract 1
1 Introduction 1
2 The Product 3
3 The Process
3.1 Refurbishment 4
3.2 Recycling 4
4 The Facility 9
5 The Collection of Feedstock 9
6 Required Expertise 11
7 Potential Markets and Clients 11
8 Regulatory Requirement 12
9 The Capital Plan 12
10 Potential Risks and Challenges 13
11 Conclusion 14
Reference 15
Abstract
Generation of electrical and electronic equipment’s (EEE) waste (e-waste) has become a
crucial problem to work out. E-waste is growing fast but recycling is not keeping up. Only
small portion of e-waste is formally collected and recycled. E-waste contains dangerous
materials and could have serious impacts to human health and environment if it is not
managed properly. One of the sources of e-waste is household. However, there is no proper
framework to manage household e-waste. There are various channels for households to
dispose their e-waste. Most of them prefer to dump it into the garbage or sell it to informal
recyclers which may eventually lead to landfill without treatment. This paper presented my
business proposal for household e-waste management service as a potential solution to this
issue. This service intends to serve as a licensed channel to manage household e-waste. This
paper detailed the processes involved (collection, refurbishment and recycling) as well as the
products offered (refurbished EEE, recovered materials, and so forth). Integrated separation
processes were proposed with some modifications to enhance the e-waste processing. This
paper also presented other important aspects of my business idea including potential clients,
regulatory requirements, potential risks and challenges, and so forth.

1. Introduction
At present, electronic sector has grown rapidly across the globe. The demand for
technologies such as smartphone, artificial intelligence and others are rising. Outbreak of
Covid-19 further boosts the demand due to surge of remote work. As a result, e-waste is
increasing in amount and has becoming a major threat to the world. In 2019, it is reported
that 53.6 MMT e-waste was generated globally and only less than 20% was collected and
recycled. In Malaysia, 364 kilo tonnes of e-waste were generated in the same year.
E-waste is listed as scheduled waste in Malaysia. It contains many hazardous substances,
such as acids, heavy metals, and carcinogenic chemicals. These substances may find their
ways into the environment harming the entire biota if e-waste is improperly managed. For
instance, e-waste which is landfilled without proper treatment may leach into groundwater.
Therefore, e-waste must be managed in an environmentally responsible way.
Currently, only industrial e-waste is properly managed by prescribed premises. A proper
framework for managing household e-waste is yet to established in Malaysia. There are
various unorganized channels of disposing household e-waste. Many households dispose
their waste either by throwing together with other waste as garbage or by selling to

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second-hand dealers or informal recyclers such as scavengers. As a result, all these wastes
may end up in landfill without proper treatment and pollute the environment.
Although e-waste is hazardous, it is still valuable due to precious and valuable materials
such as gold, silver, copper and platinum contained in it. E-waste discarded in 2019 was
estimated to be around RM 235 billion in value and however only small portion was
recovered while the rest was discarded in the environment. It is apparent that e-waste market
still has much room to grow and therefore it is worth to explore this market.
Hence, household e-waste management service will make a great business idea. Our
service will include the following processes:
• Collection – Customers can easily drop off their unused EEE in the provided
collection points. The collection point can be a partner store, a reverse vending
machine, a drop-off box, or others. Some cash can be redeemed in exchange to
encourage households to send their WEEE to us. For large household appliances such
as refrigerator, they may call for door-to-door pickup service.
• Refurbishement - Some WEEE can be refurbished and resold to the public after repair
and testing at affordable price. It can extend the lifespan of the EEE and minimize
waste generation. Refurbished EEE may not be brand new, but its quality can be as
good as a new one but cost much lesser and therefore make a better option for buyers
with a limited budget. It is further discussed in Section 3.1.
• Recycling - For non-working EEE which are not applicable to refurbishment, it will
go through physical or chemical recycling for recovery of energy or valuable
materials. It is further discussed in Section 3.2.
Initially, our service will be focusing on Selangor and Kuala Lumpur areas. It will be later
expanded to other states once the business is on track.
Our service is going to benefit the whole nation. We will serve as a formal e-waste
disposal channel to the households. Refurbishment and recovery will reduce the amount of
e-waste being sent to landfills. Also, unlike unlicensed channels, disposal of residual wastes
from e-waste processing will follow the government’s regulated procedures. Adverse impacts
to environment and human health can be avoided as well as clean-up or treatment cost
resulted from pollution or contamination due to improper disposal. Furthermore, this business
will create many job opportunities for Malaysians and produce trained and skilled workers
for the waste industry.

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 2. The Product
The first product is refurbished product. Although the product is second-hand, it has been
verified to function properly and therefore free of defects before being sold to the public
Refurbishment also guarantees complete data destruction. There are various types of
refurbished EEE ranging from large household appliances such as refrigerator to compact
devices such as mobile phone. Remanufacturing is a lucrative industry contributing RM 3.8
to 4.0 billion a year to Malaysian economy. Refurbished products offer several advantages
including bargain price tag and environmental benefits.
The second product is salvaging of components from non-working electronics. There are
several recyclable components which are:
• Plastic – Plastic is one of the significant constituents of e-waste, accounting for about
20% of e-waste. Plastic can be recycled to manufacture new items such as plastic
trays and insulators. One of the most valuable polymers found in e-plastic is
polycarbonate (PC). However, waste plastic is difficult to recycle in cost-effective
manner due to its different polymer composition.
• Metal – Base metals such as copper and iron, and precious metals (PMs) such as gold,
silver and platinum can be found in e-waste. Waste printed circuit board (WPCB)
contains metals which cover about 40 weight percent (wt%) of its total mass. The
most widely used metal is copper (10-27 wt%). However, gold, silver, and palladium
accounts for almost 80% of total intrinsic value although their concentrations are
much lower than copper. Non-metallic fractions (NMFs), on the other hand, can be
used in adsorbent production, construction industry filler, and so forth.
• Glass – Glass can be extracted from cathode ray tubes (CRTs). However, it contains
hazardous substances such as lead which make retrieval of glass dangerous.

3. The Process
Process flow of e-waste management are shown in Figure 6. Generally, our treatments
can be divided into refurbishment and recycling.

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3.1.Refurbishment
Collected obsolete EEE will undergo several steps in refurbishment process. The first
stage in refurbishment process is sanitation including removal of any sticker on the body,
cleanup from dirt and dust using chemicals, and cleaning of internal components such as
cooling fan and processor using high pressure air. After that, the cleaned EEE will go through
triage where it will have physical testing and be assorted by its functionality and usability. If
one is tested non-working, it will be sent for salvage recycling to extract useful components
from it. The following step is data wiping. Factory reset does not suffice as there is still data
remaining in the hard disk. Therefore, data wiping is mandatory in refurbishment. Next, it
will go through repairment including connection, troubleshooting and so forth. If a hardware
part is unusable and irreparable, it will be replaced to make the electronic functional again.
Subsequently, it will be tested thoroughly for usability and functionality. Last but not least,
refurbished EEE will undergo cosmetic enhancement which involves treatment of scratches,
blemishes and dents.

3.2.Recycling
Electronic recycling is very challenging due to diverse elements contained. In general,
our treatment of e-waste comprises of sorting, dismantling where both hazardous and
valuable components are separated, pre-processing such as shredding and lastly separation.
The treatments vary according to various e-waste type as follows:
• Large appliances – Hazardous components e.g. mercury-containing components are
removed following by mechanical processing i.e. shredder, and integrated separation
processes.
• Appliances with screens – They are gathered separately and dismantled. Casings are
separated and may subjected to solvent dissolution for extraction of polymers.
Hazardous components are removed and specially treated as hazardous waste. The
remaining plastic-metal-compounds are submitted to mechanical processing. Glass
from CRTs are recovered or disposed.
• Small appliances – They will undergo manual or mechanical dismantling and sorting
following by mechanical processing. The output materials represent high value,
especially those from non-ferrous materials and PCBs.

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3.2.1. Sorting, Dismantling, Pre-processing
E-waste will first be sorted according to its material composition. Later, selective
dismantling will take place to extract hazardous components and valuable recyclable
materials. These parts will later be forwarded to specific treatment options according to the
special type of pollutants. The following components are considered to be hazardous:
• Mercury containing components,
• Batteries and accumulators,
• Capacitors,
• PCBs with components,
• Liquid crystal display, and so forth.
It is reported that manual dismantling resulted in much higher percentage of recovery of
precious metals than mechanical dismantling in recycling treatment of televisions. Therefore,
manual dismantling will be adopted for our recycling service.
The waste will later go through mechanical processing. It will be fragmentized to
liberate the materials from compounds. There are two types of shredder i.e. coarse shredder
and, medium and fine shredder.

3.2.2. Physical Recycling Technique

There are two recycling techniques i.e. physical and chemical. Physical recycling
techniques will be used to recycle metallic fractions as metallic fractions from this method
can be used commercially without much treatment. They are also simple, cheap (low capital
cost), less environmentally polluting, and less energy consuming.

3.2.2.1.Magnetic Separation
Magnetic separation will be used to separate ferromagnetic metals from non-ferrous
metals and other non-magnetic waste by utilizing their magnetic properties. It offers several
benefits which are simplicity and low cost. However, it has a major drawback associated with
the attachment of non-ferrous fractions to the ferrous fractions reducing the process
efficiency. To optimize the efficiency, the waste will go through two-stage magnetic
separation. It is found that magnetic and non-magnetic concentrates were enriched by
two-step magnetic separation. First, the particles will be separated into magnetic and
non-magnetic fractions at a low magnetic field of 700 Gauss. Later, the non-magnetic
fraction will be further separated at a strong magnetic field of 3000 Gauss.

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 Figure 1 Magnetic Separator

3.2.2.2.Gravity Separation
Air classification is one among the clean mechanical separation methods. Separation
takes place based on the particle sizes and their density. Heavy fractions such as metals move
downwards against the air stream, while the light fractions such as plastics rise along with the
air stream to the top of the column.

Figure 2 Vertical air Classifier

3.2.2.3.Eddy Current Separation (ECS)

ECS is an efficient and environmentally friendly technology for recovering non-ferrous
metals from e-waste. It is suitable for handling coarse particle size (>5mm). Aluminium has
the highest ratio of electricity conductivity to density (σ/ρ = 13.1 x 103 m2/Ω.kg) and
therefore is the easiest to separate. Stainless steel, plastic, and glass which have extremely
low σ/ρ are not separated. As shown in Figure 3, ECS consists of belt conveyor and
high-speed magnetic rotor system. When non-ferrous metals move across magnetic rotor,
eddy current is formed in them creating magnetic field around. The same polarity of the
magnetic field produces repulsion force on the non-ferrous metals repelling them greater than
non-metallic. As a result, two separated streams of materials are produced.

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 Figure 3 ECS

3.2.2.4.Corona-Electrostatic Separation
As discussed earlier, waste PCBs (WPCBs) represent the most economically attractive
portion of WEEE due to high contents of noble and rare metals. Before recycling, the
WPCBs will go through pre-treatment stage. Larger components are removed to ease removal
of smaller components. After that, smaller components such as capacitors, and resistors are
de-soldered using high heat. Then, the WPCBs are ready for recycling.
Corona-electrostatic separation will be used to separate metals and non-metals of
WPCBs. It has advantages of being environmentally friendly, producing no wastewater and
releasing no gaseous emissions. First, the PCBs are reduced to small particles. The most
suitable particle size is less than 6mm. Then, the particles are fed to a rotating roll to which is
applied a high voltage electrostatic field using a corona and an electrostatic electrode. The
non-metallic particles become charged and remain attached to the drum eventually falling off
into storage bins whereas the metallic particles discharge rapidly in the direction of an
earthed electrode. However, there are several problems associated with this method which are
middling product even under optimal conditions, impurity of non-conductive products,
instability of separation process due, and trade-off between production capacity and
separation quality.

Figure 4 T-RTS

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 A modified two-roll type corona electrostatic separator (T-RTS) as shown in Figure 4
is a more promising separator compared to RTS. T-RTS results in increased mass of
conductive products, more stable separation process, increased production capacity and so
forth. Hence, T-RTS will be used to separate metals and non-metals.

3.2.3. Chemical Recycling Technique

3.2.3.1.Pyrolysis
For simple plastic mixture such as PC/polamide (PA), solvent dissolution will be used to
recover PC using solvent N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). NMP is cheap, efficient, less toxic,
and less volatile making it a better solvent over dichloromethane. Steps of solvent dissolution
using NMP are as follow:
1. Dissolve polymer in solvent NMP with constant stirring at 80 °C for 45 minutes,
2. Filter undissolved PA from the solution,
3. Let the solution cool to room temperature,
4. Add methanol (CH4O) at ratio of NMP:CH4O = 1:1 to precipitate out PC, and
5. Distil out CH4O at 65 °C to yield NMP for nest batch.
Complex mixture such as PC/PA/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)/poly methyl
methacrylate (PMMA) will be converted into fuel oil by pyrolysis. Pyrolysis of
PC/PA/ABS/PMMA will be conducted in a fixed bed reactor under nitrogen atmosphere at
550 °C for 2 hours with subsequent cooling to condense pyrolysis vapors. Pyrolysis process
yields gases, oils, and char. These pyrolysis products can further be used as additives on fuels,
petrochemicals and monomers. Pyrolysis oil contains relatively low halogen content and
better fuel properties.

3.2.3.2.Glass-to-Lead Recycling
There are two methods to recycle glass from e-waste, which are glass-to-glass and
glass-to-lead. There are pros and cons in both methods. As for our recycling service, the latter
method will be used. Before smelting, CRTs will be shredded following by separation of
metals and plastics from the CRTs. The CRT glass will then go to the lead smelter. Metallic
lead and copper will be recovered through smelting process. Glass-to-lead recycling process
offers several advantages over glass-to-glass recycling. The process has a high overall
throughput and is also more cost-effective. Besides that, work force’s exposure to hazardous
lead dust is eliminated.

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3.2.4. Disposal of Residual Waste
E-waste processing will generate a considerable amount of residual waste, for instance,
hazardous components and materials that have not been recycled. The waste will be sent to
licensed hazardous waste treatment facilities for further treatment and later disposed by
landfilling, incineration and so forth. It is required to notify Director General of the waste
generated. All the treatment and disposal will only be conducted at prescribed premises.

4. The Facility
The business plan calls for the construction of a 10 m tall (2 storeys) 10,000m 2 facility to
reclaim e-waste. This facility will be large enough to accommodate reclamation line, storage
of feed stock and products for at least 2 days, and company offices. The size of facility will
also offer ample room to grow for over next 5 years. The facility will also house 5 separate
truck ramps to load the products and off-load the feed stock. The company offices will be
located on second storey and comprise of reception/secretarial area, offices, and conference
rooms. In addition, there will be enclosed maintenance area for housing required tools and
maintenance equipment.

5. The Collection of Feedstock

Sufficient feedstock is critical to maintain a successful recycling business and therefore
we must build a reliable supply network of WEEE. Initially, our focus areas will be Selangor
and Kuala Lumpur. This will be accomplished by focusing efforts in these main areas:
• Forge ties with the communities to develop community programs such as curbside
collection programs to engage the households in recycling and increase their
awareness on e-waste issues,
• Partner with local businesses to provide as many drop-off points as possible to form a
large coverage area for convenience of the households, and,
• Set up door-to-door pickup service (for large household appliances).

Figure 5 Reverse Vending Machine for Old Mobile Phone

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 Figure 6 Process Flow Chat

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6. Expertise Required
E-waste processing is a difficult and dangerous exercise due to incredibly complex nature
of e-waste. Therefore, the following expertise is required for such processing:
• Production and processing – Knowledge of hazardous materials, operations/processes,
quality control, costs, and so forth,
• Mechanical – Knowledge of equipment, machinery and tools, including their designs,
uses, repair, and maintenance which provide the ability to operate them as well as to
perform troubleshooting and routine maintenance, and
• Engineering and technology – Knowledge of practical application of engineering,
science and technology including applying principles, techniques, procedures, and
equipment to design and production.
All of these will differentiate us from the informal recycler such as scavenger.

7. Potential Markets and Clients

Our service will benefit both ends of our supply chain. Households will have an
alternative mean to get rid of their e-waste. Our products as stated earlier will benefit
manufacturing industries as well as buyers who are looking for affordable EEE.
Generally, sources of e-waste in Malaysia are industrial, business and household entities.
Only industrial entities implement proper e-waste management. Households, on the other
hand, can dispose e-waste through various channels leading to informal recycling and
landfilling without proper treatment. We offer a service whereby households can dispose
their e-waste easily and properly.
At the other end of our process is the buyers of our products. One of our target markets is
second-hand goods market. Purchase of second-hand EEE is estimated at RM 109 million in
2012. The value is expected to experience growth in the midst of Covid-19 pandemic which
is driven by the surge in remote work and learning. Other target markets have been identified
as:
• Producer manufacturing i.e. plastic products, building materials e.g. filler, metals and
steel products, etc,
• Commodity (for recovered PMs e.g. gold, silver, platinum, etc),
• Electronic technology (for batteries, screens, etc),
• Energy minerals (pyrolysis oil) and so forth.

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8. Regulatory Requirement
E-waste management is regulated by Environmental Quality (EQ) (Schedule Waste)
Regulations 2005. Under this regulation, e-waste is categorized to:
• SW 103 – Waste of batteries containing cadmium and nickel or mercury or lithium,
• SW 109 – Waste containing mercury or its compound, and
• SW 110 – Other e-waste assemblies such as PCBs, electronic components and wires.
As per requirements, material recovery from e-waste, and disposal or treatment of its residual
must be conducted at prescribed premises. Under the EQ (Prescribe Premises) (Treatment
Disposal Facilities for Schedule Waste) Regulations 1989, our recovery facility will need to
register with Department of Environment Malaysia.
Malaysia has ratified Basel Convention since 1993. This convention reduces the
movement of e-waste crossing the nations.

9. The Capital Plan

Quantity Cost (RM)
Facility Shredder (used) 4 80,000
Equipment Magnetic separator (used) 1 20,000
Eddy current separator (used) 1 20,000
Two rollers type corona electrostatic separator 1 20,000
(used)
Lead smelter (used) 1 20,000
Fixed bed reactor (used) 1 20,000
Cyclone dust collector (used) 1 10,000
Building/ Double-storey recovery facility with office space 1 1,000,000
Facility
Collection Drop box 10 1,000
Points Reverse vending machine 2 16,000
Property 4 hectares 1 800,000
Vehicle Trucks (used) 5 500,000
Forklift (used) 2 200,000
Office Copier, personal computers, desks, chairs, fax 100,000
Equipment machine, etc
Total 2,797,000

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10. Potential Risks and Challenges

10.1. Technical
One of the major technical barriers is limitation of current separation technologies.
E-waste encompasses a wide range of items. It is difficult, if not impossible, to completely
separate e-waste into different waste streams. For instance, metals enfolded by non-metals
may fall into non-conductive products leading to loss of metals and impure non-conductive
products when using RTS. Magnetic separation has similar setback too. Impure products will
need further treatments. Although some modifications are doable to optimize efficiency, the
loss however is still unavoidable. Further research needs to be done to more successfully and
effectively separate e-waste.
Another barrier is underpinning knowledge of process thermodynamics. Smelting process
will be used to recover metals from e-waste. CRT glass, for instance, is made of several
different glass components with different chemical composition and properties. It is
challenging to use technology which is similar to their natural ores for the recovery process.
Complex input materials are not well understood and investigated unlike natural ores
processing.

10.2. Business
The most critical area of concern is insufficient feedstock. Sufficient inflow of
post-consumer EEE is necessary to maintain our operation. A large amount of the
post-consumer EEE is required to extract a considerable amount of valuable material. For
instance, to recover 80 to 1500 g of gold and 160 to 210 kg of copper, 1 MT of PCBs are
required. Also, for low value materials such as plastic, it is much economical to recycle them
in large number. Here comes another problem which is storage capacity of the facility as
household e-waste is generally heavy and bulky in term of size.
Low awareness is also deemed to be a risk for our business. Malaysia is reported to have
low recycling rate which is largely caused by low awareness and readiness of Malaysians.
They tend to dispose their e-waste in improper ways instead of sending them to recovery or
recycling facilities. Consequently, we may suffer lacking e-waste supply. Also, most of them
do not practice waste segregation or have separate areas for storing household hazardous
waste. As a result, the WEEE is contaminated making it more difficult to recycle.
Besides that, e-waste processing will pose serious health and safety hazards to the
frontline workers. In size reduction step, shredding and grinding will generate toxic dusts of

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plastics, toxic metals, silica and other substances causing environmental contamination. The
exposure routes are most likely inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact. The effect can also
transfer from workers to other family members especially children through clothes, skin
contact and others. All these toxins will cause damage on nervous system, brain, heart, liver,
and so forth. The dust control however can be done by cyclone dust collector.
Furthermore, it requires high capital expenditure for set-up of recycling facility and
procurement of specific technologies. Equipment and environmental protection measures
requires heavy investment, not to mention the cost of repairment and routine maintenance.
Adoption of e-waste processing technologies can be very costly and not economically viable
as well. Some technologies may also be limited in term of availability and thus have to
acquire abroad. Imports of technology will incur extra cost on already high capital and
operational cost. Hence, it is quite difficult to make profit with such high investment.
Moreover, expertise required for e-waste processing may be inaccessible in the country.
Such processing is a difficult exercise due to complex nature of e-waste and therefore require
specific expertise or hands-on experience to ensure effective and safe operation.
Insufficient demand is a remote possibility in e-waste PMs recovery market today. The
market is projected to experience fast growth due to surge in demand for EEE. However, this
market is highly dependent on commodity prices. Prices of PMs are volatile in nature and any
major economic or global event can result in extremely uncertain pricing.

11. Conclusion
My household e-waste management service can make an effective solution to current
uncertainty status of household e-waste due to unorganized channels. The valuable materials
in e-waste including metals, plastics and glass makes recycling an attractive and viable option
in term of environment and economics. Non-working EEE will go through sorting, manual
dismantling, shredding for further sorting with integrated separation processes. Physical and
chemical recycling techniques will be used for recovering those materials. Working EEE, on
the other hand, will be refurbished to extend their lifespans. It must be noted that the business
may be limited by the challenges including current e-waste processing technology limitations,
lacking e-waste supply, high capital cost, inaccessibility of expertise and so forth.

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